The development of renewable energies requires storage solutions. The underground storage solutio... more The development of renewable energies requires storage solutions. The underground storage solutions allow to reach large volumes with more security. Opportunities, risks and R & D paths related to the solutions closest to industrial development are presented here: storage in chemical (hydrogen), mechanical (compressed air), hydraulic (underground PHS) or thermal form (heat, cold).Le développement des énergies renouvelables nécessite des solutions de stockage, dont le stockage en souterrain qui permet d’atteindre de gros volumes. On présente les opportunités, les risques et les pistes de R&D liés aux solutions les plus proches d’un développement industriel : stockage sous forme chimique (hydrogène), mécanique (air comprimé), hydraulique (STEP souterraine) ou thermique (chaleur, froid)
La loi de transition énergétique pour la croissance verte du 18 août 2015 a affirmé l’objectif de... more La loi de transition énergétique pour la croissance verte du 18 août 2015 a affirmé l’objectif de la France de porter la part des énergies renouvelables à 23% de sa consommation d'énergie en 2020, soit de l’ordre de 30 Mtep ou 352 TWh. Le développement des énergies renouvelables se heurte toutefois à la nécessité de gérer le caractère intermittent de certaines d’entre elles. Ainsi, il est nécessaire de stocker l’énergie produite en excès ou non consommée pour faire face aux demandes ultérieures. Les solutions possibles de stockage vont des batteries aux stockages souterrains en passant par les réservoirs de surface ou les volants d’inertie.Pour un stockage de grande capacité à moyen ou long terme (plusieurs jours à plusieurs mois), le stockage d’énergie en souterrain présente un certain nombre d’atouts,notamment liés à la possibilité de disposer de grands volumes et de pressions élevées sans impact majeur en surface. En dehors du stockage thermique (plusieurs milliers de sites e...
The French law of 2015 on the energy transition for green growth aims to increase the share of re... more The French law of 2015 on the energy transition for green growth aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 23% of energy consumption in 2020. Due to the intermittent nature of most of them, the unused energy must be stored for later redistribution. Underground storage allows good isolation from the surface and storage of large volumes under high pressure. We know how to store hydrocarbons underground but it is planned to store other products in the form of chemical energy (hydrogen, biomethane), potential energy (compressed air, water in the context of pumping hydroelectricity energy storage) or thermal (hot / cold water). This will require the creation of cavities and/or the use of deep aquifers or depleted oil fields, depending on the geological characteristics. Hydrogen has a high energy capacity and its massive underground storage could be of national strategic interest, unlike other types of energy storage that would be more of local interest. However, challenges relate...
In France, coal concessions abandonment is fixed by legal procedures that lead the owner to achie... more In France, coal concessions abandonment is fixed by legal procedures that lead the owner to achieve studies for the identification and the assessment of residual risks associated with underground mine workings. If necessary, treatment techniques must be defined in these studies in order to mitigate the associated risks for the population and future land planning. The multiplicity of mine shafts in coal mining areas have created many present-day problems. The main risks associated with mine shafts are the sudden collapse of their column and gas explosion, asphyxiation and/or intoxication. The Nord and Pas-de-Calais coalfield extends 100 km from East to West and 15 km from North to South. Coal exploitation induced the sinking of more than 600 shafts from 1716 to 1960 widespread over 41 concessions. The paper describes the work accomplished by INERIS and Charbonnages de France for mine shafts vicinity security: • Part 1: Risk assessment methodology: The aim of this part is to identify ...
Impact of mine closure and access facilities on gas emissions from old mine workings to surface: ... more Impact of mine closure and access facilities on gas emissions from old mine workings to surface: examples
Mining Risk Prevention Plans have been developed in France in order to deal with “Post-Mining ” i... more Mining Risk Prevention Plans have been developed in France in order to deal with “Post-Mining ” issues in a rapid and operational way. This inevitably implies that the final result of those risk analyses might contain a significant part of uncertainty. The study presented herein introduces a framework and some tools that allow experts to express the confidence they have in their evaluation and raise the main difficulties they face in their daily work.
ABSTRACT: After the last mining subsidence events, which occurred in the iron-ore field in Lorrai... more ABSTRACT: After the last mining subsidence events, which occurred in the iron-ore field in Lorraine (France) in 1996, 1997 and 1999, and because of the thousand hectares of undermined areas, the assessment of vulnerability of buildings and territories became necessary for risk management. The ten last years highlight evolutions of the vulnerability concept and its assessment method between the first risk management decisions and current risk assessment. These evolutions reveal a lot about the complexity of the vulnerability concept and about difficulties to develop simple and relevant methods for its assessment. The objective of this paper is to present this evolution and to suggest different improvements compared to other concepts and methods developed in other countries (USA, Poland...) and for other hazards (flood, industrial...). These improvements take into account more various kinds of elements in the vulnerability meaning (buildings, people, roads, public facilities and publi...
