In Oxycarbidglasern werden die zweiwertigen Sauerstoffatome der SiO2-Tetraeder partiell durch den... more In Oxycarbidglasern werden die zweiwertigen Sauerstoffatome der SiO2-Tetraeder partiell durch den vierwertigen Kohlenstoff ersetzt, so das verbesserte thermische und mechanische Eigenschaften der Glaser und eine erhohte Resistenz gegen Kristallisation erwartet werden. Oxycarbidglaser weisen Bruchspannungen von 150+-85 MPa bis 550 +- 230 MPa und E-Moduli im Bereich von 100-110 GPa auf. Die thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten liegen bei ca. 3x10 -6 / K und fur die dielektrische Konstante wird ein Wert von 4,4 bei einem dielektrischen Verlustfaktor von ca. 0,1 im Frequenzbereich von 10 Hz bis 10 kHz angegeben. Diese Kenndaten der Oxycarbidglaser lassen Anwendungen als Substrate in der Mikroelektronik und fur Laminate mit erhohter Festigkeit als moglich erscheinen. Derzeit gibt es jedoch uber Sol-Gel keine Technologie zur Herstellung grosformatiger Folien oder anderer groser Formkorper. Das Ziel der Untersuchungen bestand daher darin, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Siliciumoxycarbid...
Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology - J SOL-GEL SCI TECHNOL, 1998
A synthesis route to silicon oxycarbide glass sheets (thickness 40 to 1000 µm and area up to 20 ×... more A synthesis route to silicon oxycarbide glass sheets (thickness 40 to 1000 µm and area up to 20 × 35 cm2) has been developed for the first time starting from a methyl modified sol containing nano-particulate SiO2 and having a solid content of ~70 wt%. The gel sheets obtained by casting and drying of this sol were sintered in N2 atmosphere at temperatures between 900–1650°C. Only by the incorporation of colloidal silica (0.10–0.35 mole per mole alkoxide) to the sol could crack-free, large area glass sheets be obtained. Fracture strength (three point bending) was found to attain a maximum (200–300 MPa) for the sheets sintered at 1000°C. Young's modulus attained a peak value between 120 and 130 GPa for the sheets sintered at 1200°C. HR-TEM studies showed an amorphous and homogeneous matrix up to a sintering temperature of 1200°C, whereas at 1450°C and 1650°C, crystallites of SiC and lamellar graphite were formed. It is concluded that addition of colloidal silica to the sol does no...
The next major challenges for lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology are 1) the integration of microfluid... more The next major challenges for lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology are 1) the integration of microfluidics with optical detection technologies and 2) the large-scale production of devices at a low cost. In this paper the fabrication and characterisation of a simple optical LoC platform comprising integrated multimode waveguides and microfluidic channels based on a photo-patternable acrylate based polymer is reported. The polymer can be patterned into both waveguides and microfluidic channels using photolithography. Devices are therefore both quick and cost-effective to fabricate, resulting in chips that are potentially disposable. The devices are designed to be highly sensitive, using an in-plane direct excitation configuration in which waveguides intersect the microfluidic channel orthogonally. The waveguides are used both to guide the excitation light and to collect the fluorescence signal from the analyte. The potential of the device to be used for fluorescence measurements is demonstrated using an aqueous solution of sodium fluorescein. A detection limit of 7 nM is achieved. The possibilities offered by such a device design, in providing a cost-effective and disposable measurement system based on the integration of optical waveguides with LoC technology is discussed.
The performance of a novel acylate-based thermally stable photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direc... more The performance of a novel acylate-based thermally stable photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direct writing of the guides and other structures is realized using a high-power 325 nm He:Cd laser. The loss is measured by cut-back to be less than 0.17 dB/cm at 850 nm and less than 0.5 dB/cm at 1310 nm. This material and writing system is used to
Photonics 2000: International Conference on Fiber Optics and Photonics, 2001
ABSTRACT Development of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo- polymer for photonic integr... more ABSTRACT Development of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo- polymer for photonic integration is presented. A 325 nm He:Cd laser has been used for direct writing of 50 micrometers square core multi-mode waveguides, compliant bumps for flip- chip bonding and 45 degrees total internal reflection mirrors for out of plane coupling. The transmission losses are measured to be 0.17 dB/cm at 850 nm and 0.5 dB/cm at 1300 nm by cutback method. Partially halogenated versions show losses around 1dB/cm at 1550 nm. DTA-TG analysis shows that this multifunctional acrylate co-polymer is thermally stable up to a temperature of 270 degrees C.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the need, and a potential solution, for in‐plane r... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the need, and a potential solution, for in‐plane routing of optical signals for optical‐enabled circuit boards.Design/methodology/approachMultimode waveguides and integrated 45° in‐plane mirror structures were made in a low loss acrylate‐based photopolymer using excimer laser ablation. The fabrication of multimode waveguides and mirrors was carried out in a single laser system which minimised alignment issues.FindingsIt was established that in‐plane mirror fabrication using laser ablation can be achieved and can potentially be used to define mirrors in waveguides made by other methods such as photolithography.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the concept (integrated in‐plane mirror) was demonstrated, the viability of its deployment will depend on the results of optical loss measurements for which further research is required.Originality/valueThe paper gives an overview of the design concept and fabrication steps for an in‐plane emb...
