Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2018
RESULTS: The ATR FT-IR analysis showed that total plasma proteins remained unchanged (HC baseline... more RESULTS: The ATR FT-IR analysis showed that total plasma proteins remained unchanged (HC baseline = 135.20±4.20 and HFLC baseline = 135.24±3.91AU). However, the HC diet at baseline showed a significant accumulation of lipids (30.06±7.75 AU, 95% CI = 6.93) and carbohydrates (42.92±11.62 AU, 95% CI = 10.39). Additionally, total lipids in the HC diet significantly decreased at 24-hours post-exercise (from 30.06±7.75 to 28.51±7.91 AU, p=0.016). CONCLUSION: A short-term high-fat diet does not significantly alter any macronutrient contents in plasma, whereas a high-carbohydrate diet increases an accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates. Elevated plasma lipids and carbohydrates with a high-carbohydrate diet may be due to decreased insulin sensitivity, which consequently led to increased plasma lipid contents. Notably, decreased total plasma lipid content following an acute bout of exercise suggests that lipids were the primary energy substrate.
European Journal of Dental Education, Feb 22, 2016
It is important for dental schools to select students who will complete their degree and progress... more It is important for dental schools to select students who will complete their degree and progress on to become the dentists of the future. The process should be transparent, fair and ethical and utilise selection tools that select appropriate students. The interview is an integral part of UK dental schools student selection procedures. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken in order to determine whether different interview methods (Cardiff with a multiple mini interview and Newcastle with a more traditional interview process) along with other components used in selection predicted academic performance in students. METHODS The admissions selection data for two dental schools (Cardiff and Newcastle) were collected and analysed alongside student performance in academic examinations in Year 1 of the respective schools. Correlation statistics were used to determine whether selection tools had any relevance to academic performance once students were admitted to their respective Universities. RESULTS Data was available for a total of 177 students (77 Cardiff and 100 Newcastle). Examination performance did not correlate with admission interview scores at either school; however UKCAT score was linked to poor academic performance. DISCUSSION Although interview methodology does not appear to correlate with academic performance it remains an integral and very necessary part of the admissions process. Ultimately schools need to be comfortable with their admissions procedures in attracting and selecting the calibre of students they desire.
BackgroundMost oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present with late‐stage disease. Early detec... more BackgroundMost oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present with late‐stage disease. Early detection of the disease is considered to be the most effective way of improving patient outcomes. Several biomarkers have been identified as indicators of oral cancer development and progression; however, none have been translated into clinical practice. In this study, we have investigated the role of Epsin3, an endocytic adaptor protein, and Notch1, a transmembrane signalling protein, in oral carcinogenesis with a view to explore their potential as biomarkers.MethodsOral cancer cell lines and a normal oral keratinocyte cell line were used together with tissue samples of normal oral mucosa (n = 21), oral epithelial dysplasia (n = 74) and early stage (Stages I and II) oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 31). Immunocytochemical staining, immunoblotting and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to assess protein as well as gene expression levels.ResultsThe expressi...
The advent of the "genomic era" has allowed for nutrigenomics studies to be carried out... more The advent of the "genomic era" has allowed for nutrigenomics studies to be carried out, which aim to reveal whether there are interactions between the food we consume and our genetic make-up. In turn this information will provide the scientific basis for improved public health messages related to nutrition and diet. With the availability of high throughput, inexpensive and sometime "bed-side" technology, studies into the effect of diet on the aetiology of common oral diseases and oral conditions could now be easily carried out. It is becoming more and more convincing that interactions between genotype and diet are important in determining the risk of most if not all common complex diseases, and it is therefore highly probable that these interactions will be important in determining oral disease risk. A large body of data relating to nutritional genetic studies where the outcome measures have been markers of disease risk, provide proof of principle and highlight the importance of understanding these interactions, illustrating the potential impact dietary modification could have on oral health. These are areas of growth that need to be investigated further.
