Staphylococcus caprae, reported as human pathogen was first described to be present in goat milk ... more Staphylococcus caprae, reported as human pathogen was first described to be present in goat milk in 1983.The current study was undertaken to determine the presence of S. caprae in goat milk procured from different regions of Surat city located in South Gujarat. Five samples of goat milk were obtained from different dairies of Surat. Isolated bacterial strains were characterized on basis of colony morphology, gram reaction and motility. The gram positive, non-motile, cocci isolates were further tested for catalase and oxidase production. A total of 05 isolates found to be catalase-positive and oxidase-negative were provisionally identified as Staphylococcus caprae. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA sequence was carried out. The sequence was used to carry out BLAST with the database of NCBI GenBank. Based on maximum identity score first fifteen sequences were selected and aligned using multiple sequence alignment software programs. The strain was found to be Staphylococcus capra...
Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5, 2021
Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic (TPC) and flavon... more Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of five less utilized fruits such as Aegle marmelos, Spondias pinnata, Limonia acidissima, Averhoa carambola, Crescentia cujete and was compared with Phyllanthus emblica, (Amla) well known for its antioxidant activities. The natural antioxidants present in fruits reduce the level of oxidative stress. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of samples were correlated with antioxidant activities like 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Methods: The total phenolic of each fruit extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with some modifications and the total flavonoids were estimated by Aluminum trichloride colourimetric method. The DPPH antioxidant assay, The FRAP assay and TAC were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The total phenolics were expressed as mg/100g Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/100 gm) and the total flavonoids were expressed as mg/100g Quercetin equivalent (mg QE/100 gm). TPC was found to be maximum in Spondias pinnata with 142.16 mg GAE/100 gm where as TFC was maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 91.1 mgQE/100 gm. DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed n percentage(%), FRAP values expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent (AAE) and the total antioxidant activity was expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent. Maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown by Spondias pinnata (93.75%), FRAP values were maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 72.6 mg AAE/100 gm and total antioxidant capacity was found to be highest in Spondias pinnata (50.1 mg AAE/100 gm). Conclusion: Spondias pinnata, an underutilized fruit, was found to be promising with antioxidant activities comparable to Phyllanthus emblica.
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae. The... more Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae. The whole plant is medicinally very valuable. Different parts of the plant are used in renal ailments as diuretic and to treat jaundice, liver problems, stomach ache, anemia, cough, cold. Tissue culture technology has now much been used in the propagation, improvement and conservation of genetic resources of medicinal plants. In the present investigation an efficient protocol was developed for inducing multiplication of the elite clones of Boerhaavia diffusa. Highest percentage (90%) of bud breaking and shoot initiation was achieved from the nodal explants on Basal Murashige and Skoog’s (M.S.) media supplemented with 2.0mg/L of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/L Napthylacetic acid (NAA). Large scale shoot multiplication was observed in presence of Adenine sulphate (Ads) in combination with cytokinins in the shoot proliferation media. Maximum number of shoots (17.30 + 0.2) was obtained at ...
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. also known as ‘Chitrak’ belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. Medicinall... more Plumbago zeylanica Linn. also known as ‘Chitrak’ belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. Medicinally the most valued part of the plant Plumbago is its root. The roots have potential pharmacological activities and are widely used medicinally. The aim of the present study was to standardize a protocol for rapid, direct adventitious root induction and proliferation of Plumbago zeylanica, so that well developed roots suitable for medicinal uses are obtained within short time. Roots were directly induced from leaves, internodes and nodal explants on media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Plant Growth regulators. Media supplemented with Napthylacetic acid and Kinetin was found to be most effective in direct root induction. The in vitro induced roots were multiplied on suitable media. The roots showed best multiplication on ½ strength M.S. medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L Indole-3- butyric acid. The roots were compared with authenticated root sample via High Per...
Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri is a succulent plant native of Madagascar. The leaves have been used ... more Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri is a succulent plant native of Madagascar. The leaves have been used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of ovarian cysts, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, uterine fibroids. Unfortunately very few works related to the phytochemistry of this species is reported in literatures. The present investigation was carried out to reveal the important phytochemicals present in the leaf extract. The preliminary screening showed the presence of many phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponoin, fixed oils and fats. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography analysis was carried out with optimized solvent system consisting of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid and water in the ratio of 8:1:1:2. The densitometric scanning of the chormatograms of hydroaclcoholic extract showed 7peaks at 254 nm 8 peaks at 366 nm. The phytochemicals detected in the present study justifies the therapeutic uses of the leaves in ...
