With the added sociological expectations that students face each day increasing, the added pressu... more With the added sociological expectations that students face each day increasing, the added pressure can build up causing severe damage to their ability to function and flourish in society. Nowadays, children are bread for the American dream and are cultivated for a higher education, but amidst their cultivation, parents, guardians or other authority figures may lose perspective of what is in the best interests of the child. More often than not, it is in fact that child that loses perspective, even amongst praise and adequate support. Without an objective view of life, the world, and the future, children and adolescents often shut out the external. These children need guidance and assistance from a person who has no intention or motive of oscillating their own perceptions or goals. We mustn’t forget about the adolescents that have no goals or cannot seem to get theirs in order as well. Thus, schools have created specialized programs to cater to the needs of all these differing quandaries and more. What qualities must a secondary education counseling program possess in order to provide satisfactory and exceptional guidance for all of its students? It is from this that I decided to research three different studies that present definitions, ideas, and applications that lead to the creation of a successful counseling program for secondary education.
Speculation has been made since the dawn of time in regards to intelligence, its meaning, and its... more Speculation has been made since the dawn of time in regards to intelligence, its meaning, and its source. Since its inception, intelligence has been a well debated and sought after topic. Just as many other areas of study in Psychology, intelligence cannot yet be singularly defined; however, common ground has been found, and rooted within all of these aspects is how intelligence is brought about and whether or not intelligence is ascertained from our upbringing and experiences throughout life or embedded in our genetic makeup. Intelligence is, according to David Wechsler (1994), “The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” Two iconic figures of our time, Warren Buffet and Bill Gates, seem to have been born with innate intelligence that has allowed them to become two of the richest men in the world (Forbes, 2010). On Sunday, November 28, 2010, ABC News aired an interview with Gates, Buffett, and other wealthy, powerful individuals on success and a recent project of theirs. In this interview, Warren Buffet claims to have, “Won the ovarian lottery” (Buffett, Gates, Gates, & Turner, 2010). This is in reference to his capabilities, both intellectually and monetarily. Is this in fact the case? Were Gates and/or Buffet born with an innate skill to become business and money moguls, or was it through a quality education and a conducive lifestyle that they were able to attain a net worth that rests around fifty billion each (Forbes, 2010)?
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2016), within... more According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2016), within the past year 21.5 million individuals over the age of 12 suffer from addiction to various substances in America. The most commonly categorized substances, in their respective order of frequency of use, are as follows: alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids. Medical professionals attempting to effectively treat clients who suffer from either single or co-morbid substance abuse addiction may incorporate psychopharmacological aids in treatment. Anti-depressants, benzodiazepine, naltrexone, and methadone are just a few of the wide array of aids chosen as tools to assist addicts with ways to cope with drug withdrawal and detox as well as alcohol withdrawal and detox. Additionally, these psychopharmacological treatments assist the user in overcoming addiction. Despite their prevalence in substance abuse treatment, their incorporation into an individual’s treatment should be made on a case-by-case basis as each individual aid emanates its own unique set of strengths and weaknesses. This paper intends to elucidate a few popular, or widely implemented, psychopharmacological aids used in such treatments based on intended purpose, effectiveness, and supporting research. For the purpose of conciseness, a few will be evaluated within the parameters of drug withdrawal and detox, alcohol addiction, and heroin and opiate addiction. This paper should constrain the reader to seek further analysis of variant and covariant research on the wide array of alternative psychopharmacological aids and their intended uses.
According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2011) the U.S. public school system ... more According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2011) the U.S. public school system provides educational instruction and services to over 49 million children, with approximately thirteen percent of those children in special education services. With such easily accessible “clientele,” it’s unassailable to determine that school-based consultation services will increase student functioning and achievement, increase teacher success and contentment, and ensure administration delectation. The following articles have been reviewed in an effort to support the previously stated conclusion in identifying and promoting the value of school-based consultation, the validity of the interventions it provides, and the increase in likelihood of school success.
Within the counseling profession, professionals must learn to incorporate the difficult and compl... more Within the counseling profession, professionals must learn to incorporate the difficult and complicated aspects of state law within their practices. The duality of ambiguity and specificity that comes between incorporating professional ethics as outlined in the American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014) and specific statutes outlined in Wisconsin State Legislature (W.S.L.) can both empower a counselor with concise guidelines while simultaneously bewilder them in knowing the ethical and legal way to approach their profession. This paper seeks to reduce the ambiguities, discover the specificities, and highlight areas for further exploration.
