FIG. 1. Chalcosiine zygaenids and their parasitism by rogadine braconids. (A, C, E) Chalcosia tha... more FIG. 1. Chalcosiine zygaenids and their parasitism by rogadine braconids. (A, C, E) Chalcosia thaivana owadai Wang, larva, final instar larva attaching itself to inner surface of cocoon viewed from below and mummy produced by parasitization with Conspinaria sp. 1, respectively. (B, D, F) Erasmia pulchella hobsoni Butler, larva, cocoon and mummy produced by parasitization with Conspinaria sp. 2, respectively.
Most members of the nymphalid subfamily Limenitidinae are distributed in tropical regions of Afri... more Most members of the nymphalid subfamily Limenitidinae are distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Previous studies have inferred their higher-level phylogeny and found that Southeast Asia seems to be the center of origin, with numerous dispersal events to other continents. However, the complete biogeographic history of Limenitidinae butterflies is still largely unknown. We sampled 181 taxa from 164 species and used a meta-genomic method to obtain 40 genes (mitogenomes and three nuclear ribosomal loci) for inferring the historical biogeography of the group. We find that Limenitidinae originated in eastern Asia during the early Eocene (ca. 52 Ma) and started to diversify and disperse into Africa before the end of Eocene. Intercontinental exchanges between Africa and eastern Asia continued in the early Miocene: Asian Adoliadini and Asian endemic taxa Bhagadatta had African origins in the Oligocene, whereas African Neptini dispersed in the opposite direction from Asia in the early Miocene. In addition, ancestors of the tribes Limenitidini and Adoliadini dispersed into the Neotropics and Australasia multiple times during the early-to-middle Miocene. Eastern Asia is the center of origin of the tribe Limenitidini, with several taxa disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and the Americas. Our work provides a robust phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships in the tribe Limenitidini and suggests that the alala-species group of Adelpha should be placed in the genus Limenitis. Some revised taxa are listed in the text.
Figure 71. Strict consensus of 55 MPTs (tree length = 4773, CI = 0.239, RI = 0.739) based on the ... more Figure 71. Strict consensus of 55 MPTs (tree length = 4773, CI = 0.239, RI = 0.739) based on the whole data set, with 'chemical defence systems' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.
Figure 40. Stylized drawings of selected characters of female genitalia and the associated scleri... more Figure 40. Stylized drawings of selected characters of female genitalia and the associated sclerites. A, C, modifications of 8th tergite. B, internal ducts. D, sternite 7, ventral view. E, tergite 7, lateral view. F, sternite 7, lateral view. G, modifications of the 7th sternite and sclerites posterior to ostium.
Figure 33. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Thaumastophleps expansa, ventral view with left val... more Figure 33. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Thaumastophleps expansa, ventral view with left valva removed. B, Sciodoclea modesta, ventral view. C, Hadrionella spectabilis, dorsal view. D, ditto, ventral view. E, Herpolasia augarra, ventral view. F, Phlebohecta fuscescens, ventral view. G, ditto, dorsal view with valvae removed. H, Retina rubrivitta, ventral view. I, ditto, dorsal view with valvae omitted.
Figure 5. The two chemically related cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin are found in comp... more Figure 5. The two chemically related cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin are found in comparatively high concentrations in zygaenid moths and form the chemical basis for the evolution of the aposematic and mimicry patterns of this family. The release of hydrocyanic acid (hcn) by chemical decomposition of linamarin or lotaustralin depends on the presence of highly specialized glucosidases and is also ph–dependent (after Naumann et al., 1999).
Figure 7. Diagrammatic head of Chalcosiinae. A, lateral view, with reference lines and points for... more Figure 7. Diagrammatic head of Chalcosiinae. A, lateral view, with reference lines and points for morphometric measurements. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, frontal view.
Figure 6. In the Zygaenidae biosynthesis of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin begins... more Figure 6. In the Zygaenidae biosynthesis of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin begins with the universally available amino acids valine and isoleucine, respectively. The cyanoglucosides found in the tissues of most developmental stages of the Zygaenidae are derived from a de novo biosynthesis. Only a relatively small proportion of cyanoglucosides may be plant-derived in species living on cyanogenic hostplants, usually species of Fabaceae (after Witthohn & Naumann, 1987a).
Figure 68. Strict consensus of ten MPTs (tree length = 4422, CI = 0.238, RI = 0.740) based on the... more Figure 68. Strict consensus of ten MPTs (tree length = 4422, CI = 0.238, RI = 0.740) based on the whole data set, with 'female genitalia' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.
