Additional file 1: Figure S1. Three-dimensional computed views of the pulsed UV-C non-ionizing ir... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Three-dimensional computed views of the pulsed UV-C non-ionizing irradiation system. The following device components are shown: 248-nm laser (grey, dark grey and violet), vacuum pump (light grey), gas cylinder (green), gas filter (red), power meter (yellow), Petri dish (light green), optical module (white) with shutter (red), frame with adjustable legs (dashed white line).
Additional file 5: Figure S5. Microscopic appearance of Tetranychus urticae eggs 9 and 12 days af... more Additional file 5: Figure S5. Microscopic appearance of Tetranychus urticae eggs 9 and 12 days after pulsed UV-C irradiation (accumulated dose of 5 kJ/m2 over 60 s) generated by the pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser. The appearance and colour of eggs at 9 days (a) and 12 days (b) post-irradiation.
Additional file 3: Figure S3. Experimental set-up used to irradiate the two-spotted spider mites.... more Additional file 3: Figure S3. Experimental set-up used to irradiate the two-spotted spider mites. Petri dish (a), aluminium chamber (b), and aluminium chamber inserted into the Petri dish (c).
From the viewpoint of the concept of function, this paper divides comprehensive assessment algori... more From the viewpoint of the concept of function, this paper divides comprehensive assessment algorithms into three types, including standard functions, base functions, and weights. Moreover, it unifies comprehensive assessment approaches, statistical regression, and machine learning algorithms. So we can treat various developing comprehensive assessment algorithms from a uniform angle, which helps to theoretically unify them.
The paper is aimed at the analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for detection and c... more The paper is aimed at the analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for detection and classification of oil pollution in water in comparison with a laser fluorosensor having a few discrete detection channels only. It is demonstrated that hyperspectral laser-induced fluorescence (HLIF) spectra include all relevant spectral information about the target in contrast to discrete detection channel sensor data. In order to extract significant features from HLIF data, a multi-resolutional analysis, namely the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), is applied. The feature extraction is automated using the sparsity-norm optimization method. The resulting features have a clear spectral representation and are used in automatic object classification. The classification results and selectivity are compared with discrete detection channel sensor data on a number of oil pollutants. The results of simulation experiments demonstrate the high value of classification accuracy and the ability to su...
fluorescence characteristics based on lidar investigations of a surface water layer polluted by a... more fluorescence characteristics based on lidar investigations of a surface water layer polluted by an oil film; the Baltic cruise
The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phyto-... more The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phyto-plankton analysis are discussed. The focus is made to a correct prediction of pigment concentrations by fluorescence data. The results of high resolution mapping of chlorophylls and phycobilins in the Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) during Cyanobacterial blooms in 1997 and 1998 are presented. Dynami-cal spatial maps of phytoplankton pigments were registered on line with the flow-through spectro-fluorimeter FLUO-IMAGER and the shipboard laser remote sensing spectrometer FLS-S. Charac-teristic patterns of the phytoplankton distribution in the study area and their evolution in time are discussed. Field studies confirmed that on line spectrofluorimetry can be effectively used to diagnose phyto-plankton pigments in application to the tasks of phytoplankton bloom detection, analysis of phyto-plankton development and spatial mapping of photosynthetic pigments. Considering the tasks of monitoring lar...
The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A base... more The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A based on excimer laser and multichannel detector. Helicopter installation was used to monitor water and land areas of oil transportation and storage. Techniques for real-time data acquisition and process-ing are described based on compiled and systematized library of LIF spectra of various underlying surfaces. The field tests have proved the ability of FLS-A lidar to distinguish the fluorescence of minor oil pollution on different spectral backgrounds usually recorded in airborne measurements. Further lidar developments are discussed.
The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A base... more The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A based on excimer laser and multichannel detector. Helicopter installation was used to monitor water and land areas of oil transportation and storage. Techniques for real-time data acquisition and process- ing are described based on compiled and systematized library of LIF spectra of various underlying surfaces. The field tests have proved the ability of FLS-A lidar to distinguish the fluorescence of minor oil pollution on different spectral backgrounds usually recorded in airborne measurements. Further lidar developments are discussed. METHODS The FLS-lidar series is the family of laser remote sensing systems developed by Laser Diagnostic Instruments (LDI). These lidars were primarily developed for monitoring marine environments. Natural aquatic and terrestrial targets containing organic pollution and vegetation have been stud- ied in numerous field experiments. The specificity of lidar appl...
The application of two-dimensional fluorescent technique for automatic monitoring of organic comp... more The application of two-dimensional fluorescent technique for automatic monitoring of organic compounds in a water is discussed. For recognition and quantitative estimation of water organics the spectra were systematized and arranged into the calibrated catalogues of spectral signatures. The catalogue compilation and training of expert system for diagnostics of natural organics, oils and chemical pollution are considered. The two-dimensional fluorescent method was applied for the investigation of the environmental effects of the power plants on the river`s water in the north area of Estonia.
