Comparison of defensive behavior evoked by chemical anf electrical stimulation of the hypothalamu... more Comparison of defensive behavior evoked by chemical anf electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in cats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1) 23--31. An injection of 5 mug of carbachol, as well as electrostimulation of the same hypothalamic area evoked in cats the same type of defensive behavior -- rage reaction. Experiments with carbachol injection and electrostimulation after blockade of the hypothalamic muscarinic receptors (10 mug of atropine) indicate that rage reaction is evoked in a different way by the two methods. Controversial data regarding localization of the hypothalamic "centres" responsible for particular type of defensive reactions are discussed.
Emotional states enhance the organism's interaction with the environment, by prolonging certa... more Emotional states enhance the organism's interaction with the environment, by prolonging certain internal states, amplifying experiences, and thus allowing for better evaluation of salient stimuli. Expressing emotional states or communicating them to other members of the species appeared to be highly adaptive. Emotional expression has evolved in animals over a long period of time and serves a number of biological functions, including locating and identifying, aiding in agonistic interactions, alarming, mobilizing, and recruiting other conspecifics or calming them down, as well as a number of affiliative functions promoting animal approach and group cohesiveness. Vocal communication is the most widespread and complex form of emotional expression in mammals. The laboratory rat has become the most-studied species with regard to the neural regulation of emission of vocalization and vocal expression of affective states. Two ascending tegmental neurotransmitter systems were identified as responsible for the initiation of two opposite affective states with emission of ultrasonic vocalizations concomitant to these states. The 22 kHz alarm vocalizations, which signal an aversive state, are initiated by the activation of the ascending cholinergic system, while the affiliative 50 kHz vocalizations, which signal an appetitive state, are initiated by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
As cholinergic stimulation increases vocalizations in adult rats, the present study investigated ... more As cholinergic stimulation increases vocalizations in adult rats, the present study investigated the effects of systemic oxotremorine, a cholinergic agonist, on the production of separation calls in rat pups of different ages and whether these effects are in response to central versus peripheral stimulation. The first experiment examined the dose-response effects of oxotremorine on the number of vocalizations and acoustic parameters of 10-, 15-, and 17-day-old rat pups. In contrast to other studies on adult rats, pup vocalizations were decreased while marginally changing acoustic parameters. The second experiment, using muscarinic antagonists, showed that pretreatment with atropine sulfate, which can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reversed the call-reducing effect of oxotremorine whereas pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate, which does not cross BBB, did not. Suppression of vocalizations by oxotremorine may be explained by central activation and not the peripheral effects of the drug. Dissimilar effects of cholinergic stimulation of infant and adult rat brains may be attributed to a differential role of the cholinergic system during development and maturity.
Abstract Adolescent and adult rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for communication with co... more Abstract Adolescent and adult rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for communication with conspecifics. These USVs can be broadly divided into two subgroups that possess distinct acoustic features and have different behavioral significance: the 22-kHz USVs, emitted in aversive situations, and the 50-kHz USVs, emitted in appetitive situations. These USVs communicate the aversive or appetitive arousal to the conspecifics. USVs in either of the subgroups can influence the emotional state of the recipient rats and guide their behavior accordingly. Therefore, USVs are instrumental in maintaining the social structure and particularly the affiliative and collaborative forms of behavior that are characteristic of the rat species. This chapter provides an overview of the qualitative and quantitative features of the USVs emitted by adolescent and adult rats and of the situations that are associated with the emission of these vocalizations.
Abstract The chapter describes two anatomically and neurochemically distinct ascending tegmental ... more Abstract The chapter describes two anatomically and neurochemically distinct ascending tegmental reticular systems that are responsible for the initiation and maintenance of emotional arousal and, eventually, the development of the emotional state. The initiation of emotional arousal in rats is accompanied by the emission of valence-specific ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that served as a measure of this arousal. Activity of the ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system initiates the aversive (negative) arousal and subsequent emission of 22-kHz USVs while the activity of the ascending mesolimbic dopaminergic system initiates the appetitive (positive) arousal and subsequent emission of 50-kHz USVs. The chapter describes anatomical localization, projections, terminal regions, and functions of the mesolimbic cholinergic system from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system from the ventral tegmental area.
