Chapter 8 d^ e^ Feminism, Democracy, and Empire Islam and the War on Terror Saba Mahmood* X he co... more Chapter 8 d^ e^ Feminism, Democracy, and Empire Islam and the War on Terror Saba Mahmood* X he complicated role European feminism played in legitimating and extending colonial rule in vast regions of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East has been extensively documented ...
The current study inspects the relationship among ethical leadership, organizational culture and ... more The current study inspects the relationship among ethical leadership, organizational culture and job satisfaction with the mediating role of an organizational commitment in private educational sector of Islamabad, Pakistan. For this study data is collected through a survey of 210 employees of the education sector of Pakistan in October, 2016. The data is analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software through different statistical tests. The findings established the positive relationships among organizational culture, ethical leadership and job satisfaction with the mediating role of an organizational commitment. It is also observed that ethical leadership and organizational culture increases the job performance. The findings of the current study propose teachers and managers to encourage ethical leadership and create a positive culture to enhance organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion, 2006
This article argues that insomuch as feminism is both an analytical and politically prescriptive ... more This article argues that insomuch as feminism is both an analytical and politically prescriptive project, it aims not only to analyze the situation of women in different historical and cultural locations but also to transform their conditions of subjugation. Consequently, feminist scholarship tends to accord freedom a normative status, and to emphasize those instances that exemplify women's desire to be free from relations of subordination. An important consequence of this tendency in feminist scholarship is to limit the conceptualization of agency to acts that further the moral autonomy of the individual in the face of power. Through an examination of the women's piety movement in Egypt, this article argues for uncoupling the notion of agency from that of resistance as a necessary step in thinking about forms of desire and politics that do not accord with norms of secular-liberal feminism and its liberatory telos.
The primary objective of this study is to reconnoiter the impact of private educational instituti... more The primary objective of this study is to reconnoiter the impact of private educational institutions on the development of rural areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Data is collected with the help of questionnaires from 200 respondents from public and private educational institutes of Faisalabad, Pakistan and the age of respondent’s ranges from 18 – 27 years. The data is analyzed statistically via statistical tests, i.e., independent sample t-test to find the impact of private educational institutions selected in Faisalabad, Pakistan regarding different variables, which are very important in evolving the pastoral area. The impact of private educational institutions on the employment ratio, literacy rate and economic growth of rural area are also analyzed. Results reveal the difference between private and public educational institutions concerning close supervision of students. The results show that private educational institutions play a decisive role in the development of rural areas.
Este texto fue originalmente publicado por Saba Mahmood en la revista Cultural Anthropology en el... more Este texto fue originalmente publicado por Saba Mahmood en la revista Cultural Anthropology en el volumen 16, número 2, del año 2001 con el título: “Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival”. En el año 2008, el texto fue publicado en castellano en un libro editado por Liliana Suárez Navaz y Rosalva Aída Hérnandez Castillo en Cátedra: Descolonizando el feminismo: teorías y prácticas desde los márgenes. En él, la autora recientemente fallecida, aborda un debate central en la teoría feminista, la agencia social. A través del análisis del movimiento de la piedad en el Egipto de los años 90 y concretamente del estudio de cinco mezquitas en El Cairo, Mahmood cuestiona que se considere la agencia social como un sinónimo de resistencia a las relaciones de dominación, lo que impide el estudio de movimientos como el que ella estudia, y aboga por una concepción de la agencia como capacidad de acción que se habilita y crea en relaciones...
September 11, 2001, the Euro-American publishing industry has produceda series of best-sellers th... more September 11, 2001, the Euro-American publishing industry has produceda series of best-sellers that tell harrowing tales of Muslim (and at times non-Muslim) women's survival under misogynist cul tural practices that are supposed to characterize most, if not all, Islamic societies. ...