Rogers’ established model of the ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ (2003), is described by Sahin (2006) ... more Rogers’ established model of the ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ (2003), is described by Sahin (2006) as being the ‘most appropriate for investigating the uptake of technology in higher education’. Rogers observes that diffusion of an innovation is the communication within a social system (here a higher education institution) of uncertainty (will it work?); specific information (how it works); and adoption, leading to social change (everyone uses it). This model appears relevant in the enhancement of educational experiences through technology enhanced learning (TEL). Uptake of new technologies varies widely; some faculty adopt new technologies for teaching purposes readily, others lag behind; some will reject new technologies entirely. Likewise, the rate of students’ adoption will vary. Moving away from lecture-based teaching to student-centred blended learning is aided by appropriate use of technology. In prioritizing TEL use to enhance and support an educational experience, it is neces...
Today at the 93rd General Session and Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Rese... more Today at the 93rd General Session and Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Research, researcher M.J. Al-Musawi, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, will present a study titled "In Vitro Effects of Topical Neuromodulatory Medication on Orofacial Tissue." The IADR General Session is being held in conjunction with the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Dental Research and the 39th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Dental Research.
Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers... more Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers to predict exposure has been investigated previously. However, the results are inadequate for validation of their application and usefulness. This study aimed to investigate the association between contemporary/recent biomarkers of fluoride exposure and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) of children with large differences in fluoride exposure through drinking water. TDFI was assessed in 61 healthy 4- to 5-year-old children who provided at least 1 biomarker sample; 32 lived in a low-fluoride area (0.04 mg F/L) and 29 lived in a high-fluoride area (3.05 mg F/L). Validated questionnaires were administered to evaluate fluoride intake from diets (including water) and toothpaste ingestion. Daily urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) and fluoride concentrations in plasma, fasting whole saliva, hair, and nails (toenails/fingernails) were evaluated and related to total fluoride exposure. TDFI, UFE, a...
ObjectivesTo estimate and compare total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), daily urinary fluoride excr... more ObjectivesTo estimate and compare total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE), daily fluoride retention (DFR), fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) and fractional fluoride retention (FFR) in 4‐ and 8 year‐old Nigerians and explore associations between these outcomes to improve understanding of fluoride metabolism.MethodsUsing a cross‐sectional observational study, 72 four‐year‐olds and 72 eight‐year‐olds were recruited from nursery and primary schools (respectively) in lower and higher water F areas of urban and rural localities in Oyo State, southwest Nigeria. TDFI from diet and toothpaste ingestion was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire and visual scale of toothpaste used during toothbrushing. DUFE was measured by collecting a 24‐hour urine sample, FUFE estimated as the ratio between DUFE and TDFI, DFR estimated as TDFI‐TDFE (where TDFE = DUFE + estimated faecal F excretion (ie TDFI × 10%), and FFR was estimated as [(TDF...
The present study investigated the effect of chronic exercise on fluoride (F) metabolism in fluor... more The present study investigated the effect of chronic exercise on fluoride (F) metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice exposed to high-F and explored the relationship between F concentrations in bone and plasma. Thirty male mice were randomised into three groups: Group I (No-F, No-Exercise), Group II (50 ppmF, No-Exercise), Group III (50 ppmF, Exercise). Body weight and physical performance of all mice were measured at baseline and end of experiment. F concentrations of plasma and bone were measured at the end of experiment. Mean plasma F concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. Mean bone F concentration was also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. There was a significant correlation (p = 0.01, r = 0.54) between F concentration of plasma and bone. Mean body weight of Group I mice was significantly higher than Group II (p < 0.001) and Group III (p = 0.001) mice at the end of the exp...
