ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:1193... more ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:11937) criticisms of social dominance concepts. It is suggested that social status can be best understood as a dynamic goal-directed process involving 2 or more animals at a time. It is concluded that labeling certain behavior as pattern dominance or subordinance behavior is most useful as a way of classifying a range of similar behavioral patterns. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This story, one of description, began as a bothersome byroad in a research odyssey concerned with... more This story, one of description, began as a bothersome byroad in a research odyssey concerned with understanding emotional development, but it has now become an absorbing adventure in its own right. Our program started in what seemed like a direct and simple fashion, first with studies of babies who smiled and then with babies who cried. We studied these behaviors in multiple contexts, physiological, social, and developmental (Emde & Harmon, 1972; Emde, Gaensbauer, & Harmon, 1976), but then, as psychiatrists, we encountered a concern. In the course of our longitudinal studies, we became increasingly bothered by a nagging question: How did we know that what we were calling emotional in babies was related to the later emotional experience that older patients talk about and that we find so central in our clinical work? Obviously, the preverbal infant could not tell us how he felt. In using a variety of viewpoints to bear on this problem, we soon learned that defining or “indexing” emotions by physiological or situational correlates alone was unreliable and made little sense. But as we continued our longitudinal studies, both in the home and in the laboratory, we reassured ourselves with one view, firmly rooted in the naturalistic setting. When we concentrated on viewing emotions as expressions, as nonverbal communications, we were reassured because we found that facial expressions and other behaviors that we presumed to call emotional regularly communicated (1) feelings and (2) messages for caretaking and social interaction, and that both of these were meaningful for parents. Nonetheless, our observations were at the anecdotal-descriptive level, and we realized that more systematic efforts were needed.
Interest in conducting problem-based learning (PBL) on-line has increased to meet student and phy... more Interest in conducting problem-based learning (PBL) on-line has increased to meet student and physician schedules. Little research describes skills needed to facilitate PBL on-line. In this paper we studied teaching presence in asynchronous PBL groups. Two raters, with average inter-rater agreements of 0.80, used an existing code to measure teaching presence in 62 PBL case discussions facilitated by one instructor over five years. This instructor was selected because of consistently high teaching evaluations. Messages sent by the instructor in the on-line PBL discussion were coded into three categories: instructional design and organization, facilitating discourse and direct instruction. Instructional design indicators were most frequent averaging 22.5 (SD = 5.6)/discussion. Facilitating discourse and direct instruction were comparable, 19.5(SD = 7.4) and 19.5 (SD = 6.7), respectively. Messages and indicators of teacher presence rose across time with a decline during subsequent PBL cases with the same group.
For a socially living animal, survival requires that its actions be appropriately coordinated in ... more For a socially living animal, survival requires that its actions be appropriately coordinated in both space and time with the actions of other group members. In general, the achievement of an adaptive harmony of action among members of social groups is required. The achievement of a harmony of action would presumably require the operation of psychobiological mechanisms on a variety of levels. These mechanisms give rise to the behavioral coordination characteristic of dyadic, triadic, and other subgroup relations. The coherent coordination of these social units constitutes the complex unity of the overall social group. It is to this multiform and yet unified life space that the socially living animal must adapt.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2001
We outline methods for integrating epidemiologic and industrial hygiene data systems for the purp... more We outline methods for integrating epidemiologic and industrial hygiene data systems for the purpose of exposure estimation, exposure surveillance, worker notification, and occupational medicine practice. We present examples of these methods from our work at the Rocky Flats Plant--a former nuclear weapons facility that fabricated plutonium triggers for nuclear weapons and is now being decontaminated and decommissioned. The weapons production processes exposed workers to plutonium, gamma photons, neutrons, beryllium, asbestos, and several hazardous chemical agents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals. We developed a job exposure matrix (JEM) for estimating exposures to 10 chemical agents in 20 buildings for 120 different job categories over a production history spanning 34 years. With the JEM, we estimated lifetime chemical exposures for about 12,000 of the 16,000 former production workers. We show how the JEM database is used to estimate cumulative exposures over different time periods for epidemiological studies and to provide notification and determine eligibility for a medical screening program developed for former workers. We designed an industrial hygiene data system for maintaining exposure data for current cleanup workers. We describe how this system can be used for exposure surveillance and linked with the JEM and databases on radiation doses to develop lifetime exposure histories and to determine appropriate medical monitoring tests for current cleanup workers. We also present time-line-based graphical methods for reviewing and correcting exposure estimates and reporting them to individual workers.
2001, Integrating workplace exposure databases for occupational medicine services and epidemiolog... more 2001, Integrating workplace exposure databases for occupational medicine services and epidemiologic studies at a former nuclear weapons facility, Applied occupational and environmental hygiene, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 192-200.
ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:1193... more ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:11937) criticisms of social dominance concepts. It is suggested that social status can be best understood as a dynamic goal-directed process involving 2 or more animals at a time. It is concluded that labeling certain behavior as pattern dominance or subordinance behavior is most useful as a way of classifying a range of similar behavioral patterns. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:1193... more ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:11937) criticisms of social dominance concepts. It is suggested that social status can be best understood as a dynamic goal-directed process involving 2 or more animals at a time. It is concluded that labeling certain behavior as pattern dominance or subordinance behavior is most useful as a way of classifying a range of similar behavioral patterns. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This story, one of description, began as a bothersome byroad in a research odyssey concerned with... more This story, one of description, began as a bothersome byroad in a research odyssey concerned with understanding emotional development, but it has now become an absorbing adventure in its own right. Our program started in what seemed like a direct and simple fashion, first with studies of babies who smiled and then with babies who cried. We studied these behaviors in multiple contexts, physiological, social, and developmental (Emde & Harmon, 1972; Emde, Gaensbauer, & Harmon, 1976), but then, as psychiatrists, we encountered a concern. In the course of our longitudinal studies, we became increasingly bothered by a nagging question: How did we know that what we were calling emotional in babies was related to the later emotional experience that older patients talk about and that we find so central in our clinical work? Obviously, the preverbal infant could not tell us how he felt. In using a variety of viewpoints to bear on this problem, we soon learned that defining or “indexing” emotions by physiological or situational correlates alone was unreliable and made little sense. But as we continued our longitudinal studies, both in the home and in the laboratory, we reassured ourselves with one view, firmly rooted in the naturalistic setting. When we concentrated on viewing emotions as expressions, as nonverbal communications, we were reassured because we found that facial expressions and other behaviors that we presumed to call emotional regularly communicated (1) feelings and (2) messages for caretaking and social interaction, and that both of these were meaningful for parents. Nonetheless, our observations were at the anecdotal-descriptive level, and we realized that more systematic efforts were needed.
Interest in conducting problem-based learning (PBL) on-line has increased to meet student and phy... more Interest in conducting problem-based learning (PBL) on-line has increased to meet student and physician schedules. Little research describes skills needed to facilitate PBL on-line. In this paper we studied teaching presence in asynchronous PBL groups. Two raters, with average inter-rater agreements of 0.80, used an existing code to measure teaching presence in 62 PBL case discussions facilitated by one instructor over five years. This instructor was selected because of consistently high teaching evaluations. Messages sent by the instructor in the on-line PBL discussion were coded into three categories: instructional design and organization, facilitating discourse and direct instruction. Instructional design indicators were most frequent averaging 22.5 (SD = 5.6)/discussion. Facilitating discourse and direct instruction were comparable, 19.5(SD = 7.4) and 19.5 (SD = 6.7), respectively. Messages and indicators of teacher presence rose across time with a decline during subsequent PBL cases with the same group.
For a socially living animal, survival requires that its actions be appropriately coordinated in ... more For a socially living animal, survival requires that its actions be appropriately coordinated in both space and time with the actions of other group members. In general, the achievement of an adaptive harmony of action among members of social groups is required. The achievement of a harmony of action would presumably require the operation of psychobiological mechanisms on a variety of levels. These mechanisms give rise to the behavioral coordination characteristic of dyadic, triadic, and other subgroup relations. The coherent coordination of these social units constitutes the complex unity of the overall social group. It is to this multiform and yet unified life space that the socially living animal must adapt.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2001
We outline methods for integrating epidemiologic and industrial hygiene data systems for the purp... more We outline methods for integrating epidemiologic and industrial hygiene data systems for the purpose of exposure estimation, exposure surveillance, worker notification, and occupational medicine practice. We present examples of these methods from our work at the Rocky Flats Plant--a former nuclear weapons facility that fabricated plutonium triggers for nuclear weapons and is now being decontaminated and decommissioned. The weapons production processes exposed workers to plutonium, gamma photons, neutrons, beryllium, asbestos, and several hazardous chemical agents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals. We developed a job exposure matrix (JEM) for estimating exposures to 10 chemical agents in 20 buildings for 120 different job categories over a production history spanning 34 years. With the JEM, we estimated lifetime chemical exposures for about 12,000 of the 16,000 former production workers. We show how the JEM database is used to estimate cumulative exposures over different time periods for epidemiological studies and to provide notification and determine eligibility for a medical screening program developed for former workers. We designed an industrial hygiene data system for maintaining exposure data for current cleanup workers. We describe how this system can be used for exposure surveillance and linked with the JEM and databases on radiation doses to develop lifetime exposure histories and to determine appropriate medical monitoring tests for current cleanup workers. We also present time-line-based graphical methods for reviewing and correcting exposure estimates and reporting them to individual workers.
2001, Integrating workplace exposure databases for occupational medicine services and epidemiolog... more 2001, Integrating workplace exposure databases for occupational medicine services and epidemiologic studies at a former nuclear weapons facility, Applied occupational and environmental hygiene, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 192-200.
ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:1193... more ABSTRACT Discusses J. S. Gartlan's (1968) and T. E. Rowell's (see PA, Vol 52:11937) criticisms of social dominance concepts. It is suggested that social status can be best understood as a dynamic goal-directed process involving 2 or more animals at a time. It is concluded that labeling certain behavior as pattern dominance or subordinance behavior is most useful as a way of classifying a range of similar behavioral patterns. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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