Recent ban on (and subsequent suspension of) burkini in France as, allegedly, an outfit against g... more Recent ban on (and subsequent suspension of) burkini in France as, allegedly, an outfit against good morals and secularism, as well as ISIS's brutal treatment of minorities in Iraq and Syria, have brought to fore once again the issues of religious minorities and secularism which comprise the core themes of Saba Mahmood's latest book. It is a long-held assumption that religious conflicts, especially in war-torn areas like the Middle East, would have been less severe had the states in the region embraced secularism wholeheartedly by giving all citizens equal rights and by making the state apparatus neutral to religious affiliations of its subjects. Mahmood, however, would object this in the case of postcolonial Egypt, but expectedly in other environments like Europe as well, and would argue that secularism has created or exacerbated the current religious strife rather than ameliorating it. Secularism, her argument goes on, has a contradictory feature: while it is based on the neutrality of the state in religious affairs, separation of the state and church, and relegating the latter to the realm of private sphere, it defines and demarcates the boundaries of religion and regulates it and thereby entangles the state in " substantive issues of religious doctrine and practice " (p. 2). Therefore, secularism makes religion more critical for the identity of the majority and minority. In addition, the state adopts majoritarian values, norms and cultural symbols as representative of neutral identity of the nation and views the minority norms and symbols as a threat to the national identity and, thereby, restricts and represses them whether in Egypt in the case of Baha'i and Shi'ite minority or in Europe in the case of the Muslim minority. Declaring veil (or burkini, though Mahmood does not mention it) as a symbol of gender inequality and enslavement of women, hence, banning it in the public institutions, and in contrast, portraying crucifix as a symbol of liberty, equality, religious freedom, and human dignity in the Europe are striking examples of how majoritarian values and norms permeate the state laws; an institution which is supposed to be neutral about the religious difference. These majoritarian biases, Mahmood would argue, are at work both in assertive models of secularism like Turkey and France and at the purportedly " incomplete " secularism like Egypt. Mahmood contends that values like religious equality and freedom of belief which are hailed as neutral and universal are, also, shaped, articulated, and enforced in a historical trajectory for the advancement of colonial interests. Recurrent interventions in the internal affairs of independent states in the name of protecting human rights of religious minorities like Christians in Ottoman Empire, or Copts in the modern Egypt, were pushed for by geopolitical interests. Similar concerns are raised by the article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) about protection of the religious beliefs which is adopted because of a campaign by American Evangelicals and European missionaries to facilitate their proselytizing campaigns in the Islamic world and communist countries, so, " it is hard to separate the religious elements of [these] campaigns from secular ones " (p.46-47).
2007 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, 2007
Abstract - In Open Multiagent systems, individual components act in an autonomous and uncertain m... more Abstract - In Open Multiagent systems, individual components act in an autonomous and uncertain manner, thus making it difficult for the participating agents to interact with one another in a reliable environment. Trust models have been devised that can create level of certainty for the ...
In commenting upon these essays by three feminist historians of Chris-tianity, I have been struck... more In commenting upon these essays by three feminist historians of Chris-tianity, I have been struck by how some of the analytical problems that I have been dealing with in my work as an anthropologist of Islam are shared across our disciplinary boundaries, especially given the distinctly ...
Chapter 8 d^ e^ Feminism, Democracy, and Empire Islam and the War on Terror Saba Mahmood* X he co... more Chapter 8 d^ e^ Feminism, Democracy, and Empire Islam and the War on Terror Saba Mahmood* X he complicated role European feminism played in legitimating and extending colonial rule in vast regions of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East has been extensively documented ...
The current study inspects the relationship among ethical leadership, organizational culture and ... more The current study inspects the relationship among ethical leadership, organizational culture and job satisfaction with the mediating role of an organizational commitment in private educational sector of Islamabad, Pakistan. For this study data is collected through a survey of 210 employees of the education sector of Pakistan in October, 2016. The data is analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software through different statistical tests. The findings established the positive relationships among organizational culture, ethical leadership and job satisfaction with the mediating role of an organizational commitment. It is also observed that ethical leadership and organizational culture increases the job performance. The findings of the current study propose teachers and managers to encourage ethical leadership and create a positive culture to enhance organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion, 2006
This article argues that insomuch as feminism is both an analytical and politically prescriptive ... more This article argues that insomuch as feminism is both an analytical and politically prescriptive project, it aims not only to analyze the situation of women in different historical and cultural locations but also to transform their conditions of subjugation. Consequently, feminist scholarship tends to accord freedom a normative status, and to emphasize those instances that exemplify women's desire to be free from relations of subordination. An important consequence of this tendency in feminist scholarship is to limit the conceptualization of agency to acts that further the moral autonomy of the individual in the face of power. Through an examination of the women's piety movement in Egypt, this article argues for uncoupling the notion of agency from that of resistance as a necessary step in thinking about forms of desire and politics that do not accord with norms of secular-liberal feminism and its liberatory telos.
The primary objective of this study is to reconnoiter the impact of private educational instituti... more The primary objective of this study is to reconnoiter the impact of private educational institutions on the development of rural areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Data is collected with the help of questionnaires from 200 respondents from public and private educational institutes of Faisalabad, Pakistan and the age of respondent’s ranges from 18 – 27 years. The data is analyzed statistically via statistical tests, i.e., independent sample t-test to find the impact of private educational institutions selected in Faisalabad, Pakistan regarding different variables, which are very important in evolving the pastoral area. The impact of private educational institutions on the employment ratio, literacy rate and economic growth of rural area are also analyzed. Results reveal the difference between private and public educational institutions concerning close supervision of students. The results show that private educational institutions play a decisive role in the development of rural areas.