IMPROVER Deliverable 1.1 International Survey : Improved risk evaluation and implementation of re... more IMPROVER Deliverable 1.1 International Survey : Improved risk evaluation and implementation of recilience concepts to critical infrastructure
According to French regulations, the main objectives for the treatment of old abandoned mines con... more According to French regulations, the main objectives for the treatment of old abandoned mines consist of : preventing collapses and dangerous subsidence, controlling mine gas emissions and closing old abandoned mine openings. In the Herault coal basin, underground exploitation started very early, in particular by the way of shallow adits dug in hillsides. Today more than 600 adits have been listed on old maps but a lot of them have not yet been precisely located. Charbonnages de France and INERIS have analyzed all risks generated by these old openings and have established a methodology able to determine the closure procedure which can guarantee the safety of the opening. This methodology can be adapted to an adit (size, state of...) and to the physical characteristics of the site (gas, water, location...). In order to limit the number of configurations, two of the above factors have been retained : the state and the location of the gallery. After analyzing all the possible configura...
Closure methods and techniques of mine shafts located in the iron Lorraine basin, in the Lorraine... more Closure methods and techniques of mine shafts located in the iron Lorraine basin, in the Lorraine and in North-East coal basins are quite different. For the first, they are associated with adits. Some are closed by a simple grid to avoid entrance in mine workings but gas entrance and exit are allowed. Coal shafts are secured and can be equipped with a vent to enable mine gas outflow in specific conditions. Measurements stations were installed on mine accesses to monitor mine gas parameters (oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane volumetric content, radon volumetric activity, flow velocity, gas temperature and differential pressure) and external parameters (temperature and barometric pressure). The results show that gas flow can be regulated mainly by temperature gradient between external atmosphere and mine workings (in iron mines) or by barometric pressure (in coal mines). Gas emissions from iron mines may require extra securing protocol that prevents population exposal to noxious gas.
The development of renewable energies requires storage solutions. The underground storage solutio... more The development of renewable energies requires storage solutions. The underground storage solutions allow to reach large volumes with more security. Opportunities, risks and R & D paths related to the solutions closest to industrial development are presented here: storage in chemical (hydrogen), mechanical (compressed air), hydraulic (underground PHS) or thermal form (heat, cold).Le développement des énergies renouvelables nécessite des solutions de stockage, dont le stockage en souterrain qui permet d’atteindre de gros volumes. On présente les opportunités, les risques et les pistes de R&D liés aux solutions les plus proches d’un développement industriel : stockage sous forme chimique (hydrogène), mécanique (air comprimé), hydraulique (STEP souterraine) ou thermique (chaleur, froid)
La loi de transition énergétique pour la croissance verte du 18 août 2015 a affirmé l’objectif de... more La loi de transition énergétique pour la croissance verte du 18 août 2015 a affirmé l’objectif de la France de porter la part des énergies renouvelables à 23% de sa consommation d'énergie en 2020, soit de l’ordre de 30 Mtep ou 352 TWh. Le développement des énergies renouvelables se heurte toutefois à la nécessité de gérer le caractère intermittent de certaines d’entre elles. Ainsi, il est nécessaire de stocker l’énergie produite en excès ou non consommée pour faire face aux demandes ultérieures. Les solutions possibles de stockage vont des batteries aux stockages souterrains en passant par les réservoirs de surface ou les volants d’inertie.Pour un stockage de grande capacité à moyen ou long terme (plusieurs jours à plusieurs mois), le stockage d’énergie en souterrain présente un certain nombre d’atouts,notamment liés à la possibilité de disposer de grands volumes et de pressions élevées sans impact majeur en surface. En dehors du stockage thermique (plusieurs milliers de sites e...
The French law of 2015 on the energy transition for green growth aims to increase the share of re... more The French law of 2015 on the energy transition for green growth aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 23% of energy consumption in 2020. Due to the intermittent nature of most of them, the unused energy must be stored for later redistribution. Underground storage allows good isolation from the surface and storage of large volumes under high pressure. We know how to store hydrocarbons underground but it is planned to store other products in the form of chemical energy (hydrogen, biomethane), potential energy (compressed air, water in the context of pumping hydroelectricity energy storage) or thermal (hot / cold water). This will require the creation of cavities and/or the use of deep aquifers or depleted oil fields, depending on the geological characteristics. Hydrogen has a high energy capacity and its massive underground storage could be of national strategic interest, unlike other types of energy storage that would be more of local interest. However, challenges relate...
