This article describes the methods used for coloring anodized aluminum coatings: integral colorin... more This article describes the methods used for coloring anodized aluminum coatings: integral coloring, electrolytic coloring, chemical coloring, and organic dyeing. It discusses organic dye chemistry in terms of single-component organic dyes and multicomponent dyes. The article reviews optimal dyeing conditions, such as temperature, time, concentration, and pH. It concludes with a discussion on the factors considered for choosing a coloring method: the desired shade, light fastness, heat fastness, and contamination.
The sealing of the anodized aluminum is a critical process in achieving the durability and extend... more The sealing of the anodized aluminum is a critical process in achieving the durability and extended functionality of anodizing. This article discusses the different methods for sealing the anodic coatings produced by using sulfuric acid, namely, hot deionized water, hot nickel acetate, midtemperature, cold, and dichromate sealing. It reviews the factors that affect seal quality: immersion time, chemistry concentration, temperature, pH, water quality, coating thickness, and contaminants/dye bleeding. The article describes the various tests that are used for determining the quality of the seal, namely, salt spray, modified dye stain, acid dissolution, impedance, copper accelerated acetic acid salt spray, high-alkaline resistance, SO2 fog, and clorox tests.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021
The usage of cryogenic fluid is increasing in the machining industries especially to cut the mate... more The usage of cryogenic fluid is increasing in the machining industries especially to cut the materials having a lower machinability like Nimonic 90, a nickel-based alloy. However, the comparison of flood coolant and LCO2 as a cryogenic fluid based on machining performance has not been found for machining Nimonic 90. In this regard, this study compares LCO2 and conventional mineral oil-based flood coolant on the basis of machining performance while turning Nimonic 90. The effect of turning process parameters (cutting speed (vc), feed (f), and depth of cut (ap)) and cutting fluids has been identified by analyzing machinability indicators like cutting force, flank tool wear, power consumption, surface roughness in terms of Ra, and chip morphology. Increment of 34%, 25%, and 24% in cutting forces has been observed for cryogenic turning using LCO2 in comparison with wet machining when the values of ap are 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 mm, respectively. A decrement of 63% tool wear has been seen in LCO2 cryogenic fluid in contrast to wet machining at higher values of vc, f, and ap. The superior surface finish has been found in wet machining, while lesser power consumption was recorded for LCO2 as a cutting fluid. Cryogenic machining provided better chip breakability in comparison with wet machining.
Abstract Conventional Turning (CT) is being used traditionally for machining various materials, b... more Abstract Conventional Turning (CT) is being used traditionally for machining various materials, but CT lacks productivity, as it results in rapid tool wear and poor surface finish. To overcome these problems, recently, Ultrasonic Assisted Turning (UAT) process has emerged as a potential solution. Recent studies done on the UAT process have shown noticeable enhancement in tool life, chip morphology, and surface finish. These outcomes have attracted the research community towards further development of the UAT process. This study presents a comparison between the UAT and the CT processes for the turning of the AISI 420 stainless steel. In this context, the full factorial methodology is used for designing the experiment. Factors chosen for the experiment are feed and spindle rotation speed having three levels of each. The three responses selected for this study are namely surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and, Rt), power consumption, and chip morphology. An approximated reduction of 43% in the surface roughness value Ra and a marginal reduction of 3.13% in power consumption is observed for the UAT process. Discontinuous and segmented chip formation is observed for the UAT process, while the continuous chip is observed for the CT process.
This article describes the methods used for coloring anodized aluminum coatings: integral colorin... more This article describes the methods used for coloring anodized aluminum coatings: integral coloring, electrolytic coloring, chemical coloring, and organic dyeing. It discusses organic dye chemistry in terms of single-component organic dyes and multicomponent dyes. The article reviews optimal dyeing conditions, such as temperature, time, concentration, and pH. It concludes with a discussion on the factors considered for choosing a coloring method: the desired shade, light fastness, heat fastness, and contamination.
The sealing of the anodized aluminum is a critical process in achieving the durability and extend... more The sealing of the anodized aluminum is a critical process in achieving the durability and extended functionality of anodizing. This article discusses the different methods for sealing the anodic coatings produced by using sulfuric acid, namely, hot deionized water, hot nickel acetate, midtemperature, cold, and dichromate sealing. It reviews the factors that affect seal quality: immersion time, chemistry concentration, temperature, pH, water quality, coating thickness, and contaminants/dye bleeding. The article describes the various tests that are used for determining the quality of the seal, namely, salt spray, modified dye stain, acid dissolution, impedance, copper accelerated acetic acid salt spray, high-alkaline resistance, SO2 fog, and clorox tests.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021
The usage of cryogenic fluid is increasing in the machining industries especially to cut the mate... more The usage of cryogenic fluid is increasing in the machining industries especially to cut the materials having a lower machinability like Nimonic 90, a nickel-based alloy. However, the comparison of flood coolant and LCO2 as a cryogenic fluid based on machining performance has not been found for machining Nimonic 90. In this regard, this study compares LCO2 and conventional mineral oil-based flood coolant on the basis of machining performance while turning Nimonic 90. The effect of turning process parameters (cutting speed (vc), feed (f), and depth of cut (ap)) and cutting fluids has been identified by analyzing machinability indicators like cutting force, flank tool wear, power consumption, surface roughness in terms of Ra, and chip morphology. Increment of 34%, 25%, and 24% in cutting forces has been observed for cryogenic turning using LCO2 in comparison with wet machining when the values of ap are 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 mm, respectively. A decrement of 63% tool wear has been seen in LCO2 cryogenic fluid in contrast to wet machining at higher values of vc, f, and ap. The superior surface finish has been found in wet machining, while lesser power consumption was recorded for LCO2 as a cutting fluid. Cryogenic machining provided better chip breakability in comparison with wet machining.
Abstract Conventional Turning (CT) is being used traditionally for machining various materials, b... more Abstract Conventional Turning (CT) is being used traditionally for machining various materials, but CT lacks productivity, as it results in rapid tool wear and poor surface finish. To overcome these problems, recently, Ultrasonic Assisted Turning (UAT) process has emerged as a potential solution. Recent studies done on the UAT process have shown noticeable enhancement in tool life, chip morphology, and surface finish. These outcomes have attracted the research community towards further development of the UAT process. This study presents a comparison between the UAT and the CT processes for the turning of the AISI 420 stainless steel. In this context, the full factorial methodology is used for designing the experiment. Factors chosen for the experiment are feed and spindle rotation speed having three levels of each. The three responses selected for this study are namely surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and, Rt), power consumption, and chip morphology. An approximated reduction of 43% in the surface roughness value Ra and a marginal reduction of 3.13% in power consumption is observed for the UAT process. Discontinuous and segmented chip formation is observed for the UAT process, while the continuous chip is observed for the CT process.
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