Parents in today’s society are faced with a multi-array of disorders that are teeming with contro... more Parents in today’s society are faced with a multi-array of disorders that are teeming with controversy and straddle that fine white line between an inaccurate and accurate diagnosis. With such a significant increase in diagnoses, we must wonder if children are truly being appropriately diagnosed. How often have people heard of children being diagnosed with what seems to be a domino diagnosis? Meaning, they begin with one common, low-severity disorder, and then as time elapses they develop more which increase in their severity. Are there such things as “gateway” disorders, just as we have gateway drugs in our society? Is it possible that our society’s newly found need to label adverse behavior into a disorder be leading us into a stigma in which we fail to see the signs and symptoms of something greater? It is a great advantage to remember that the simplest of occurrences account for the greater ones. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., “as a recurrent pattern of developmentally inappropriate, negativistic, defiant, and disobedient behavior toward authority figures” (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). This disorder is extremely difficult to initially diagnose, as it becomes hard to differentiate between developmentally appropriate behavior children exhibit and troublesome behavior they develop. Hamilton & Armando (2008) concluded in their study Oppositional Defiant Disorder that as children develop a stable pattern of oppositional behavior in their preschool years, they are likely to go on to have Oppositional Defiant Disorder in latent years. Children with ODD are remarked to have significantly overwrought relationships with figures of authority such as parents and teachers, as well as peers, and have high rates of concomitant conditions such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mood disorders. Children with ODD have also been recorded to have a grander risk of developing other disorders such Conduct Disorder (CD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder during adulthood years. Clinical studies and research have shown that psychological intervention with both parents and the child and the implementation of parent training and collaboration can significantly improve to produce short-term and long-term results (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). With research yielding very small results of Oppositional Defiant Disorder occurring with no other form of mental health disorder, mental health professionals must wonder if ODD is in fact strong enough to conclude its identity as an official mental health disorder. Little is known about the direct correlation between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and other mental health disorders that co-occur in children. However, large amounts of research have produced a noticeable trend of co-occurrences that can suggest its existence. It is the goal of this paper to evaluate past research to demonstrate the recurring, associative relationship that ODD has with other commonly occurring disorders and to also ultimately conclude if ODD is in fact more symptomatic rather than its own mental health disorder.
With the added sociological expectations that students face each day increasing, the added pressu... more With the added sociological expectations that students face each day increasing, the added pressure can build up causing severe damage to their ability to function and flourish in society. Nowadays, children are bread for the American dream and are cultivated for a higher education, but amidst their cultivation, parents, guardians or other authority figures may lose perspective of what is in the best interests of the child. More often than not, it is in fact that child that loses perspective, even amongst praise and adequate support. Without an objective view of life, the world, and the future, children and adolescents often shut out the external. These children need guidance and assistance from a person who has no intention or motive of oscillating their own perceptions or goals. We mustn’t forget about the adolescents that have no goals or cannot seem to get theirs in order as well. Thus, schools have created specialized programs to cater to the needs of all these differing quandaries and more. What qualities must a secondary education counseling program possess in order to provide satisfactory and exceptional guidance for all of its students? It is from this that I decided to research three different studies that present definitions, ideas, and applications that lead to the creation of a successful counseling program for secondary education.
Speculation has been made since the dawn of time in regards to intelligence, its meaning, and its... more Speculation has been made since the dawn of time in regards to intelligence, its meaning, and its source. Since its inception, intelligence has been a well debated and sought after topic. Just as many other areas of study in Psychology, intelligence cannot yet be singularly defined; however, common ground has been found, and rooted within all of these aspects is how intelligence is brought about and whether or not intelligence is ascertained from our upbringing and experiences throughout life or embedded in our genetic makeup. Intelligence is, according to David Wechsler (1994), “The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.” Two iconic figures of our time, Warren Buffet and Bill Gates, seem to have been born with innate intelligence that has allowed them to become two of the richest men in the world (Forbes, 2010). On Sunday, November 28, 2010, ABC News aired an interview with Gates, Buffett, and other wealthy, powerful individuals on success and a recent project of theirs. In this interview, Warren Buffet claims to have, “Won the ovarian lottery” (Buffett, Gates, Gates, & Turner, 2010). This is in reference to his capabilities, both intellectually and monetarily. Is this in fact the case? Were Gates and/or Buffet born with an innate skill to become business and money moguls, or was it through a quality education and a conducive lifestyle that they were able to attain a net worth that rests around fifty billion each (Forbes, 2010)?