In France, coal concessions abandonment is fixed by legal procedures that lead the owner to achie... more In France, coal concessions abandonment is fixed by legal procedures that lead the owner to achieve studies for the identification and the assessment of residual risks associated with underground mine workings. If necessary, treatment techniques must be defined in these studies in order to mitigate the associated risks for the population and future land planning. The multiplicity of mine shafts in coal mining areas have created many present-day problems. The main risks associated with mine shafts are the sudden collapse of their column and gas explosion, asphyxiation and/or intoxication. The Nord and Pas-de-Calais coalfield extends 100 km from East to West and 15 km from North to South. Coal exploitation induced the sinking of more than 600 shafts from 1716 to 1960 widespread over 41 concessions. The paper describes the work accomplished by INERIS and Charbonnages de France for mine shafts vicinity security: • Part 1: Risk assessment methodology: The aim of this part is to identify ...
Impact of mine closure and access facilities on gas emissions from old mine workings to surface: ... more Impact of mine closure and access facilities on gas emissions from old mine workings to surface: examples
Mining Risk Prevention Plans have been developed in France in order to deal with “Post-Mining ” i... more Mining Risk Prevention Plans have been developed in France in order to deal with “Post-Mining ” issues in a rapid and operational way. This inevitably implies that the final result of those risk analyses might contain a significant part of uncertainty. The study presented herein introduces a framework and some tools that allow experts to express the confidence they have in their evaluation and raise the main difficulties they face in their daily work.
ABSTRACT: After the last mining subsidence events, which occurred in the iron-ore field in Lorrai... more ABSTRACT: After the last mining subsidence events, which occurred in the iron-ore field in Lorraine (France) in 1996, 1997 and 1999, and because of the thousand hectares of undermined areas, the assessment of vulnerability of buildings and territories became necessary for risk management. The ten last years highlight evolutions of the vulnerability concept and its assessment method between the first risk management decisions and current risk assessment. These evolutions reveal a lot about the complexity of the vulnerability concept and about difficulties to develop simple and relevant methods for its assessment. The objective of this paper is to present this evolution and to suggest different improvements compared to other concepts and methods developed in other countries (USA, Poland...) and for other hazards (flood, industrial...). These improvements take into account more various kinds of elements in the vulnerability meaning (buildings, people, roads, public facilities and publi...
IMPROVER Deliverable 1.1 International Survey : Improved risk evaluation and implementation of re... more IMPROVER Deliverable 1.1 International Survey : Improved risk evaluation and implementation of recilience concepts to critical infrastructure
According to French regulations, the main objectives for the treatment of old abandoned mines con... more According to French regulations, the main objectives for the treatment of old abandoned mines consist of : preventing collapses and dangerous subsidence, controlling mine gas emissions and closing old abandoned mine openings. In the Herault coal basin, underground exploitation started very early, in particular by the way of shallow adits dug in hillsides. Today more than 600 adits have been listed on old maps but a lot of them have not yet been precisely located. Charbonnages de France and INERIS have analyzed all risks generated by these old openings and have established a methodology able to determine the closure procedure which can guarantee the safety of the opening. This methodology can be adapted to an adit (size, state of...) and to the physical characteristics of the site (gas, water, location...). In order to limit the number of configurations, two of the above factors have been retained : the state and the location of the gallery. After analyzing all the possible configura...
Closure methods and techniques of mine shafts located in the iron Lorraine basin, in the Lorraine... more Closure methods and techniques of mine shafts located in the iron Lorraine basin, in the Lorraine and in North-East coal basins are quite different. For the first, they are associated with adits. Some are closed by a simple grid to avoid entrance in mine workings but gas entrance and exit are allowed. Coal shafts are secured and can be equipped with a vent to enable mine gas outflow in specific conditions. Measurements stations were installed on mine accesses to monitor mine gas parameters (oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane volumetric content, radon volumetric activity, flow velocity, gas temperature and differential pressure) and external parameters (temperature and barometric pressure). The results show that gas flow can be regulated mainly by temperature gradient between external atmosphere and mine workings (in iron mines) or by barometric pressure (in coal mines). Gas emissions from iron mines may require extra securing protocol that prevents population exposal to noxious gas.
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Papers by Romuald Salmon