The present proposal offers an outline of the planned major "Handbook on Mammalian Vocalizat... more The present proposal offers an outline of the planned major "Handbook on Mammalian Vocalization", which fills a clear niche existing in the science book literature and on the market. The handbook is designed as a broad and comprehensive, but well-balanced book, written from the neuroscience point of view in the broad sense of this term. Only a few issues will be reduced, which are extensively covered in other recent book publications. The handbook is planned in a unique way and will not directly compete with other books on the market. This well-illustrated handbook will pay a particular attention to systematically organized details but also to the explanatory style of the text and internal cohesiveness of the content, so the successive chapters will gradually develop a consistent story without losing the inherent complexity. Studies from many species will be included, however, rodents will dominate, as most of the brain investigations were done on these species. The leadin...
Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization - A Window into the Emotional Brain, 2018
Abstract The concept of ethotransmission is based on studies of rat ultrasonic vocalizations but ... more Abstract The concept of ethotransmission is based on studies of rat ultrasonic vocalizations but it may relate also to other modalities. Ethotransmission is the communication of signals that can cause rapid initiation of an emotional state (negative or positive) in the receiving members of the social group. The ethotransmitters have to be produced by specific organs of the sender (larynx for vocalization); need to contain a coded signal with semiotic value to the receivers; should be selectively recognized (decoded) by the central nervous system of the receivers; and have the property of “automatically” and rapidly inducing relevant emotional arousal in the receivers. The emotional arousal is initiated in the receivers by the ascending tegmental emotional reticular arousal systems that are separate from the cognitive reticular activating system. The negative emotional arousal is based on the activity of the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem while the positive emotional arousal is based on the activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem.
Comparison of defensive behavior evoked by chemical anf electrical stimulation of the hypothalamu... more Comparison of defensive behavior evoked by chemical anf electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in cats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1) 23--31. An injection of 5 mug of carbachol, as well as electrostimulation of the same hypothalamic area evoked in cats the same type of defensive behavior -- rage reaction. Experiments with carbachol injection and electrostimulation after blockade of the hypothalamic muscarinic receptors (10 mug of atropine) indicate that rage reaction is evoked in a different way by the two methods. Controversial data regarding localization of the hypothalamic "centres" responsible for particular type of defensive reactions are discussed.
Emotional states enhance the organism's interaction with the environment, by prolonging certa... more Emotional states enhance the organism's interaction with the environment, by prolonging certain internal states, amplifying experiences, and thus allowing for better evaluation of salient stimuli. Expressing emotional states or communicating them to other members of the species appeared to be highly adaptive. Emotional expression has evolved in animals over a long period of time and serves a number of biological functions, including locating and identifying, aiding in agonistic interactions, alarming, mobilizing, and recruiting other conspecifics or calming them down, as well as a number of affiliative functions promoting animal approach and group cohesiveness. Vocal communication is the most widespread and complex form of emotional expression in mammals. The laboratory rat has become the most-studied species with regard to the neural regulation of emission of vocalization and vocal expression of affective states. Two ascending tegmental neurotransmitter systems were identified as responsible for the initiation of two opposite affective states with emission of ultrasonic vocalizations concomitant to these states. The 22 kHz alarm vocalizations, which signal an aversive state, are initiated by the activation of the ascending cholinergic system, while the affiliative 50 kHz vocalizations, which signal an appetitive state, are initiated by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
As cholinergic stimulation increases vocalizations in adult rats, the present study investigated ... more As cholinergic stimulation increases vocalizations in adult rats, the present study investigated the effects of systemic oxotremorine, a cholinergic agonist, on the production of separation calls in rat pups of different ages and whether these effects are in response to central versus peripheral stimulation. The first experiment examined the dose-response effects of oxotremorine on the number of vocalizations and acoustic parameters of 10-, 15-, and 17-day-old rat pups. In contrast to other studies on adult rats, pup vocalizations were decreased while marginally changing acoustic parameters. The second experiment, using muscarinic antagonists, showed that pretreatment with atropine sulfate, which can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reversed the call-reducing effect of oxotremorine whereas pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate, which does not cross BBB, did not. Suppression of vocalizations by oxotremorine may be explained by central activation and not the peripheral effects of the drug. Dissimilar effects of cholinergic stimulation of infant and adult rat brains may be attributed to a differential role of the cholinergic system during development and maturity.