Bioactive silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized by reacting aqueous solution of sil... more Bioactive silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized by reacting aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) with plant extracts which act as reducing and stabilizing agent at ambient temperature. The bio-reduction behaviour of extracts of different parts of plant such as Plumbagozeylanica, Cassia tora, Kalanchoegastonis-bonnieri, Euphorbia milii, Tridaxprocumbens, Nyctanthesarbor-tristis, Psidiumguajava and Lantana camara in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been studied. The size and size distribution of prepared NPs have been investigated employing UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dispersion destabilization of NPs is detected by Turbiscan. Different parameters such as stirring effect, reaction time, temperature, silver nitrate concentration and amount of plant extract have been studied to find out the optimum condition for synthesis of Ag NPs. Furthermore, biologically synthesized Ag...
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is gaining attention today for being environmentally frie... more Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is gaining attention today for being environmentally friendly, economically attractive, demonstrating improvement in recovery of oil entrapped in porous media. It is considered to be more efficient than other EOR methods when applied to carbonate oil reservoirs. In the current study oil degrading bacteria was isolated from soil of automobile garage. The biosurfactant producing organism was screened and characterized. 16SrRNA sequence of the most potent bacterial strain suggests it to be belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and species aeruginosa. The biosurfactant produced by the bacteria was detected as rhamnolipid with emulsification index of 69%, foaming of 57.69% and interfacial surface tension of 0.6 mN/m. The MEOR column assay revealed that the additional oil recovery for sand1 and sand2 was 62.142% and 52.173 respectively.
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxid... more Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxidant activity and are responsible for lowering cellular oxidative stress in human beings.Hyptis suaveolens (L.) is an obnoxious weed possessing many medicinal properties. In the current study, free and bound flavonoids were extracted from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, quantitatively estimated by Aluminium trichloride colorimetric method. Qualitative analysis was done by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques using Quercetin as reference. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl-Hydrate (DPPH) assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of theextracted flavonoids. The bound flavonoids were found to be having higher concentration (20 mgQE/gm) thanthat of free Flavonoids. The Rfvalue of the bound flavonoids was found to be perfectly matching with that of Quercetin. Both the bound and the free flavonoids have excellent DPPH radical scavenging ability of 85% and 81% respectively.
Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial pl... more Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. It is used in food as a gelling agent, particularly in jams and jellies. It is also used in fillings, medicines, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of dietary fibre. Commercial pectin is mostly extracted from fruit sources like apple pomace and peels of citrus fruits. The current study was conducted to extract pectin from pomace of easily available vegetables like carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and to compare the physiochemical characteristics of the extracted pectin with that extracted from pomace of apple (Malus domestica) and peels of citrus fruits like lemon (Citrus limon) and citron (Citrus medica). The extracted pectin was characterized extensively in terms of solubility, colour and quantitatively in terms of Yield, Equivalent Weight, Methoxyl Content, Anhydrouronic Acid content (AUA). The product was compared with pure pectin powder using technique of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). With the exception of potato all the other sources yielded appreciable amount of pectin. The highest yield (30.18%) was obtained from citron. The best quality gel was also formed from this pectin isolated from citron. All the extracted crude pectin showed significant Methoxyl content, Anhydrouronic content and degree of esterification. The TLC profile of the extracted pectin was found to be matching with pure pectin.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) commonly referred to as prickly pear or cactus has been traditionally u... more Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) commonly referred to as prickly pear or cactus has been traditionally used in folk medicine in several countries because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective properties. In the present investigation, qualitative and quantitative estimation of major phytochemicals from different extracts of cactus fruit grown in Gujarat was ascertained. Alkaloid, Saponin, flavonoid and phenolic content was detected in the preliminary screening. The result of quantitative estimation showed flavonoid content to be maximum in all the extracts with the highest (375.33 ± 0.15 mg/gm QE) detected in methanol extract. Total phenolic content was also significant with maximum quantity (95.21± 0.40 mg/gm GAE) found to be present in the methanol extract. Phenolic compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activities. The presence of these phytochemicals in the fruit justifies therapeutic uses of the fruit.
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxid... more Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxidant activity and are responsible for lowering cellular oxidative stress in human beings.Hyptis suaveolens (L.) is an obnoxious weed possessing many medicinal properties. In the current study, free and bound flavonoids were extracted from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, quantitatively estimated by Aluminium trichloride colorimetric method. Qualitative analysis was done by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques using Quercetin as reference. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl-Hydrate (DPPH) assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of theextracted flavonoids. The bound flavonoids were found to be having higher concentration (20 mgQE/gm) thanthat of free Flavonoids. The Rfvalue of the bound flavonoids was found to be perfectly matching with that of Quercetin. Both the bound and the free flavonoids have excellent DPPH radical scavenging ability of 85% and 81% respectively.