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2016), within... more According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2016), within the past year 21.5 million individuals over the age of 12 suffer from addiction to various substances in America. The most commonly categorized substances, in their respective order of frequency of use, are as follows: alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids. Medical professionals attempting to effectively treat clients who suffer from either single or co-morbid substance abuse addiction may incorporate psychopharmacological aids in treatment. Anti-depressants, benzodiazepine, naltrexone, and methadone are just a few of the wide array of aids chosen as tools to assist addicts with ways to cope with drug withdrawal and detox as well as alcohol withdrawal and detox. Additionally, these psychopharmacological treatments assist the user in overcoming addiction. Despite their prevalence in substance abuse treatment, their incorporation into an individual’s treatment should be made on a case-by-case basis as each individual aid emanates its own unique set of strengths and weaknesses. This paper intends to elucidate a few popular, or widely implemented, psychopharmacological aids used in such treatments based on intended purpose, effectiveness, and supporting research. For the purpose of conciseness, a few will be evaluated within the parameters of drug withdrawal and detox, alcohol addiction, and heroin and opiate addiction. This paper should constrain the reader to seek further analysis of variant and covariant research on the wide array of alternative psychopharmacological aids and their intended uses.
According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2011) the U.S. public school system ... more According to the National Center for Educational Statistics (2011) the U.S. public school system provides educational instruction and services to over 49 million children, with approximately thirteen percent of those children in special education services. With such easily accessible “clientele,” it’s unassailable to determine that school-based consultation services will increase student functioning and achievement, increase teacher success and contentment, and ensure administration delectation. The following articles have been reviewed in an effort to support the previously stated conclusion in identifying and promoting the value of school-based consultation, the validity of the interventions it provides, and the increase in likelihood of school success.
Within the counseling profession, professionals must learn to incorporate the difficult and compl... more Within the counseling profession, professionals must learn to incorporate the difficult and complicated aspects of state law within their practices. The duality of ambiguity and specificity that comes between incorporating professional ethics as outlined in the American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014) and specific statutes outlined in Wisconsin State Legislature (W.S.L.) can both empower a counselor with concise guidelines while simultaneously bewilder them in knowing the ethical and legal way to approach their profession. This paper seeks to reduce the ambiguities, discover the specificities, and highlight areas for further exploration.
Parents in today’s society are faced with a multi-array of disorders that are teeming with contro... more Parents in today’s society are faced with a multi-array of disorders that are teeming with controversy and straddle that fine white line between an inaccurate and accurate diagnosis. With such a significant increase in diagnoses, we must wonder if children are truly being appropriately diagnosed. How often have people heard of children being diagnosed with what seems to be a domino diagnosis? Meaning, they begin with one common, low-severity disorder, and then as time elapses they develop more which increase in their severity. Are there such things as “gateway” disorders, just as we have gateway drugs in our society? Is it possible that our society’s newly found need to label adverse behavior into a disorder be leading us into a stigma in which we fail to see the signs and symptoms of something greater? It is a great advantage to remember that the simplest of occurrences account for the greater ones. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., “as a recurrent pattern of developmentally inappropriate, negativistic, defiant, and disobedient behavior toward authority figures” (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). This disorder is extremely difficult to initially diagnose, as it becomes hard to differentiate between developmentally appropriate behavior children exhibit and troublesome behavior they develop. Hamilton & Armando (2008) concluded in their study Oppositional Defiant Disorder that as children develop a stable pattern of oppositional behavior in their preschool years, they are likely to go on to have Oppositional Defiant Disorder in latent years. Children with ODD are remarked to have significantly overwrought relationships with figures of authority such as parents and teachers, as well as peers, and have high rates of concomitant conditions such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mood disorders. Children with ODD have also been recorded to have a grander risk of developing other disorders such Conduct Disorder (CD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder during adulthood years. Clinical studies and research have shown that psychological intervention with both parents and the child and the implementation of parent training and collaboration can significantly improve to produce short-term and long-term results (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). With research yielding very small results of Oppositional Defiant Disorder occurring with no other form of mental health disorder, mental health professionals must wonder if ODD is in fact strong enough to conclude its identity as an official mental health disorder. Little is known about the direct correlation between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and other mental health disorders that co-occur in children. However, large amounts of research have produced a noticeable trend of co-occurrences that can suggest its existence. It is the goal of this paper to evaluate past research to demonstrate the recurring, associative relationship that ODD has with other commonly occurring disorders and to also ultimately conclude if ODD is in fact more symptomatic rather than its own mental health disorder.
