A survey to investigate the stem and bulb plant parasitic nematode at one of garlic area centre, ... more A survey to investigate the stem and bulb plant parasitic nematode at one of garlic area centre, in Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia was conducted from Januaryto February 2018. Infected plant with specific symptoms, morphological and morphometric characters both of female and male of adult nematodes were used to describe a A1 quarantine plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Seven from nine observed locations were postively infected with population in average 2.67 nematodes per 100 g of soil and 2.67–189.33 per bulb. This is the first report of D. dipsaci from Indonesia and consequently further investigations were needed to know their distribution and also to confirm the origin of the nematode. IntisariSurvei keberadaan nematoda parasit batang dan umbi dilakukan pada bulan Januari–Februari 2018 pada satu sentra penangkaran bawang putih di Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Tanaman terinfeksi dengan gejala serangan yang spesifik, karakter morfologi dan morfometri nemat...
This study was aimed to confirms the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) infection of ten banana acces... more This study was aimed to confirms the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) infection of ten banana accessions from Indonesia through PCR assay using primer of BBTV coat protein (CP) gene, also the sequences characteristics and phylogeny. Preliminary morphological results showed five acessions were positively infected with slight to severe intensity symptoms i.e. Pisang Berlin, Candi, Billa, Morosebo, and Mas Kripik; and five accessions were symptomless i.e. M. acuminata var. rutilifes and M. balbisiana, Pisang Ebung, Madu and Moseng. However, PCR results qualitatively confirms that all accessions were positively infected. Two sizes of amplicons were identified. Pisang Candi isolate was showing ±500 bp amplicons, whereas the others were ±1000-1100 bp. The total aligned and selected BBTV CP sequences of 36 accessions (bananas and other host species) was 450 nt. It was considered highly conserved (85.55%), low G+C content (41%), and high genetic similarities (92.47 to 100%). Phylogenetic anal...
Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt dise... more Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt disease that causes major yield losses of banana in Indonesia and peninsular Malaysia. The disease has significantly increased its geographic distribution in the past decade. Diagnostic methods are an important component of disease management in vegetatively propagated crops such as banana to constrain incursions of plant pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to design and rigorously validate a novel banana Blood disease (BBD) real-time PCR assay with a high level of specificity and sensitivity of detection and (ii) to validate published PCR-based diagnostic methods targeting the intergenic region in the megaplasmid (“121 assay” with primer set 121) or the phage tail protein-coding sequence in the bacterial chromosome (“Kubota assay” and “BDB2400 assay” with primer set BDB2400). Assay validation included 339 samples (174 Blood disease bacteria, 51 bacteria associated wi...
Indonesia is an agricultural country with more than 30 million farmers nationwide most of it with... more Indonesia is an agricultural country with more than 30 million farmers nationwide most of it with poor disease management. An identification of a pathogen is the first step to establish efficient management strategies for disease control. In this study, we survey the diversity of oomycetes in horticulture. Samples were collected from 19 sites around Lampung, Sumatera and Java Islands. The oomycetes were isolated from rhizosphere soils sample and from symptomatic plants tissues. One hundred and twelve isolates belonging to two Phytophthora spp., three Pythium spp., and one Phytophythium sp. were identified. Phytophthora nicotianae was a predominant species from pineapple but also found in cabbage, chilli, and chrysanthemum. P. colocasiae were isolated from taro in central java, Phytopythium vexans were isolated from potato in Central Java, while Pythium acanthophoron, Py. myriotylum, Py. splendens, and Py. catenulatum were isolated from soil in pineapple farms.
Phytophthora palmivora has a broad range of host plants. The expression of its pathogenicity-rela... more Phytophthora palmivora has a broad range of host plants. The expression of its pathogenicity-related genes in causing black pod rot disease on cacao in Indonesia has not been studied yet. This rese...