Este texto fue originalmente publicado por Saba Mahmood en la revista Cultural Anthropology en el... more Este texto fue originalmente publicado por Saba Mahmood en la revista Cultural Anthropology en el volumen 16, número 2, del año 2001 con el título: “Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival”. En el año 2008, el texto fue publicado en castellano en un libro editado por Liliana Suárez Navaz y Rosalva Aída Hérnandez Castillo en Cátedra: Descolonizando el feminismo: teorías y prácticas desde los márgenes. En él, la autora recientemente fallecida, aborda un debate central en la teoría feminista, la agencia social. A través del análisis del movimiento de la piedad en el Egipto de los años 90 y concretamente del estudio de cinco mezquitas en El Cairo, Mahmood cuestiona que se considere la agencia social como un sinónimo de resistencia a las relaciones de dominación, lo que impide el estudio de movimientos como el que ella estudia, y aboga por una concepción de la agencia como capacidad de acción que se habilita y crea en relaciones...
September 11, 2001, the Euro-American publishing industry has produceda series of best-sellers th... more September 11, 2001, the Euro-American publishing industry has produceda series of best-sellers that tell harrowing tales of Muslim (and at times non-Muslim) women's survival under misogynist cul tural practices that are supposed to characterize most, if not all, Islamic societies. ...
Recent ban on (and subsequent suspension of) burkini in France as, allegedly, an outfit against g... more Recent ban on (and subsequent suspension of) burkini in France as, allegedly, an outfit against good morals and secularism, as well as ISIS's brutal treatment of minorities in Iraq and Syria, have brought to fore once again the issues of religious minorities and secularism which comprise the core themes of Saba Mahmood's latest book. It is a long-held assumption that religious conflicts, especially in war-torn areas like the Middle East, would have been less severe had the states in the region embraced secularism wholeheartedly by giving all citizens equal rights and by making the state apparatus neutral to religious affiliations of its subjects. Mahmood, however, would object this in the case of postcolonial Egypt, but expectedly in other environments like Europe as well, and would argue that secularism has created or exacerbated the current religious strife rather than ameliorating it. Secularism, her argument goes on, has a contradictory feature: while it is based on the neutrality of the state in religious affairs, separation of the state and church, and relegating the latter to the realm of private sphere, it defines and demarcates the boundaries of religion and regulates it and thereby entangles the state in " substantive issues of religious doctrine and practice " (p. 2). Therefore, secularism makes religion more critical for the identity of the majority and minority. In addition, the state adopts majoritarian values, norms and cultural symbols as representative of neutral identity of the nation and views the minority norms and symbols as a threat to the national identity and, thereby, restricts and represses them whether in Egypt in the case of Baha'i and Shi'ite minority or in Europe in the case of the Muslim minority. Declaring veil (or burkini, though Mahmood does not mention it) as a symbol of gender inequality and enslavement of women, hence, banning it in the public institutions, and in contrast, portraying crucifix as a symbol of liberty, equality, religious freedom, and human dignity in the Europe are striking examples of how majoritarian values and norms permeate the state laws; an institution which is supposed to be neutral about the religious difference. These majoritarian biases, Mahmood would argue, are at work both in assertive models of secularism like Turkey and France and at the purportedly " incomplete " secularism like Egypt. Mahmood contends that values like religious equality and freedom of belief which are hailed as neutral and universal are, also, shaped, articulated, and enforced in a historical trajectory for the advancement of colonial interests. Recurrent interventions in the internal affairs of independent states in the name of protecting human rights of religious minorities like Christians in Ottoman Empire, or Copts in the modern Egypt, were pushed for by geopolitical interests. Similar concerns are raised by the article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) about protection of the religious beliefs which is adopted because of a campaign by American Evangelicals and European missionaries to facilitate their proselytizing campaigns in the Islamic world and communist countries, so, " it is hard to separate the religious elements of [these] campaigns from secular ones " (p.46-47).
2007 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, 2007
Abstract - In Open Multiagent systems, individual components act in an autonomous and uncertain m... more Abstract - In Open Multiagent systems, individual components act in an autonomous and uncertain manner, thus making it difficult for the participating agents to interact with one another in a reliable environment. Trust models have been devised that can create level of certainty for the ...
In commenting upon these essays by three feminist historians of Chris-tianity, I have been struck... more In commenting upon these essays by three feminist historians of Chris-tianity, I have been struck by how some of the analytical problems that I have been dealing with in my work as an anthropologist of Islam are shared across our disciplinary boundaries, especially given the distinctly ...
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