Staphylococcus caprae, reported as human pathogen was first described to be present in goat milk ... more Staphylococcus caprae, reported as human pathogen was first described to be present in goat milk in 1983.The current study was undertaken to determine the presence of S. caprae in goat milk procured from different regions of Surat city located in South Gujarat. Five samples of goat milk were obtained from different dairies of Surat. Isolated bacterial strains were characterized on basis of colony morphology, gram reaction and motility. The gram positive, non-motile, cocci isolates were further tested for catalase and oxidase production. A total of 05 isolates found to be catalase-positive and oxidase-negative were provisionally identified as Staphylococcus caprae. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA sequence was carried out. The sequence was used to carry out BLAST with the database of NCBI GenBank. Based on maximum identity score first fifteen sequences were selected and aligned using multiple sequence alignment software programs. The strain was found to be Staphylococcus capra...
Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5, 2021
Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic (TPC) and flavon... more Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of five less utilized fruits such as Aegle marmelos, Spondias pinnata, Limonia acidissima, Averhoa carambola, Crescentia cujete and was compared with Phyllanthus emblica, (Amla) well known for its antioxidant activities. The natural antioxidants present in fruits reduce the level of oxidative stress. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of samples were correlated with antioxidant activities like 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Methods: The total phenolic of each fruit extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with some modifications and the total flavonoids were estimated by Aluminum trichloride colourimetric method. The DPPH antioxidant assay, The FRAP assay and TAC were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The total phenolics were expressed as mg/100g Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/100 gm) and the total flavonoids were expressed as mg/100g Quercetin equivalent (mg QE/100 gm). TPC was found to be maximum in Spondias pinnata with 142.16 mg GAE/100 gm where as TFC was maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 91.1 mgQE/100 gm. DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed n percentage(%), FRAP values expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent (AAE) and the total antioxidant activity was expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent. Maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown by Spondias pinnata (93.75%), FRAP values were maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 72.6 mg AAE/100 gm and total antioxidant capacity was found to be highest in Spondias pinnata (50.1 mg AAE/100 gm). Conclusion: Spondias pinnata, an underutilized fruit, was found to be promising with antioxidant activities comparable to Phyllanthus emblica.
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae. The... more Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae. The whole plant is medicinally very valuable. Different parts of the plant are used in renal ailments as diuretic and to treat jaundice, liver problems, stomach ache, anemia, cough, cold. Tissue culture technology has now much been used in the propagation, improvement and conservation of genetic resources of medicinal plants. In the present investigation an efficient protocol was developed for inducing multiplication of the elite clones of Boerhaavia diffusa. Highest percentage (90%) of bud breaking and shoot initiation was achieved from the nodal explants on Basal Murashige and Skoog’s (M.S.) media supplemented with 2.0mg/L of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/L Napthylacetic acid (NAA). Large scale shoot multiplication was observed in presence of Adenine sulphate (Ads) in combination with cytokinins in the shoot proliferation media. Maximum number of shoots (17.30 + 0.2) was obtained at ...
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. also known as ‘Chitrak’ belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. Medicinall... more Plumbago zeylanica Linn. also known as ‘Chitrak’ belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. Medicinally the most valued part of the plant Plumbago is its root. The roots have potential pharmacological activities and are widely used medicinally. The aim of the present study was to standardize a protocol for rapid, direct adventitious root induction and proliferation of Plumbago zeylanica, so that well developed roots suitable for medicinal uses are obtained within short time. Roots were directly induced from leaves, internodes and nodal explants on media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Plant Growth regulators. Media supplemented with Napthylacetic acid and Kinetin was found to be most effective in direct root induction. The in vitro induced roots were multiplied on suitable media. The roots showed best multiplication on ½ strength M.S. medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L Indole-3- butyric acid. The roots were compared with authenticated root sample via High Per...
Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri is a succulent plant native of Madagascar. The leaves have been used ... more Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri is a succulent plant native of Madagascar. The leaves have been used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of ovarian cysts, urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, uterine fibroids. Unfortunately very few works related to the phytochemistry of this species is reported in literatures. The present investigation was carried out to reveal the important phytochemicals present in the leaf extract. The preliminary screening showed the presence of many phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponoin, fixed oils and fats. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography analysis was carried out with optimized solvent system consisting of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid and water in the ratio of 8:1:1:2. The densitometric scanning of the chormatograms of hydroaclcoholic extract showed 7peaks at 254 nm 8 peaks at 366 nm. The phytochemicals detected in the present study justifies the therapeutic uses of the leaves in ...