The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phytop... more The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phytoplankton analysis are discussed. The focus is made to a correct prediction of pigment concentrations by fluorescence data. The results of high resolution mapping of chlorophylls and phycobilins in the Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) during Cyanobacterial blooms in 1997 and 1998 are presented. Dynamical spatial maps of phytoplankton pigments were registered on line with the flow-through spectrofluorimeter FLUO-IMAGER and the shipboard laser remote sensing spectrometer FLS-S. Characteristic patterns of the phytoplankton distribution in the study area and their evolution in time are discussed. Field studies confirmed that on line spectrofluorimetry can be effectively used to diagnose phytoplankton pigments in application to the tasks of phytoplankton bloom detection, analysis of phytoplankton development and spatial mapping of photosyntheti c pigments. Considering the tasks of monitoring large wa...
The operational monitoring of the risk areas of marine environment requires cost-effective soluti... more The operational monitoring of the risk areas of marine environment requires cost-effective solutions. One of the options is the use of sensor networks based on fixed installations and moving platforms (coastal boats, supply-, cargo-, and passenger vessels). Such network allows to gather environmental data in time and space with direct links to operational activities in the controlled area for further environmental risk assessment. Among many remote sensing techniques the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) based on Light Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is the tool of direct assessment of water quality variations caused by chemical pollution, colored dissolved organic matter, and phytoplankton composition. The Hyperspectral LIF (HLIF) LiDAR acquires comprehensive LIF spectra and analyses them by spectral pattern recognition technique to detect and classify the substances in water remotely. Combined use of HLIF LiDARs with Real-Time Data Management System (RTDMS) provides the economically ...
Efficient observation means are required for supporting operational fight against oil pollutions ... more Efficient observation means are required for supporting operational fight against oil pollutions at sea and recovering operations, including reliable choice and guidance of maritime and airborne fighting means. Among the suite of sensors available, the potential of airborne passive hyperspectral imagery and active fluorescence laser systems for remote sensing of oil spills at sea have been studied in the past. The potential of combining these two kinds of sensors for quantitative mapping of oil slicks at sea and for supporting the recovering operations is proposed for evaluation in that pilot project. Test flights have been carried out over a controlled oil pollution at sea, using an hyperspectral imager (CASI-2) and a Fluorescence Lidar System (FLS-AU) installed onboard a fixed-wing aircraft. The data processing chain is presented, including local absolute thickness estimation from lidar data, information extraction from hyperspectral CASI images data thanks to the inversion of a s...
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Three-dimensional computed views of the pulsed UV-C non-ionizing ir... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Three-dimensional computed views of the pulsed UV-C non-ionizing irradiation system. The following device components are shown: 248-nm laser (grey, dark grey and violet), vacuum pump (light grey), gas cylinder (green), gas filter (red), power meter (yellow), Petri dish (light green), optical module (white) with shutter (red), frame with adjustable legs (dashed white line).
Additional file 5: Figure S5. Microscopic appearance of Tetranychus urticae eggs 9 and 12 days af... more Additional file 5: Figure S5. Microscopic appearance of Tetranychus urticae eggs 9 and 12 days after pulsed UV-C irradiation (accumulated dose of 5 kJ/m2 over 60 s) generated by the pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser. The appearance and colour of eggs at 9 days (a) and 12 days (b) post-irradiation.
Additional file 3: Figure S3. Experimental set-up used to irradiate the two-spotted spider mites.... more Additional file 3: Figure S3. Experimental set-up used to irradiate the two-spotted spider mites. Petri dish (a), aluminium chamber (b), and aluminium chamber inserted into the Petri dish (c).
From the viewpoint of the concept of function, this paper divides comprehensive assessment algori... more From the viewpoint of the concept of function, this paper divides comprehensive assessment algorithms into three types, including standard functions, base functions, and weights. Moreover, it unifies comprehensive assessment approaches, statistical regression, and machine learning algorithms. So we can treat various developing comprehensive assessment algorithms from a uniform angle, which helps to theoretically unify them.
The paper is aimed at the analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for detection and c... more The paper is aimed at the analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for detection and classification of oil pollution in water in comparison with a laser fluorosensor having a few discrete detection channels only. It is demonstrated that hyperspectral laser-induced fluorescence (HLIF) spectra include all relevant spectral information about the target in contrast to discrete detection channel sensor data. In order to extract significant features from HLIF data, a multi-resolutional analysis, namely the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), is applied. The feature extraction is automated using the sparsity-norm optimization method. The resulting features have a clear spectral representation and are used in automatic object classification. The classification results and selectivity are compared with discrete detection channel sensor data on a number of oil pollutants. The results of simulation experiments demonstrate the high value of classification accuracy and the ability to su...
fluorescence characteristics based on lidar investigations of a surface water layer polluted by a... more fluorescence characteristics based on lidar investigations of a surface water layer polluted by an oil film; the Baltic cruise
The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phyto-... more The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phyto-plankton analysis are discussed. The focus is made to a correct prediction of pigment concentrations by fluorescence data. The results of high resolution mapping of chlorophylls and phycobilins in the Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) during Cyanobacterial blooms in 1997 and 1998 are presented. Dynami-cal spatial maps of phytoplankton pigments were registered on line with the flow-through spectro-fluorimeter FLUO-IMAGER and the shipboard laser remote sensing spectrometer FLS-S. Charac-teristic patterns of the phytoplankton distribution in the study area and their evolution in time are discussed. Field studies confirmed that on line spectrofluorimetry can be effectively used to diagnose phyto-plankton pigments in application to the tasks of phytoplankton bloom detection, analysis of phyto-plankton development and spatial mapping of photosynthetic pigments. Considering the tasks of monitoring lar...