Banana Blood disease is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis and is a... more Banana Blood disease is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis and is an economically important disease in Indonesia and Malaysia. Transmission of this pathogen is hypothesized to occur through insects mechanically transferring bacteria from diseased to healthy banana inflorescences and other pathways involving pruning tools, water movement, and root-to-root contact. This study demonstrates that the ooze from the infected male bell and the sap from various symptomatic plant parts are infective, and the cut surfaces of a bunch peduncle, petiole, corm, pseudostem, and the rachis act as infection courts for R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis. In addition, evidence is provided that R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis is highly tool transmissible, that the bacterium can be transferred from the roots of a diseased plant to the roots of a healthy plant and transferred from the mother plant to the sucker. We provide evidence that local dispersal of Blood disease occurs pred...
Patchouli mottle virus (PatMoV) is the most severe disease pathogen and causes substantial losses... more Patchouli mottle virus (PatMoV) is the most severe disease pathogen and causes substantial losses in many patchouli-producing regions in Indonesia. Serological detection tool for the disease was developed in this research. Virus isolation was conducted on Chenopodium amaraticolor resulted on the homogenous local lesions 6 days after inoculation. Virus purification was obtained from 200g inoculated leaves resulted on 2 ml virus solution with the concentration of 1 mg/ml. Polyclonal antibodies were produced on rabbits. Harvested antiserum was used for further virus detection by Indirect-Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and dot-immunobanding assay (DIBA) techniques. The antibodies were positively reacted with purified viruses, infected field collection of patchouli, and inoculated C. amaranticolor . On the other hand un-inoculated C. amaranticolor samples and healthy patchouli generated from tissue cultures gave negative reaction with the antibodies. This is the fir...
The relationship between the diversity of endophytic bacteria and disease development has been do... more The relationship between the diversity of endophytic bacteria and disease development has been documented on many diseases. In Indonesia, by the millions banana are infected by Blood Disease Bacterium, causing severe damages. In this work, the diversity analysis of endophytic bacteria in infected bananas from endemic area of blood disease bacterium had been conducted using Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA). RISA is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based method as a useful assessment tool for the diversity analysis of microbes in the environment. Here, the infected bananas were determined by PCR using specific primer for Blood Disease Bacterium (BDB). Asymptomatic and symptomatic mats samples were analyzed through independent cultureable approach of PCR-RISA using universal primers of operon gene region of rRNA between small subunit (16S) and large subunit (23S) called intergenic spacer region (ISR). The diversity of endophytic bacteria from asymptomatic banana was differe...
Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) can be caused by the infection of two different viruses, Banana ... more Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) can be caused by the infection of two different viruses, Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) or Abaca bunchy top virus (ABTV). Both viruses can be transmitted persistently by aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. The research was conducted to detect and to differentiate the virus bypolymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) techniques. Infected plants were collected from Yogyakarta (Sleman, Yogyakarta city, Bantul, Gunung Kidul, and KulonProgo). Nucleon Phytopure DNA Extraction Kit method was used to extract the total DNA of infected plants. Universal primers of Common DNA region (S-CRF and S-CRR) and specific primers DNA-R (C1-CRF and CI-CRR) were used for PCR amplification. PCR products were analyzed by RFLP technique using the restriction enzyme of DraI. The results reconfirm previous reports that bunchy top disease of banana in Yogyakarta is caused by BBTV. The ABTV was not detected in this present study. Based on the RF...
Abstract. Rahayuniati RF, Hartono S, Somowiyarjo S, Subandiyah S, Thomas JE. 2021. Characterizati... more Abstract. Rahayuniati RF, Hartono S, Somowiyarjo S, Subandiyah S, Thomas JE. 2021. Characterization of banana bunchy top virus on Sumatra (Indonesia) wild banana. Biodiversitas 22: 1243-1249. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) has been a major constrain on banana production worldwide. This virus infection is mostly found in banana cultivation. The study aimed to characterize the BBTV on Sumatra wild bananas. The survey to collect seeds and typical symptomatic samples had been done in 2017 and 2019 in West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Bengkulu. The transmission test of the virus was conducted by using the viruliferous vector on four wild banana species, while the identity of BBTV confirmed by nucleotide sequences analysis using primer pairs of DNA R and DNA S. Musa acuminata subsp. sumatrana (AA) have been found naturally infected by BBTV. The transmission confirmed on M. acuminata subsp. longipetiolata, M. acuminata subsp. malacensis, M. acuminata subsp. halabanensis and Musa sp. with t...