The performance of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direc... more The performance of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direct writing of multimode (50 μm square core) cladded waveguides, compliant bumps for flip-chip bonding and 45° total internal reflection mirrors for out of plane coupling have been realised using a high-power 325 nm He:Cd laser with high precision and repeatability. The losses are measured to be less
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research in a project aimed at ... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research in a project aimed at developing manufacturing techniques for integrated optical and electronic interconnect printed circuit boards (OPCB) including the motivation for this research, the progress, the achievements and the interactions between the partners.Design/methodology/approachSeveral polymer waveguide fabrication methods were developed including direct laser write, laser ablation and inkjet printing. Polymer formulations were developed to suit the fabrication methods. Computer‐aided design (CAD) tools were developed and waveguide layout design rules were established. The CAD tools were used to lay out a complex backplane interconnect pattern to meet practical demanding specifications for use in a system demonstrator.FindingsNovel polymer formulations for polyacrylate enable faster writing times for laser direct write fabrication. Control of the fabrication parameters enables inkjet printing of polysilox...
A solid state 29Si and 13C NMR study on the synthesis of thin silicon–oxycarbide glass sheets by ... more A solid state 29Si and 13C NMR study on the synthesis of thin silicon–oxycarbide glass sheets by a sol–gel route
The System for Transparent Avionics Routing (STAR) is a high-speed multiple channel optical syste... more The System for Transparent Avionics Routing (STAR) is a high-speed multiple channel optical system currently under construction that interconnects electronic switches using multimode fibre ribbons. The requirements for the switch included (1) a very small footprint, (2) a form factor suitable for mounting as a board, (3) a cascadable circuit switch, (4) slow switching speed of microseconds of many high-speed channels and (5) electrical switching of optical signals (optical input and outputs). The philosophy behind the architecture of STAR is to not have any off-board high-speed signals. To implement STAR, a multichip module is formed consisting of the following chips: detector array, receiver array, high-speed electronic crossbar switch, and VCSEL array. These are bonded to an optoelectronic chip carrier that has on it optical waveguides which route light from an input fibre ribbon to the detectors and from the VCSELs to an output fibre ribbon. The waveguides have turning mirrors wr...
In Oxycarbidglasern werden die zweiwertigen Sauerstoffatome der SiO2-Tetraeder partiell durch den... more In Oxycarbidglasern werden die zweiwertigen Sauerstoffatome der SiO2-Tetraeder partiell durch den vierwertigen Kohlenstoff ersetzt, so das verbesserte thermische und mechanische Eigenschaften der Glaser und eine erhohte Resistenz gegen Kristallisation erwartet werden. Oxycarbidglaser weisen Bruchspannungen von 150+-85 MPa bis 550 +- 230 MPa und E-Moduli im Bereich von 100-110 GPa auf. Die thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten liegen bei ca. 3x10 -6 / K und fur die dielektrische Konstante wird ein Wert von 4,4 bei einem dielektrischen Verlustfaktor von ca. 0,1 im Frequenzbereich von 10 Hz bis 10 kHz angegeben. Diese Kenndaten der Oxycarbidglaser lassen Anwendungen als Substrate in der Mikroelektronik und fur Laminate mit erhohter Festigkeit als moglich erscheinen. Derzeit gibt es jedoch uber Sol-Gel keine Technologie zur Herstellung grosformatiger Folien oder anderer groser Formkorper. Das Ziel der Untersuchungen bestand daher darin, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Siliciumoxycarbid...
Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology - J SOL-GEL SCI TECHNOL, 1998
A synthesis route to silicon oxycarbide glass sheets (thickness 40 to 1000 µm and area up to 20 ×... more A synthesis route to silicon oxycarbide glass sheets (thickness 40 to 1000 µm and area up to 20 × 35 cm2) has been developed for the first time starting from a methyl modified sol containing nano-particulate SiO2 and having a solid content of ~70 wt%. The gel sheets obtained by casting and drying of this sol were sintered in N2 atmosphere at temperatures between 900–1650°C. Only by the incorporation of colloidal silica (0.10–0.35 mole per mole alkoxide) to the sol could crack-free, large area glass sheets be obtained. Fracture strength (three point bending) was found to attain a maximum (200–300 MPa) for the sheets sintered at 1000°C. Young's modulus attained a peak value between 120 and 130 GPa for the sheets sintered at 1200°C. HR-TEM studies showed an amorphous and homogeneous matrix up to a sintering temperature of 1200°C, whereas at 1450°C and 1650°C, crystallites of SiC and lamellar graphite were formed. It is concluded that addition of colloidal silica to the sol does no...