Abstract Adolescent and adult rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for communication with co... more Abstract Adolescent and adult rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for communication with conspecifics. These USVs can be broadly divided into two subgroups that possess distinct acoustic features and have different behavioral significance: the 22-kHz USVs, emitted in aversive situations, and the 50-kHz USVs, emitted in appetitive situations. These USVs communicate the aversive or appetitive arousal to the conspecifics. USVs in either of the subgroups can influence the emotional state of the recipient rats and guide their behavior accordingly. Therefore, USVs are instrumental in maintaining the social structure and particularly the affiliative and collaborative forms of behavior that are characteristic of the rat species. This chapter provides an overview of the qualitative and quantitative features of the USVs emitted by adolescent and adult rats and of the situations that are associated with the emission of these vocalizations.
Abstract The chapter describes two anatomically and neurochemically distinct ascending tegmental ... more Abstract The chapter describes two anatomically and neurochemically distinct ascending tegmental reticular systems that are responsible for the initiation and maintenance of emotional arousal and, eventually, the development of the emotional state. The initiation of emotional arousal in rats is accompanied by the emission of valence-specific ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that served as a measure of this arousal. Activity of the ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system initiates the aversive (negative) arousal and subsequent emission of 22-kHz USVs while the activity of the ascending mesolimbic dopaminergic system initiates the appetitive (positive) arousal and subsequent emission of 50-kHz USVs. The chapter describes anatomical localization, projections, terminal regions, and functions of the mesolimbic cholinergic system from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system from the ventral tegmental area.
The present proposal offers an outline of the planned major "Handbook on Mammalian Vocalizat... more The present proposal offers an outline of the planned major "Handbook on Mammalian Vocalization", which fills a clear niche existing in the science book literature and on the market. The handbook is designed as a broad and comprehensive, but well-balanced book, written from the neuroscience point of view in the broad sense of this term. Only a few issues will be reduced, which are extensively covered in other recent book publications. The handbook is planned in a unique way and will not directly compete with other books on the market. This well-illustrated handbook will pay a particular attention to systematically organized details but also to the explanatory style of the text and internal cohesiveness of the content, so the successive chapters will gradually develop a consistent story without losing the inherent complexity. Studies from many species will be included, however, rodents will dominate, as most of the brain investigations were done on these species. The leadin...
Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization - A Window into the Emotional Brain, 2018
Abstract The concept of ethotransmission is based on studies of rat ultrasonic vocalizations but ... more Abstract The concept of ethotransmission is based on studies of rat ultrasonic vocalizations but it may relate also to other modalities. Ethotransmission is the communication of signals that can cause rapid initiation of an emotional state (negative or positive) in the receiving members of the social group. The ethotransmitters have to be produced by specific organs of the sender (larynx for vocalization); need to contain a coded signal with semiotic value to the receivers; should be selectively recognized (decoded) by the central nervous system of the receivers; and have the property of “automatically” and rapidly inducing relevant emotional arousal in the receivers. The emotional arousal is initiated in the receivers by the ascending tegmental emotional reticular arousal systems that are separate from the cognitive reticular activating system. The negative emotional arousal is based on the activity of the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem while the positive emotional arousal is based on the activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem.
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Papers by Stefan M Brudzynski