Ralstonia syzygii is one of important pathogens of cloves. This study was aimed at obtaining pure... more Ralstonia syzygii is one of important pathogens of cloves. This study was aimed at obtaining pure culture of R. syzygi from diseased plant tissue samples. The acterium was isolated from infected clove plantations in Ungaran, Central Java. It had the ability to make clove seedlings show symptoms and then die 41 days after inoculation. The reisolated bacterium also showed its ability to kill clove seedlings after 17 days. The bacterium is gram negative, able to ultilize glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, and glycerol, able to hydrolyze starch, grow well at 27oC, able to catalyze and release water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and aerobically. Ralstonia syzygii merupakan salah satu patogen penting pada tanaman cengkeh. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapakan isolat murni R syzygii dari jaringan tanaman terinfeksi. Bakteri diisolasi dari pertanaman cengkeh sakit yang berasal dari daerah Ungaran, Jawa Tengah. Bakteri menunjukkan kemampuan untuk menyebab...
One of the obstacles that was encountered in the banana cultivation is blood disease. Blood disea... more One of the obstacles that was encountered in the banana cultivation is blood disease. Blood diseases is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum that is subsequently revised to become blood disease bacteria (BDB). Until now the control of banana blood disease is very difficult. Control of banana blood disease with chemical injections and soil treatment is not effective. This study was aimed to obtain Kepok Kuning cultivar banana seedlings which was resistant towards blood disease obtained from in vitro selection by using BDB growing filtrate and induced resistance by inoculation of antagonistic endophytic bacteria.The observation of Kepok Kuning banana explants treated with various concentrations of BDB growing filtrate showed that the percentage of living explants decreased to 83.33% when the BDB growing filtrate concentration increased to 15%. Treatment of banana explants with BDB growing filtrate also affected the number of roots, shoots, and leaves. Treatment with a single antagonistic ...
JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION), 2021
The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This stu... more The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to study pathogenicity and identify Fusarium species isolated from shallot plants with twisted symptoms in Nganjuk and Bantul areas. The Fusarium isolates were identified and then tested for pathogenicity levels and the effect of the hormones GA3 and IAA on shallot symptoms. Molecular identification using NF2 and NF4 successfully identified one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, three isolates of F. acutatum, and three isolates of F. solani. Each of these species produces different symptoms. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates had disease incidence reaching 100%, except isolates of F. solani1 causing wilt and F. solani3 causing twisted have the lower disease incidence were 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively. The investigation caused twisted shallot related to different symptoms was tested using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The result indicates that all isolates did...
The bacterium Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes Blood disease of banana, a vascular wi... more The bacterium Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes Blood disease of banana, a vascular wilt of economic significance in Indonesia and Malaysia. Blood disease has expanded its geographic range in the last 20 years and is an emerging threat to Southeast Asian banana production. Many aspects of the disease cycle and biology are not well understood, including the ability of different parts of the female and male inflorescence of banana to act as infection courts. This study confirms that the banana varieties of Cavendish, and Kepok ‘Kuning’ are susceptible to Blood disease and that an inoculum concentration of 102 CFU/ml of R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis is adequate to initiate disease after pseudostem inoculation. Data show that infection occurs through both the male and female parts of a banana inflorescence and the rachis when snapped to remove the male bell. The infection courts are the female flowers, the male bell bract scar, the male bell flower cushion, the snapped rachi...