The next major challenges for lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology are 1) the integration of microfluid... more The next major challenges for lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology are 1) the integration of microfluidics with optical detection technologies and 2) the large-scale production of devices at a low cost. In this paper the fabrication and characterisation of a simple optical LoC platform comprising integrated multimode waveguides and microfluidic channels based on a photo-patternable acrylate based polymer is reported. The polymer can be patterned into both waveguides and microfluidic channels using photolithography. Devices are therefore both quick and cost-effective to fabricate, resulting in chips that are potentially disposable. The devices are designed to be highly sensitive, using an in-plane direct excitation configuration in which waveguides intersect the microfluidic channel orthogonally. The waveguides are used both to guide the excitation light and to collect the fluorescence signal from the analyte. The potential of the device to be used for fluorescence measurements is demonstrated using an aqueous solution of sodium fluorescein. A detection limit of 7 nM is achieved. The possibilities offered by such a device design, in providing a cost-effective and disposable measurement system based on the integration of optical waveguides with LoC technology is discussed.
The performance of a novel acylate-based thermally stable photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direc... more The performance of a novel acylate-based thermally stable photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direct writing of the guides and other structures is realized using a high-power 325 nm He:Cd laser. The loss is measured by cut-back to be less than 0.17 dB/cm at 850 nm and less than 0.5 dB/cm at 1310 nm. This material and writing system is used to
Photonics 2000: International Conference on Fiber Optics and Photonics, 2001
ABSTRACT Development of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo- polymer for photonic integr... more ABSTRACT Development of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo- polymer for photonic integration is presented. A 325 nm He:Cd laser has been used for direct writing of 50 micrometers square core multi-mode waveguides, compliant bumps for flip- chip bonding and 45 degrees total internal reflection mirrors for out of plane coupling. The transmission losses are measured to be 0.17 dB/cm at 850 nm and 0.5 dB/cm at 1300 nm by cutback method. Partially halogenated versions show losses around 1dB/cm at 1550 nm. DTA-TG analysis shows that this multifunctional acrylate co-polymer is thermally stable up to a temperature of 270 degrees C.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the need, and a potential solution, for in‐plane r... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the need, and a potential solution, for in‐plane routing of optical signals for optical‐enabled circuit boards.Design/methodology/approachMultimode waveguides and integrated 45° in‐plane mirror structures were made in a low loss acrylate‐based photopolymer using excimer laser ablation. The fabrication of multimode waveguides and mirrors was carried out in a single laser system which minimised alignment issues.FindingsIt was established that in‐plane mirror fabrication using laser ablation can be achieved and can potentially be used to define mirrors in waveguides made by other methods such as photolithography.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the concept (integrated in‐plane mirror) was demonstrated, the viability of its deployment will depend on the results of optical loss measurements for which further research is required.Originality/valueThe paper gives an overview of the design concept and fabrication steps for an in‐plane emb...
The performance of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direc... more The performance of a novel multifunctional acrylate based photo-polymer is presented. Rapid direct writing of multimode (50 μm square core) cladded waveguides, compliant bumps for flip-chip bonding and 45° total internal reflection mirrors for out of plane coupling have been realised using a high-power 325 nm He:Cd laser with high precision and repeatability. The losses are measured to be less
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research in a project aimed at ... more PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research in a project aimed at developing manufacturing techniques for integrated optical and electronic interconnect printed circuit boards (OPCB) including the motivation for this research, the progress, the achievements and the interactions between the partners.Design/methodology/approachSeveral polymer waveguide fabrication methods were developed including direct laser write, laser ablation and inkjet printing. Polymer formulations were developed to suit the fabrication methods. Computer‐aided design (CAD) tools were developed and waveguide layout design rules were established. The CAD tools were used to lay out a complex backplane interconnect pattern to meet practical demanding specifications for use in a system demonstrator.FindingsNovel polymer formulations for polyacrylate enable faster writing times for laser direct write fabrication. Control of the fabrication parameters enables inkjet printing of polysilox...
A solid state 29Si and 13C NMR study on the synthesis of thin silicon–oxycarbide glass sheets by ... more A solid state 29Si and 13C NMR study on the synthesis of thin silicon–oxycarbide glass sheets by a sol–gel route
The System for Transparent Avionics Routing (STAR) is a high-speed multiple channel optical syste... more The System for Transparent Avionics Routing (STAR) is a high-speed multiple channel optical system currently under construction that interconnects electronic switches using multimode fibre ribbons. The requirements for the switch included (1) a very small footprint, (2) a form factor suitable for mounting as a board, (3) a cascadable circuit switch, (4) slow switching speed of microseconds of many high-speed channels and (5) electrical switching of optical signals (optical input and outputs). The philosophy behind the architecture of STAR is to not have any off-board high-speed signals. To implement STAR, a multichip module is formed consisting of the following chips: detector array, receiver array, high-speed electronic crossbar switch, and VCSEL array. These are bonded to an optoelectronic chip carrier that has on it optical waveguides which route light from an input fibre ribbon to the detectors and from the VCSELs to an output fibre ribbon. The waveguides have turning mirrors wr...
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Papers by N. Suyal