Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the conversion of various li... more Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the conversion of various lipid sources (edible and non-edible) into biodiesel using traditional and new technologies emphasizing the quality standards mainly dependent on the used feedstock and technology, processing and purification.
Good quality is one of the main problems in every stage of freezing berries. On the basis of work... more Good quality is one of the main problems in every stage of freezing berries. On the basis of worked out functional analysis of freezing, it is possible to optimize regulation possibilities of heat processes for a particular kind of berries. Raspberries, red currants and black currants were used in the research. 10.0 cm thick bulk frozen berry layer was chosen for studying the freezing process. The freezing dynamics of berries is characterised by temperature measurements in a layer and on its surface. As a result of the research the developed equipment for the measurements of heat flow are approbated. It is necessary to investigate suitability of different cultivars to freezing and influence of freezing to quality of final product. Experimentally verified results will help to explain and predict physical processes in berries during freezing.
Treatment of N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichloroalkylidene)t.butylamines 1a‐c with excess methanolic sodium methox... more Treatment of N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichloroalkylidene)t.butylamines 1a‐c with excess methanolic sodium methoxide under reflux afforded mainly a mixture of α‐methoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated aldimines 2a‐c and the rearrangement products 3, besides small amounts of N‐t.butyl 2‐chloroamides 4 and N‐t.butyl 2‐chloro imidates 6. On the other hand, N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichlorobutylidene)t.butylamines 1d‐e gave α‐chlo‐ro‐α, β‐unsaturated aldimines, while α, α‐dichloropropylidene t.butylamine 9 provided mainly the α‐methoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated aldimine 11 next to the α‐me‐thoxyamide 12, α, α‐dimethoxyaldimine 10 and the rearrangement product 13. The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
A general synthetic route to N‐1‐(2,2‐dichloroalkylidene) amides is described, starting from alip... more A general synthetic route to N‐1‐(2,2‐dichloroalkylidene) amides is described, starting from aliphatic 2,2‐dichloroaldehydes and an appropriate N‐unsubstituted amide. The adducts thus formed were converted into N‐(1,2,2‐trichloroalkyl) amides with thionylchloride and subsequently dehydrohalogenated with triethylamine. These N‐acyl α,α‐dichloroaldimines were found to be very apt to nucleophilic addition at the activated carbon‐nitrogen double bond, producing stable adducts. The configuration of the adducts in solution was determined by NMR‐spectroscopy. Treatment of the title compounds with lithium aluminium hydride in diethylether afforded 1,2‐dialkylaziridines. The reactivity of these N‐acyl α,α‐dichloroaldimines was compared with the reactivity of the N‐alkyl analogues and the corresponding oxygen analogues, i.e. α,α‐dihalogenated aldehydes.
Fish oil has the advantage to contain high concentrations of ω3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), anti-oxyd... more Fish oil has the advantage to contain high concentrations of ω3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), anti-oxydants and lipophilic vitamins. It has been shown that the intake of these products can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, arterial thrombosis, autoimmune and inflammatory problems.
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) mainly consis... more The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) mainly consisting of paper/cardboard can be used as feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol. In this paper, an efficient technology is described to convert waste paper/cardboard into cellulosic ethanol. The process involves separation of the OF from the other components in the waste stream. An acid pretreatment is used to liberate the cellulosic fibers and the accessibility of the enzyme Cellic CTEC3 loading 3.75–11.25 FPU/g paper in a fed-batch addition up to 22.5% solid yield, 15 g sugars/l with a saccharification yield up to 90%. A semi-simultaneous fermentation process (SSFP) with a saccharomyces cerevisae strain MDS130 capable of fermenting both pentoses and hexoses are growing an ethanol titer (%v/v) of 8.4% on pilon-plant scale.
Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the conversion of various li... more Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the conversion of various lipid sources (edible and non-edible) into biodiesel using traditional and new technologies emphasizing the quality standards mainly dependent on the used feedstock and technology, processing and purification.
Good quality is one of the main problems in every stage of freezing berries. On the basis of work... more Good quality is one of the main problems in every stage of freezing berries. On the basis of worked out functional analysis of freezing, it is possible to optimize regulation possibilities of heat processes for a particular kind of berries. Raspberries, red currants and black currants were used in the research. 10.0 cm thick bulk frozen berry layer was chosen for studying the freezing process. The freezing dynamics of berries is characterised by temperature measurements in a layer and on its surface. As a result of the research the developed equipment for the measurements of heat flow are approbated. It is necessary to investigate suitability of different cultivars to freezing and influence of freezing to quality of final product. Experimentally verified results will help to explain and predict physical processes in berries during freezing.
Treatment of N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichloroalkylidene)t.butylamines 1a‐c with excess methanolic sodium methox... more Treatment of N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichloroalkylidene)t.butylamines 1a‐c with excess methanolic sodium methoxide under reflux afforded mainly a mixture of α‐methoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated aldimines 2a‐c and the rearrangement products 3, besides small amounts of N‐t.butyl 2‐chloroamides 4 and N‐t.butyl 2‐chloro imidates 6. On the other hand, N‐1‐(2, 2‐dichlorobutylidene)t.butylamines 1d‐e gave α‐chlo‐ro‐α, β‐unsaturated aldimines, while α, α‐dichloropropylidene t.butylamine 9 provided mainly the α‐methoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated aldimine 11 next to the α‐me‐thoxyamide 12, α, α‐dimethoxyaldimine 10 and the rearrangement product 13. The reaction mechanisms are discussed.
A general synthetic route to N‐1‐(2,2‐dichloroalkylidene) amides is described, starting from alip... more A general synthetic route to N‐1‐(2,2‐dichloroalkylidene) amides is described, starting from aliphatic 2,2‐dichloroaldehydes and an appropriate N‐unsubstituted amide. The adducts thus formed were converted into N‐(1,2,2‐trichloroalkyl) amides with thionylchloride and subsequently dehydrohalogenated with triethylamine. These N‐acyl α,α‐dichloroaldimines were found to be very apt to nucleophilic addition at the activated carbon‐nitrogen double bond, producing stable adducts. The configuration of the adducts in solution was determined by NMR‐spectroscopy. Treatment of the title compounds with lithium aluminium hydride in diethylether afforded 1,2‐dialkylaziridines. The reactivity of these N‐acyl α,α‐dichloroaldimines was compared with the reactivity of the N‐alkyl analogues and the corresponding oxygen analogues, i.e. α,α‐dihalogenated aldehydes.
Fish oil has the advantage to contain high concentrations of ω3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), anti-oxyd... more Fish oil has the advantage to contain high concentrations of ω3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), anti-oxydants and lipophilic vitamins. It has been shown that the intake of these products can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, arterial thrombosis, autoimmune and inflammatory problems.
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) mainly consis... more The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) mainly consisting of paper/cardboard can be used as feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol. In this paper, an efficient technology is described to convert waste paper/cardboard into cellulosic ethanol. The process involves separation of the OF from the other components in the waste stream. An acid pretreatment is used to liberate the cellulosic fibers and the accessibility of the enzyme Cellic CTEC3 loading 3.75–11.25 FPU/g paper in a fed-batch addition up to 22.5% solid yield, 15 g sugars/l with a saccharification yield up to 90%. A semi-simultaneous fermentation process (SSFP) with a saccharomyces cerevisae strain MDS130 capable of fermenting both pentoses and hexoses are growing an ethanol titer (%v/v) of 8.4% on pilon-plant scale.
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Papers by Roland Verhe