FIG. 1. Chalcosiine zygaenids and their parasitism by rogadine braconids. (A, C, E) Chalcosia tha... more FIG. 1. Chalcosiine zygaenids and their parasitism by rogadine braconids. (A, C, E) Chalcosia thaivana owadai Wang, larva, final instar larva attaching itself to inner surface of cocoon viewed from below and mummy produced by parasitization with Conspinaria sp. 1, respectively. (B, D, F) Erasmia pulchella hobsoni Butler, larva, cocoon and mummy produced by parasitization with Conspinaria sp. 2, respectively.
Most members of the nymphalid subfamily Limenitidinae are distributed in tropical regions of Afri... more Most members of the nymphalid subfamily Limenitidinae are distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Previous studies have inferred their higher-level phylogeny and found that Southeast Asia seems to be the center of origin, with numerous dispersal events to other continents. However, the complete biogeographic history of Limenitidinae butterflies is still largely unknown. We sampled 181 taxa from 164 species and used a meta-genomic method to obtain 40 genes (mitogenomes and three nuclear ribosomal loci) for inferring the historical biogeography of the group. We find that Limenitidinae originated in eastern Asia during the early Eocene (ca. 52 Ma) and started to diversify and disperse into Africa before the end of Eocene. Intercontinental exchanges between Africa and eastern Asia continued in the early Miocene: Asian Adoliadini and Asian endemic taxa Bhagadatta had African origins in the Oligocene, whereas African Neptini dispersed in the opposite direction from Asia in the early Miocene. In addition, ancestors of the tribes Limenitidini and Adoliadini dispersed into the Neotropics and Australasia multiple times during the early-to-middle Miocene. Eastern Asia is the center of origin of the tribe Limenitidini, with several taxa disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and the Americas. Our work provides a robust phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships in the tribe Limenitidini and suggests that the alala-species group of Adelpha should be placed in the genus Limenitis. Some revised taxa are listed in the text.
Figure 71. Strict consensus of 55 MPTs (tree length = 4773, CI = 0.239, RI = 0.739) based on the ... more Figure 71. Strict consensus of 55 MPTs (tree length = 4773, CI = 0.239, RI = 0.739) based on the whole data set, with 'chemical defence systems' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.
Figure 40. Stylized drawings of selected characters of female genitalia and the associated scleri... more Figure 40. Stylized drawings of selected characters of female genitalia and the associated sclerites. A, C, modifications of 8th tergite. B, internal ducts. D, sternite 7, ventral view. E, tergite 7, lateral view. F, sternite 7, lateral view. G, modifications of the 7th sternite and sclerites posterior to ostium.
Figure 33. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Thaumastophleps expansa, ventral view with left val... more Figure 33. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Thaumastophleps expansa, ventral view with left valva removed. B, Sciodoclea modesta, ventral view. C, Hadrionella spectabilis, dorsal view. D, ditto, ventral view. E, Herpolasia augarra, ventral view. F, Phlebohecta fuscescens, ventral view. G, ditto, dorsal view with valvae removed. H, Retina rubrivitta, ventral view. I, ditto, dorsal view with valvae omitted.
Figure 5. The two chemically related cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin are found in comp... more Figure 5. The two chemically related cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin are found in comparatively high concentrations in zygaenid moths and form the chemical basis for the evolution of the aposematic and mimicry patterns of this family. The release of hydrocyanic acid (hcn) by chemical decomposition of linamarin or lotaustralin depends on the presence of highly specialized glucosidases and is also ph–dependent (after Naumann et al., 1999).
Figure 7. Diagrammatic head of Chalcosiinae. A, lateral view, with reference lines and points for... more Figure 7. Diagrammatic head of Chalcosiinae. A, lateral view, with reference lines and points for morphometric measurements. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, frontal view.
Figure 6. In the Zygaenidae biosynthesis of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin begins... more Figure 6. In the Zygaenidae biosynthesis of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin begins with the universally available amino acids valine and isoleucine, respectively. The cyanoglucosides found in the tissues of most developmental stages of the Zygaenidae are derived from a de novo biosynthesis. Only a relatively small proportion of cyanoglucosides may be plant-derived in species living on cyanogenic hostplants, usually species of Fabaceae (after Witthohn & Naumann, 1987a).
Figure 68. Strict consensus of ten MPTs (tree length = 4422, CI = 0.238, RI = 0.740) based on the... more Figure 68. Strict consensus of ten MPTs (tree length = 4422, CI = 0.238, RI = 0.740) based on the whole data set, with 'female genitalia' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.
Uploads
Papers by Shen-Horn Yen