Limited knowledge is available on total fluoride exposure, excretion and retention in infants, de... more Limited knowledge is available on total fluoride exposure, excretion and retention in infants, despite the first year of human life being the critical period for dental development and risk of dental fluorosis. This study investigated total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), excretion (TDFE) and retention (TDFR) in infants living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated water areas at pre- and post-weaning stages of development. Healthy infants, aged 0–12 months, were recruited and their TDFI (mg/kg body weight (BW) per d), from diet and toothpaste ingestion, was assessed over a 3-d period using a dietary diary and tooth-brushing questionnaire. TDFE (mg/kg BW per d) was estimated by collecting 48-h urine and faeces. TDFR (mg/kg BW per d) was estimated by subtracting TDFE from TDFI. A total of forty-seven infants completed the study: sixteen at pre-weaning and thirty-one at post-weaning stages, with a mean age of 3·4 and 10·0 months, respectively. TDFI was lower in the non-fluoridated area (P&l...
To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodon... more To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries. A systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken. Seventy-three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 ) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate ...
We compared the parameters related to glucose homeostasis, and liver and muscle proteomes in fluo... more We compared the parameters related to glucose homeostasis, and liver and muscle proteomes in fluorosis-susceptible (A/J; S) and fluorosis-resistant (129P3/J; R) mice in response to fluoride (F) exposure and exercise. Ninety male mice (45 R-mice and 45 S-mice) were randomized into three groups: (SI; RI) No-F, No-Exercise, (SII; RII) 50 ppm F, No-Exercise, (SIII; RIII) 50 ppm F, Exercise. Overall, mean F concentrations in the plasma and femur were significantly higher in R-mice compared with S-mice. In R-mice, exercise resulted in an increase in F accumulation in the femur. In S-mice, the mean plasma glucose level was significantly higher in Group II compared with Groups I and III. There was an increase in liver proteins involved in energy flux and antioxidant enzymes in non-exercise groups (I, II) of S-mice in comparison with the corresponding groups of R-mice. The results also showed a decrease in muscle protein expression in Group I S-mice compared with their R-mice counterparts. I...
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2018
RESULTS: The ATR FT-IR analysis showed that total plasma proteins remained unchanged (HC baseline... more RESULTS: The ATR FT-IR analysis showed that total plasma proteins remained unchanged (HC baseline = 135.20±4.20 and HFLC baseline = 135.24±3.91AU). However, the HC diet at baseline showed a significant accumulation of lipids (30.06±7.75 AU, 95% CI = 6.93) and carbohydrates (42.92±11.62 AU, 95% CI = 10.39). Additionally, total lipids in the HC diet significantly decreased at 24-hours post-exercise (from 30.06±7.75 to 28.51±7.91 AU, p=0.016). CONCLUSION: A short-term high-fat diet does not significantly alter any macronutrient contents in plasma, whereas a high-carbohydrate diet increases an accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates. Elevated plasma lipids and carbohydrates with a high-carbohydrate diet may be due to decreased insulin sensitivity, which consequently led to increased plasma lipid contents. Notably, decreased total plasma lipid content following an acute bout of exercise suggests that lipids were the primary energy substrate.
European Journal of Dental Education, Feb 22, 2016
It is important for dental schools to select students who will complete their degree and progress... more It is important for dental schools to select students who will complete their degree and progress on to become the dentists of the future. The process should be transparent, fair and ethical and utilise selection tools that select appropriate students. The interview is an integral part of UK dental schools student selection procedures. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken in order to determine whether different interview methods (Cardiff with a multiple mini interview and Newcastle with a more traditional interview process) along with other components used in selection predicted academic performance in students. METHODS The admissions selection data for two dental schools (Cardiff and Newcastle) were collected and analysed alongside student performance in academic examinations in Year 1 of the respective schools. Correlation statistics were used to determine whether selection tools had any relevance to academic performance once students were admitted to their respective Universities. RESULTS Data was available for a total of 177 students (77 Cardiff and 100 Newcastle). Examination performance did not correlate with admission interview scores at either school; however UKCAT score was linked to poor academic performance. DISCUSSION Although interview methodology does not appear to correlate with academic performance it remains an integral and very necessary part of the admissions process. Ultimately schools need to be comfortable with their admissions procedures in attracting and selecting the calibre of students they desire.