A survey to investigate the stem and bulb plant parasitic nematode at one of garlic area centre, ... more A survey to investigate the stem and bulb plant parasitic nematode at one of garlic area centre, in Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia was conducted from Januaryto February 2018. Infected plant with specific symptoms, morphological and morphometric characters both of female and male of adult nematodes were used to describe a A1 quarantine plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Seven from nine observed locations were postively infected with population in average 2.67 nematodes per 100 g of soil and 2.67–189.33 per bulb. This is the first report of D. dipsaci from Indonesia and consequently further investigations were needed to know their distribution and also to confirm the origin of the nematode. IntisariSurvei keberadaan nematoda parasit batang dan umbi dilakukan pada bulan Januari–Februari 2018 pada satu sentra penangkaran bawang putih di Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Tanaman terinfeksi dengan gejala serangan yang spesifik, karakter morfologi dan morfometri nemat...
This study was aimed to confirms the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) infection of ten banana acces... more This study was aimed to confirms the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) infection of ten banana accessions from Indonesia through PCR assay using primer of BBTV coat protein (CP) gene, also the sequences characteristics and phylogeny. Preliminary morphological results showed five acessions were positively infected with slight to severe intensity symptoms i.e. Pisang Berlin, Candi, Billa, Morosebo, and Mas Kripik; and five accessions were symptomless i.e. M. acuminata var. rutilifes and M. balbisiana, Pisang Ebung, Madu and Moseng. However, PCR results qualitatively confirms that all accessions were positively infected. Two sizes of amplicons were identified. Pisang Candi isolate was showing ±500 bp amplicons, whereas the others were ±1000-1100 bp. The total aligned and selected BBTV CP sequences of 36 accessions (bananas and other host species) was 450 nt. It was considered highly conserved (85.55%), low G+C content (41%), and high genetic similarities (92.47 to 100%). Phylogenetic anal...
Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt dise... more Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt disease that causes major yield losses of banana in Indonesia and peninsular Malaysia. The disease has significantly increased its geographic distribution in the past decade. Diagnostic methods are an important component of disease management in vegetatively propagated crops such as banana to constrain incursions of plant pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to design and rigorously validate a novel banana Blood disease (BBD) real-time PCR assay with a high level of specificity and sensitivity of detection and (ii) to validate published PCR-based diagnostic methods targeting the intergenic region in the megaplasmid (“121 assay” with primer set 121) or the phage tail protein-coding sequence in the bacterial chromosome (“Kubota assay” and “BDB2400 assay” with primer set BDB2400). Assay validation included 339 samples (174 Blood disease bacteria, 51 bacteria associated wi...
Indonesia is an agricultural country with more than 30 million farmers nationwide most of it with... more Indonesia is an agricultural country with more than 30 million farmers nationwide most of it with poor disease management. An identification of a pathogen is the first step to establish efficient management strategies for disease control. In this study, we survey the diversity of oomycetes in horticulture. Samples were collected from 19 sites around Lampung, Sumatera and Java Islands. The oomycetes were isolated from rhizosphere soils sample and from symptomatic plants tissues. One hundred and twelve isolates belonging to two Phytophthora spp., three Pythium spp., and one Phytophythium sp. were identified. Phytophthora nicotianae was a predominant species from pineapple but also found in cabbage, chilli, and chrysanthemum. P. colocasiae were isolated from taro in central java, Phytopythium vexans were isolated from potato in Central Java, while Pythium acanthophoron, Py. myriotylum, Py. splendens, and Py. catenulatum were isolated from soil in pineapple farms.
Phytophthora palmivora has a broad range of host plants. The expression of its pathogenicity-rela... more Phytophthora palmivora has a broad range of host plants. The expression of its pathogenicity-related genes in causing black pod rot disease on cacao in Indonesia has not been studied yet. This rese...