The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A base... more The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A based on excimer laser and multichannel detector. Helicopter installation was used to monitor water and land areas of oil transportation and storage. Techniques for real-time data acquisition and process-ing are described based on compiled and systematized library of LIF spectra of various underlying surfaces. The field tests have proved the ability of FLS-A lidar to distinguish the fluorescence of minor oil pollution on different spectral backgrounds usually recorded in airborne measurements. Further lidar developments are discussed.
The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A base... more The paper presents recent results of field experiments with airborne fluorescent lidar FLS-A based on excimer laser and multichannel detector. Helicopter installation was used to monitor water and land areas of oil transportation and storage. Techniques for real-time data acquisition and process- ing are described based on compiled and systematized library of LIF spectra of various underlying surfaces. The field tests have proved the ability of FLS-A lidar to distinguish the fluorescence of minor oil pollution on different spectral backgrounds usually recorded in airborne measurements. Further lidar developments are discussed. METHODS The FLS-lidar series is the family of laser remote sensing systems developed by Laser Diagnostic Instruments (LDI). These lidars were primarily developed for monitoring marine environments. Natural aquatic and terrestrial targets containing organic pollution and vegetation have been stud- ied in numerous field experiments. The specificity of lidar appl...
The application of two-dimensional fluorescent technique for automatic monitoring of organic comp... more The application of two-dimensional fluorescent technique for automatic monitoring of organic compounds in a water is discussed. For recognition and quantitative estimation of water organics the spectra were systematized and arranged into the calibrated catalogues of spectral signatures. The catalogue compilation and training of expert system for diagnostics of natural organics, oils and chemical pollution are considered. The two-dimensional fluorescent method was applied for the investigation of the environmental effects of the power plants on the river`s water in the north area of Estonia.
The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phytop... more The advantages and problems of the application of actively excited fluorescence in natural phytoplankton analysis are discussed. The focus is made to a correct prediction of pigment concentrations by fluorescence data. The results of high resolution mapping of chlorophylls and phycobilins in the Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) during Cyanobacterial blooms in 1997 and 1998 are presented. Dynamical spatial maps of phytoplankton pigments were registered on line with the flow-through spectrofluorimeter FLUO-IMAGER and the shipboard laser remote sensing spectrometer FLS-S. Characteristic patterns of the phytoplankton distribution in the study area and their evolution in time are discussed. Field studies confirmed that on line spectrofluorimetry can be effectively used to diagnose phytoplankton pigments in application to the tasks of phytoplankton bloom detection, analysis of phytoplankton development and spatial mapping of photosyntheti c pigments. Considering the tasks of monitoring large wa...
The operational monitoring of the risk areas of marine environment requires cost-effective soluti... more The operational monitoring of the risk areas of marine environment requires cost-effective solutions. One of the options is the use of sensor networks based on fixed installations and moving platforms (coastal boats, supply-, cargo-, and passenger vessels). Such network allows to gather environmental data in time and space with direct links to operational activities in the controlled area for further environmental risk assessment. Among many remote sensing techniques the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) based on Light Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is the tool of direct assessment of water quality variations caused by chemical pollution, colored dissolved organic matter, and phytoplankton composition. The Hyperspectral LIF (HLIF) LiDAR acquires comprehensive LIF spectra and analyses them by spectral pattern recognition technique to detect and classify the substances in water remotely. Combined use of HLIF LiDARs with Real-Time Data Management System (RTDMS) provides the economically ...
Efficient observation means are required for supporting operational fight against oil pollutions ... more Efficient observation means are required for supporting operational fight against oil pollutions at sea and recovering operations, including reliable choice and guidance of maritime and airborne fighting means. Among the suite of sensors available, the potential of airborne passive hyperspectral imagery and active fluorescence laser systems for remote sensing of oil spills at sea have been studied in the past. The potential of combining these two kinds of sensors for quantitative mapping of oil slicks at sea and for supporting the recovering operations is proposed for evaluation in that pilot project. Test flights have been carried out over a controlled oil pollution at sea, using an hyperspectral imager (CASI-2) and a Fluorescence Lidar System (FLS-AU) installed onboard a fixed-wing aircraft. The data processing chain is presented, including local absolute thickness estimation from lidar data, information extraction from hyperspectral CASI images data thanks to the inversion of a s...
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