BackgroundMost oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present with late‐stage disease. Early detec... more BackgroundMost oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present with late‐stage disease. Early detection of the disease is considered to be the most effective way of improving patient outcomes. Several biomarkers have been identified as indicators of oral cancer development and progression; however, none have been translated into clinical practice. In this study, we have investigated the role of Epsin3, an endocytic adaptor protein, and Notch1, a transmembrane signalling protein, in oral carcinogenesis with a view to explore their potential as biomarkers.MethodsOral cancer cell lines and a normal oral keratinocyte cell line were used together with tissue samples of normal oral mucosa (n = 21), oral epithelial dysplasia (n = 74) and early stage (Stages I and II) oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 31). Immunocytochemical staining, immunoblotting and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to assess protein as well as gene expression levels.ResultsThe expressi...
The advent of the "genomic era" has allowed for nutrigenomics studies to be carried out... more The advent of the "genomic era" has allowed for nutrigenomics studies to be carried out, which aim to reveal whether there are interactions between the food we consume and our genetic make-up. In turn this information will provide the scientific basis for improved public health messages related to nutrition and diet. With the availability of high throughput, inexpensive and sometime "bed-side" technology, studies into the effect of diet on the aetiology of common oral diseases and oral conditions could now be easily carried out. It is becoming more and more convincing that interactions between genotype and diet are important in determining the risk of most if not all common complex diseases, and it is therefore highly probable that these interactions will be important in determining oral disease risk. A large body of data relating to nutritional genetic studies where the outcome measures have been markers of disease risk, provide proof of principle and highlight the importance of understanding these interactions, illustrating the potential impact dietary modification could have on oral health. These are areas of growth that need to be investigated further.
Rogers’ established model of the ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ (2003), is described by Sahin (2006) ... more Rogers’ established model of the ‘Diffusion of Innovations’ (2003), is described by Sahin (2006) as being the ‘most appropriate for investigating the uptake of technology in higher education’. Rogers observes that diffusion of an innovation is the communication within a social system (here a higher education institution) of uncertainty (will it work?); specific information (how it works); and adoption, leading to social change (everyone uses it). This model appears relevant in the enhancement of educational experiences through technology enhanced learning (TEL). Uptake of new technologies varies widely; some faculty adopt new technologies for teaching purposes readily, others lag behind; some will reject new technologies entirely. Likewise, the rate of students’ adoption will vary. Moving away from lecture-based teaching to student-centred blended learning is aided by appropriate use of technology. In prioritizing TEL use to enhance and support an educational experience, it is neces...
Today at the 93rd General Session and Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Rese... more Today at the 93rd General Session and Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Research, researcher M.J. Al-Musawi, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, will present a study titled "In Vitro Effects of Topical Neuromodulatory Medication on Orofacial Tissue." The IADR General Session is being held in conjunction with the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Dental Research and the 39th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Dental Research.
Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers... more Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers to predict exposure has been investigated previously. However, the results are inadequate for validation of their application and usefulness. This study aimed to investigate the association between contemporary/recent biomarkers of fluoride exposure and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) of children with large differences in fluoride exposure through drinking water. TDFI was assessed in 61 healthy 4- to 5-year-old children who provided at least 1 biomarker sample; 32 lived in a low-fluoride area (0.04 mg F/L) and 29 lived in a high-fluoride area (3.05 mg F/L). Validated questionnaires were administered to evaluate fluoride intake from diets (including water) and toothpaste ingestion. Daily urinary fluoride excretion (UFE) and fluoride concentrations in plasma, fasting whole saliva, hair, and nails (toenails/fingernails) were evaluated and related to total fluoride exposure. TDFI, UFE, a...