Banana Blood disease is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis and is a... more Banana Blood disease is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis and is an economically important disease in Indonesia and Malaysia. Transmission of this pathogen is hypothesized to occur through insects mechanically transferring bacteria from diseased to healthy banana inflorescences and other pathways involving pruning tools, water movement, and root-to-root contact. This study demonstrates that the ooze from the infected male bell and the sap from various symptomatic plant parts are infective, and the cut surfaces of a bunch peduncle, petiole, corm, pseudostem, and the rachis act as infection courts for R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis. In addition, evidence is provided that R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis is highly tool transmissible, that the bacterium can be transferred from the roots of a diseased plant to the roots of a healthy plant and transferred from the mother plant to the sucker. We provide evidence that local dispersal of Blood disease occurs pred...
Patchouli mottle virus (PatMoV) is the most severe disease pathogen and causes substantial losses... more Patchouli mottle virus (PatMoV) is the most severe disease pathogen and causes substantial losses in many patchouli-producing regions in Indonesia. Serological detection tool for the disease was developed in this research. Virus isolation was conducted on Chenopodium amaraticolor resulted on the homogenous local lesions 6 days after inoculation. Virus purification was obtained from 200g inoculated leaves resulted on 2 ml virus solution with the concentration of 1 mg/ml. Polyclonal antibodies were produced on rabbits. Harvested antiserum was used for further virus detection by Indirect-Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and dot-immunobanding assay (DIBA) techniques. The antibodies were positively reacted with purified viruses, infected field collection of patchouli, and inoculated C. amaranticolor . On the other hand un-inoculated C. amaranticolor samples and healthy patchouli generated from tissue cultures gave negative reaction with the antibodies. This is the fir...
The relationship between the diversity of endophytic bacteria and disease development has been do... more The relationship between the diversity of endophytic bacteria and disease development has been documented on many diseases. In Indonesia, by the millions banana are infected by Blood Disease Bacterium, causing severe damages. In this work, the diversity analysis of endophytic bacteria in infected bananas from endemic area of blood disease bacterium had been conducted using Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA). RISA is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based method as a useful assessment tool for the diversity analysis of microbes in the environment. Here, the infected bananas were determined by PCR using specific primer for Blood Disease Bacterium (BDB). Asymptomatic and symptomatic mats samples were analyzed through independent cultureable approach of PCR-RISA using universal primers of operon gene region of rRNA between small subunit (16S) and large subunit (23S) called intergenic spacer region (ISR). The diversity of endophytic bacteria from asymptomatic banana was differe...
Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) can be caused by the infection of two different viruses, Banana ... more Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) can be caused by the infection of two different viruses, Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) or Abaca bunchy top virus (ABTV). Both viruses can be transmitted persistently by aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. The research was conducted to detect and to differentiate the virus bypolymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) techniques. Infected plants were collected from Yogyakarta (Sleman, Yogyakarta city, Bantul, Gunung Kidul, and KulonProgo). Nucleon Phytopure DNA Extraction Kit method was used to extract the total DNA of infected plants. Universal primers of Common DNA region (S-CRF and S-CRR) and specific primers DNA-R (C1-CRF and CI-CRR) were used for PCR amplification. PCR products were analyzed by RFLP technique using the restriction enzyme of DraI. The results reconfirm previous reports that bunchy top disease of banana in Yogyakarta is caused by BBTV. The ABTV was not detected in this present study. Based on the RF...
Abstract. Rahayuniati RF, Hartono S, Somowiyarjo S, Subandiyah S, Thomas JE. 2021. Characterizati... more Abstract. Rahayuniati RF, Hartono S, Somowiyarjo S, Subandiyah S, Thomas JE. 2021. Characterization of banana bunchy top virus on Sumatra (Indonesia) wild banana. Biodiversitas 22: 1243-1249. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) has been a major constrain on banana production worldwide. This virus infection is mostly found in banana cultivation. The study aimed to characterize the BBTV on Sumatra wild bananas. The survey to collect seeds and typical symptomatic samples had been done in 2017 and 2019 in West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Bengkulu. The transmission test of the virus was conducted by using the viruliferous vector on four wild banana species, while the identity of BBTV confirmed by nucleotide sequences analysis using primer pairs of DNA R and DNA S. Musa acuminata subsp. sumatrana (AA) have been found naturally infected by BBTV. The transmission confirmed on M. acuminata subsp. longipetiolata, M. acuminata subsp. malacensis, M. acuminata subsp. halabanensis and Musa sp. with t...