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Two iconic figures of our time, Warren Buffet and Bill Gates, seem to have been born with innate intelligence that has allowed them to become two of the richest men in the world (Forbes, 2010). On Sunday, November 28, 2010, ABC News aired an interview with Gates, Buffett, and other wealthy, powerful individuals on success and a recent project of theirs. In this interview, Warren Buffet claims to have, “Won the ovarian lottery” (Buffett, Gates, Gates, & Turner, 2010). This is in reference to his capabilities, both intellectually and monetarily. Is this in fact the case? Were Gates and/or Buffet born with an innate skill to become business and money moguls, or was it through a quality education and a conducive lifestyle that they were able to attain a net worth that rests around fifty billion each (Forbes, 2010)?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., “as a recurrent pattern of developmentally inappropriate, negativistic, defiant, and disobedient behavior toward authority figures” (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). This disorder is extremely difficult to initially diagnose, as it becomes hard to differentiate between developmentally appropriate behavior children exhibit and troublesome behavior they develop. Hamilton & Armando (2008) concluded in their study Oppositional Defiant Disorder that as children develop a stable pattern of oppositional behavior in their preschool years, they are likely to go on to have Oppositional Defiant Disorder in latent years. Children with ODD are remarked to have significantly overwrought relationships with figures of authority such as parents and teachers, as well as peers, and have high rates of concomitant conditions such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mood disorders. Children with ODD have also been recorded to have a grander risk of developing other disorders such Conduct Disorder (CD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder during adulthood years. Clinical studies and research have shown that psychological intervention with both parents and the child and the implementation of parent training and collaboration can significantly improve to produce short-term and long-term results (Hamilton & Armando, 2008).
With research yielding very small results of Oppositional Defiant Disorder occurring with no other form of mental health disorder, mental health professionals must wonder if ODD is in fact strong enough to conclude its identity as an official mental health disorder. Little is known about the direct correlation between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and other mental health disorders that co-occur in children. However, large amounts of research have produced a noticeable trend of co-occurrences that can suggest its existence. It is the goal of this paper to evaluate past research to demonstrate the recurring, associative relationship that ODD has with other commonly occurring disorders and to also ultimately conclude if ODD is in fact more symptomatic rather than its own mental health disorder.
Two iconic figures of our time, Warren Buffet and Bill Gates, seem to have been born with innate intelligence that has allowed them to become two of the richest men in the world (Forbes, 2010). On Sunday, November 28, 2010, ABC News aired an interview with Gates, Buffett, and other wealthy, powerful individuals on success and a recent project of theirs. In this interview, Warren Buffet claims to have, “Won the ovarian lottery” (Buffett, Gates, Gates, & Turner, 2010). This is in reference to his capabilities, both intellectually and monetarily. Is this in fact the case? Were Gates and/or Buffet born with an innate skill to become business and money moguls, or was it through a quality education and a conducive lifestyle that they were able to attain a net worth that rests around fifty billion each (Forbes, 2010)?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., “as a recurrent pattern of developmentally inappropriate, negativistic, defiant, and disobedient behavior toward authority figures” (Hamilton & Armando, 2008). This disorder is extremely difficult to initially diagnose, as it becomes hard to differentiate between developmentally appropriate behavior children exhibit and troublesome behavior they develop. Hamilton & Armando (2008) concluded in their study Oppositional Defiant Disorder that as children develop a stable pattern of oppositional behavior in their preschool years, they are likely to go on to have Oppositional Defiant Disorder in latent years. Children with ODD are remarked to have significantly overwrought relationships with figures of authority such as parents and teachers, as well as peers, and have high rates of concomitant conditions such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mood disorders. Children with ODD have also been recorded to have a grander risk of developing other disorders such Conduct Disorder (CD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder during adulthood years. Clinical studies and research have shown that psychological intervention with both parents and the child and the implementation of parent training and collaboration can significantly improve to produce short-term and long-term results (Hamilton & Armando, 2008).
With research yielding very small results of Oppositional Defiant Disorder occurring with no other form of mental health disorder, mental health professionals must wonder if ODD is in fact strong enough to conclude its identity as an official mental health disorder. Little is known about the direct correlation between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and other mental health disorders that co-occur in children. However, large amounts of research have produced a noticeable trend of co-occurrences that can suggest its existence. It is the goal of this paper to evaluate past research to demonstrate the recurring, associative relationship that ODD has with other commonly occurring disorders and to also ultimately conclude if ODD is in fact more symptomatic rather than its own mental health disorder.