ObjectivesTo estimate and compare total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), daily urinary fluoride excr... more ObjectivesTo estimate and compare total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE), daily fluoride retention (DFR), fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) and fractional fluoride retention (FFR) in 4‐ and 8 year‐old Nigerians and explore associations between these outcomes to improve understanding of fluoride metabolism.MethodsUsing a cross‐sectional observational study, 72 four‐year‐olds and 72 eight‐year‐olds were recruited from nursery and primary schools (respectively) in lower and higher water F areas of urban and rural localities in Oyo State, southwest Nigeria. TDFI from diet and toothpaste ingestion was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire and visual scale of toothpaste used during toothbrushing. DUFE was measured by collecting a 24‐hour urine sample, FUFE estimated as the ratio between DUFE and TDFI, DFR estimated as TDFI‐TDFE (where TDFE = DUFE + estimated faecal F excretion (ie TDFI × 10%), and FFR was estimated as [(TDF...
The present study investigated the effect of chronic exercise on fluoride (F) metabolism in fluor... more The present study investigated the effect of chronic exercise on fluoride (F) metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice exposed to high-F and explored the relationship between F concentrations in bone and plasma. Thirty male mice were randomised into three groups: Group I (No-F, No-Exercise), Group II (50 ppmF, No-Exercise), Group III (50 ppmF, Exercise). Body weight and physical performance of all mice were measured at baseline and end of experiment. F concentrations of plasma and bone were measured at the end of experiment. Mean plasma F concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. Mean bone F concentration was also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. There was a significant correlation (p = 0.01, r = 0.54) between F concentration of plasma and bone. Mean body weight of Group I mice was significantly higher than Group II (p < 0.001) and Group III (p = 0.001) mice at the end of the exp...
Limited knowledge is available on total fluoride exposure, excretion and retention in infants, de... more Limited knowledge is available on total fluoride exposure, excretion and retention in infants, despite the first year of human life being the critical period for dental development and risk of dental fluorosis. This study investigated total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), excretion (TDFE) and retention (TDFR) in infants living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated water areas at pre- and post-weaning stages of development. Healthy infants, aged 0–12 months, were recruited and their TDFI (mg/kg body weight (BW) per d), from diet and toothpaste ingestion, was assessed over a 3-d period using a dietary diary and tooth-brushing questionnaire. TDFE (mg/kg BW per d) was estimated by collecting 48-h urine and faeces. TDFR (mg/kg BW per d) was estimated by subtracting TDFE from TDFI. A total of forty-seven infants completed the study: sixteen at pre-weaning and thirty-one at post-weaning stages, with a mean age of 3·4 and 10·0 months, respectively. TDFI was lower in the non-fluoridated area (P&l...
To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodon... more To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries. A systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken. Seventy-three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 ) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate ...
We compared the parameters related to glucose homeostasis, and liver and muscle proteomes in fluo... more We compared the parameters related to glucose homeostasis, and liver and muscle proteomes in fluorosis-susceptible (A/J; S) and fluorosis-resistant (129P3/J; R) mice in response to fluoride (F) exposure and exercise. Ninety male mice (45 R-mice and 45 S-mice) were randomized into three groups: (SI; RI) No-F, No-Exercise, (SII; RII) 50 ppm F, No-Exercise, (SIII; RIII) 50 ppm F, Exercise. Overall, mean F concentrations in the plasma and femur were significantly higher in R-mice compared with S-mice. In R-mice, exercise resulted in an increase in F accumulation in the femur. In S-mice, the mean plasma glucose level was significantly higher in Group II compared with Groups I and III. There was an increase in liver proteins involved in energy flux and antioxidant enzymes in non-exercise groups (I, II) of S-mice in comparison with the corresponding groups of R-mice. The results also showed a decrease in muscle protein expression in Group I S-mice compared with their R-mice counterparts. I...
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