Ralstonia syzygii is one of important pathogens of cloves. This study was aimed at obtaining pure... more Ralstonia syzygii is one of important pathogens of cloves. This study was aimed at obtaining pure culture of R. syzygi from diseased plant tissue samples. The acterium was isolated from infected clove plantations in Ungaran, Central Java. It had the ability to make clove seedlings show symptoms and then die 41 days after inoculation. The reisolated bacterium also showed its ability to kill clove seedlings after 17 days. The bacterium is gram negative, able to ultilize glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, and glycerol, able to hydrolyze starch, grow well at 27oC, able to catalyze and release water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and aerobically. Ralstonia syzygii merupakan salah satu patogen penting pada tanaman cengkeh. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapakan isolat murni R syzygii dari jaringan tanaman terinfeksi. Bakteri diisolasi dari pertanaman cengkeh sakit yang berasal dari daerah Ungaran, Jawa Tengah. Bakteri menunjukkan kemampuan untuk menyebab...
One of the obstacles that was encountered in the banana cultivation is blood disease. Blood disea... more One of the obstacles that was encountered in the banana cultivation is blood disease. Blood diseases is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum that is subsequently revised to become blood disease bacteria (BDB). Until now the control of banana blood disease is very difficult. Control of banana blood disease with chemical injections and soil treatment is not effective. This study was aimed to obtain Kepok Kuning cultivar banana seedlings which was resistant towards blood disease obtained from in vitro selection by using BDB growing filtrate and induced resistance by inoculation of antagonistic endophytic bacteria.The observation of Kepok Kuning banana explants treated with various concentrations of BDB growing filtrate showed that the percentage of living explants decreased to 83.33% when the BDB growing filtrate concentration increased to 15%. Treatment of banana explants with BDB growing filtrate also affected the number of roots, shoots, and leaves. Treatment with a single antagonistic ...
JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION), 2021
The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This stu... more The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to study pathogenicity and identify Fusarium species isolated from shallot plants with twisted symptoms in Nganjuk and Bantul areas. The Fusarium isolates were identified and then tested for pathogenicity levels and the effect of the hormones GA3 and IAA on shallot symptoms. Molecular identification using NF2 and NF4 successfully identified one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, three isolates of F. acutatum, and three isolates of F. solani. Each of these species produces different symptoms. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates had disease incidence reaching 100%, except isolates of F. solani1 causing wilt and F. solani3 causing twisted have the lower disease incidence were 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively. The investigation caused twisted shallot related to different symptoms was tested using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The result indicates that all isolates did...
The bacterium Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes Blood disease of banana, a vascular wi... more The bacterium Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes Blood disease of banana, a vascular wilt of economic significance in Indonesia and Malaysia. Blood disease has expanded its geographic range in the last 20 years and is an emerging threat to Southeast Asian banana production. Many aspects of the disease cycle and biology are not well understood, including the ability of different parts of the female and male inflorescence of banana to act as infection courts. This study confirms that the banana varieties of Cavendish, and Kepok ‘Kuning’ are susceptible to Blood disease and that an inoculum concentration of 102 CFU/ml of R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis is adequate to initiate disease after pseudostem inoculation. Data show that infection occurs through both the male and female parts of a banana inflorescence and the rachis when snapped to remove the male bell. The infection courts are the female flowers, the male bell bract scar, the male bell flower cushion, the snapped rachi...
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