Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia ... more Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Thailand. In this study, 254 stool samples were collected from primary school children from Ratchaburi Province at the Thai-Myanmar border and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis using PCR techniques. The genotype identity of the pathogens was determined by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. Cryptosporidium felis was found in 1 stool sample, G. duodenalis in 19 stool samples, and E. bieneusi in 4 stool samples. For G. duodenalis, sub-assemblage AII was the dominant genotype, but one infection with assemblage F was found. The E. bieneusi genotypes found included known genotypes D and J, and one novel genotype (HPTM1). Cyclospora cayetanensis was not detected in any samples. Results of the preliminary study indicate that children at the Thai-Myanmar border from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand are infected with diverse zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi.
Intestinal parasitic infections can negatively impact growth and nutrition in children. The infec... more Intestinal parasitic infections can negatively impact growth and nutrition in children. The infections can induce oxidative stress, resulting in a variety of illnesses. We measured antioxidant enzyme levels in orphan children infected with intestinal parasites to investigate the influence of nutritional status on antioxidant enzymes. This cross sectional study was conducted at an orphanage in Thailand. Stool samples were obtained from each subject and examined for intestinal parasites. Anthropometric measurements, complete blood count and biochemical parameters, including serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, were obtained from studied subjects. One hundred twenty-eight children were included in the study. Intestinal parasites were found on microscopic examination of the stools in 36.7% (47/128); 18% (23/128) had a mixed parasite infection. Intestinal protozoa were found in 34.4% of subjects and intestinal helminthes were found in 2.3%. The median GPx level in children infected with intestinal parasites (2.3 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in non-infected children (7.7 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in SOD levels between the two groups. When comparing GPx levels in children with 1) pathogenic parasites, 2) non-pathogenic parasites and 3) no intestinal parasite infection, GPx levels differed significantly among three groups (2.2 ng/ml, 2.4 ng/ml and 7.7 ng/ml, respectively) (p < 0.05). When separating children by BMI and type of infection, the median SOD level in underweight children infected with pathogenic parasites (107.2 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in underweight children infected with non-pathogenic parasites (68.6 ng/ml) and without intestinal parasite infections (72.2 ng/ml). The present study identified two key findings: low GPx levels in children with intestinal parasitic infections, and the potential impact of malnutrition on some antioxidants.
Bovine neosporosis is a disease of concern due to its global distribution and significant economi... more Bovine neosporosis is a disease of concern due to its global distribution and significant economic impact through massive losses in the dairy and meat industries. To date, there is no effective chemotherapeutic drug or vaccine to prevent neosporosis. Control of this disease is therefore dependent on efficient detection tests that may affect treatment management strategies. This study was conducted to identify the specific immunoreactive proteins of Neospora caninum tachyzoites recognised by sera from cattle infected with N. caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and by sera from uninfected cattle using two-DE dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with immunoblot and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among 70 protein spots that reacted with all infected sera, 20 specific antigenic spots corresponding to 14 different antigenic proteins were recognised by N. caninum-positive sera. Of these immunoreactive antigens, proteins involved in c...
Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus aurantifolia are the edible plants which contain several biol... more Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus aurantifolia are the edible plants which contain several biological properties including antibacterial activity. The aims of the present study were to determine the chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial activities of citrus essential oils extracted from the fruit peels of C. reticulata (CREO) and C. aurantifolia (CAEO), alone and in combination with gentamicin, against a panel of clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 40) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (n = 45). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 12 and 25 compounds were identified in CREO and CAEO with the most predominant compound of limonene (62.9–72.5%). The antibacterial activities were determined by agar disk diffusion and resazurin-based microdilution methods. The results found that almost all MRSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and some isolates were resistant to gentamicin....
Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae.... more Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to determine their insecticidal properties. The crude extracts and essential oils came from three varieties of A. conyzoides (with white flowers, purple flowers, or white-purple flowers) and from two places on each plant (leaves and flowers), giving six types overall: leaf-white (LW); leaf-purple (LP); leaf white-purple (LW-P); flower-white (FW); flower-purple (FP); and flower white-purple (FW-P). Chemical constituents and components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopic and histopathological studies were performed to determine the toxicological effects on mosquitoes in terms of morphological alterations. The six types of crude extracts exhibited no activity against individuals in the larval stages. However, six types of essential oils were effective against adult Ae. aegypti females. The mortali...
Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. ... more Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis are required. In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides against G. duodenalis trophozoites. Methods Plants were classified into three groups based on their flower colors: white (W), purple (P), and white–purple (W–P). Plants were separately cut into leaf (L) and flower (F) parts. Changes in internal organelle morphology of trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, efficacy of the most active essential oils from crude extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ≤ 100 μg/mL] against G. duodenalis trophozoites was tested. In vitro anti...
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites asso... more Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites associated with a high burden among children. To date only limited molecular epidemiological data on E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in humans living in Thailand has been published. Methods PCR-based tools were used to detect and characterize E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene was used to investigate E. bieneusi, and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was used to investigate Cryptosporidium spp., and 697 fecal samples from villagers and school children in rural areas in Thailand were analyzed. Results The infection rates were 2.15% (15/697) for E. bieneusi and 0.14% (1/697) for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly high in Loei province. Sequence analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolate was C. parvum. Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, EbpC, Peru12, TMH6, TMH3, TMH7, H, D, a...
Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia ... more Few data are available on the genetic identity of enteric protists Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Thailand. In this study, 254 stool samples were collected from primary school children from Ratchaburi Province at the Thai-Myanmar border and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis using PCR techniques. The genotype identity of the pathogens was determined by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. Cryptosporidium felis was found in 1 stool sample, G. duodenalis in 19 stool samples, and E. bieneusi in 4 stool samples. For G. duodenalis, sub-assemblage AII was the dominant genotype, but one infection with assemblage F was found. The E. bieneusi genotypes found included known genotypes D and J, and one novel genotype (HPTM1). Cyclospora cayetanensis was not detected in any samples. Results of the preliminary study indicate that children at the Thai-Myanmar border from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand are infected with diverse zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi.
Intestinal parasitic infections can negatively impact growth and nutrition in children. The infec... more Intestinal parasitic infections can negatively impact growth and nutrition in children. The infections can induce oxidative stress, resulting in a variety of illnesses. We measured antioxidant enzyme levels in orphan children infected with intestinal parasites to investigate the influence of nutritional status on antioxidant enzymes. This cross sectional study was conducted at an orphanage in Thailand. Stool samples were obtained from each subject and examined for intestinal parasites. Anthropometric measurements, complete blood count and biochemical parameters, including serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, were obtained from studied subjects. One hundred twenty-eight children were included in the study. Intestinal parasites were found on microscopic examination of the stools in 36.7% (47/128); 18% (23/128) had a mixed parasite infection. Intestinal protozoa were found in 34.4% of subjects and intestinal helminthes were found in 2.3%. The median GPx level in children infected with intestinal parasites (2.3 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in non-infected children (7.7 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in SOD levels between the two groups. When comparing GPx levels in children with 1) pathogenic parasites, 2) non-pathogenic parasites and 3) no intestinal parasite infection, GPx levels differed significantly among three groups (2.2 ng/ml, 2.4 ng/ml and 7.7 ng/ml, respectively) (p < 0.05). When separating children by BMI and type of infection, the median SOD level in underweight children infected with pathogenic parasites (107.2 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in underweight children infected with non-pathogenic parasites (68.6 ng/ml) and without intestinal parasite infections (72.2 ng/ml). The present study identified two key findings: low GPx levels in children with intestinal parasitic infections, and the potential impact of malnutrition on some antioxidants.
Bovine neosporosis is a disease of concern due to its global distribution and significant economi... more Bovine neosporosis is a disease of concern due to its global distribution and significant economic impact through massive losses in the dairy and meat industries. To date, there is no effective chemotherapeutic drug or vaccine to prevent neosporosis. Control of this disease is therefore dependent on efficient detection tests that may affect treatment management strategies. This study was conducted to identify the specific immunoreactive proteins of Neospora caninum tachyzoites recognised by sera from cattle infected with N. caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, and by sera from uninfected cattle using two-DE dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with immunoblot and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among 70 protein spots that reacted with all infected sera, 20 specific antigenic spots corresponding to 14 different antigenic proteins were recognised by N. caninum-positive sera. Of these immunoreactive antigens, proteins involved in c...
Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus aurantifolia are the edible plants which contain several biol... more Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus aurantifolia are the edible plants which contain several biological properties including antibacterial activity. The aims of the present study were to determine the chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial activities of citrus essential oils extracted from the fruit peels of C. reticulata (CREO) and C. aurantifolia (CAEO), alone and in combination with gentamicin, against a panel of clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 40) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (n = 45). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 12 and 25 compounds were identified in CREO and CAEO with the most predominant compound of limonene (62.9–72.5%). The antibacterial activities were determined by agar disk diffusion and resazurin-based microdilution methods. The results found that almost all MRSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and some isolates were resistant to gentamicin....
Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae.... more Crude extracts and essential oils of A. conyzoides were tested with larva and adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to determine their insecticidal properties. The crude extracts and essential oils came from three varieties of A. conyzoides (with white flowers, purple flowers, or white-purple flowers) and from two places on each plant (leaves and flowers), giving six types overall: leaf-white (LW); leaf-purple (LP); leaf white-purple (LW-P); flower-white (FW); flower-purple (FP); and flower white-purple (FW-P). Chemical constituents and components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electron microscopic and histopathological studies were performed to determine the toxicological effects on mosquitoes in terms of morphological alterations. The six types of crude extracts exhibited no activity against individuals in the larval stages. However, six types of essential oils were effective against adult Ae. aegypti females. The mortali...
Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. ... more Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis are required. In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides against G. duodenalis trophozoites. Methods Plants were classified into three groups based on their flower colors: white (W), purple (P), and white–purple (W–P). Plants were separately cut into leaf (L) and flower (F) parts. Changes in internal organelle morphology of trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, efficacy of the most active essential oils from crude extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ≤ 100 μg/mL] against G. duodenalis trophozoites was tested. In vitro anti...
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites asso... more Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites associated with a high burden among children. To date only limited molecular epidemiological data on E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in humans living in Thailand has been published. Methods PCR-based tools were used to detect and characterize E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene was used to investigate E. bieneusi, and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was used to investigate Cryptosporidium spp., and 697 fecal samples from villagers and school children in rural areas in Thailand were analyzed. Results The infection rates were 2.15% (15/697) for E. bieneusi and 0.14% (1/697) for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly high in Loei province. Sequence analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolate was C. parvum. Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, EbpC, Peru12, TMH6, TMH3, TMH7, H, D, a...
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