Bioactive silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized by reacting aqueous solution of sil... more Bioactive silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been synthesized by reacting aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) with plant extracts which act as reducing and stabilizing agent at ambient temperature. The bio-reduction behaviour of extracts of different parts of plant such as Plumbagozeylanica, Cassia tora, Kalanchoegastonis-bonnieri, Euphorbia milii, Tridaxprocumbens, Nyctanthesarbor-tristis, Psidiumguajava and Lantana camara in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been studied. The size and size distribution of prepared NPs have been investigated employing UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dispersion destabilization of NPs is detected by Turbiscan. Different parameters such as stirring effect, reaction time, temperature, silver nitrate concentration and amount of plant extract have been studied to find out the optimum condition for synthesis of Ag NPs. Furthermore, biologically synthesized Ag...
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is gaining attention today for being environmentally frie... more Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is gaining attention today for being environmentally friendly, economically attractive, demonstrating improvement in recovery of oil entrapped in porous media. It is considered to be more efficient than other EOR methods when applied to carbonate oil reservoirs. In the current study oil degrading bacteria was isolated from soil of automobile garage. The biosurfactant producing organism was screened and characterized. 16SrRNA sequence of the most potent bacterial strain suggests it to be belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and species aeruginosa. The biosurfactant produced by the bacteria was detected as rhamnolipid with emulsification index of 69%, foaming of 57.69% and interfacial surface tension of 0.6 mN/m. The MEOR column assay revealed that the additional oil recovery for sand1 and sand2 was 62.142% and 52.173 respectively.
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxid... more Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxidant activity and are responsible for lowering cellular oxidative stress in human beings.Hyptis suaveolens (L.) is an obnoxious weed possessing many medicinal properties. In the current study, free and bound flavonoids were extracted from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, quantitatively estimated by Aluminium trichloride colorimetric method. Qualitative analysis was done by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques using Quercetin as reference. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl-Hydrate (DPPH) assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of theextracted flavonoids. The bound flavonoids were found to be having higher concentration (20 mgQE/gm) thanthat of free Flavonoids. The Rfvalue of the bound flavonoids was found to be perfectly matching with that of Quercetin. Both the bound and the free flavonoids have excellent DPPH radical scavenging ability of 85% and 81% respectively.
Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial pl... more Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. It is used in food as a gelling agent, particularly in jams and jellies. It is also used in fillings, medicines, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of dietary fibre. Commercial pectin is mostly extracted from fruit sources like apple pomace and peels of citrus fruits. The current study was conducted to extract pectin from pomace of easily available vegetables like carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and to compare the physiochemical characteristics of the extracted pectin with that extracted from pomace of apple (Malus domestica) and peels of citrus fruits like lemon (Citrus limon) and citron (Citrus medica). The extracted pectin was characterized extensively in terms of solubility, colour and quantitatively in terms of Yield, Equivalent Weight, Methoxyl Content, Anhydrouronic Acid content (AUA). The product was compared with pure pectin powder using technique of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). With the exception of potato all the other sources yielded appreciable amount of pectin. The highest yield (30.18%) was obtained from citron. The best quality gel was also formed from this pectin isolated from citron. All the extracted crude pectin showed significant Methoxyl content, Anhydrouronic content and degree of esterification. The TLC profile of the extracted pectin was found to be matching with pure pectin.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) commonly referred to as prickly pear or cactus has been traditionally u... more Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) commonly referred to as prickly pear or cactus has been traditionally used in folk medicine in several countries because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective properties. In the present investigation, qualitative and quantitative estimation of major phytochemicals from different extracts of cactus fruit grown in Gujarat was ascertained. Alkaloid, Saponin, flavonoid and phenolic content was detected in the preliminary screening. The result of quantitative estimation showed flavonoid content to be maximum in all the extracts with the highest (375.33 ± 0.15 mg/gm QE) detected in methanol extract. Total phenolic content was also significant with maximum quantity (95.21± 0.40 mg/gm GAE) found to be present in the methanol extract. Phenolic compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic activities. The presence of these phytochemicals in the fruit justifies therapeutic uses of the fruit.
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxid... more Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants. They have strong antioxidant activity and are responsible for lowering cellular oxidative stress in human beings.Hyptis suaveolens (L.) is an obnoxious weed possessing many medicinal properties. In the current study, free and bound flavonoids were extracted from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, quantitatively estimated by Aluminium trichloride colorimetric method. Qualitative analysis was done by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques using Quercetin as reference. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl-Hydrate (DPPH) assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of theextracted flavonoids. The bound flavonoids were found to be having higher concentration (20 mgQE/gm) thanthat of free Flavonoids. The Rfvalue of the bound flavonoids was found to be perfectly matching with that of Quercetin. Both the bound and the free flavonoids have excellent DPPH radical scavenging ability of 85% and 81% respectively.
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