A recording depth sounding instrument has provided several different diagnostic measurements in t... more A recording depth sounding instrument has provided several different diagnostic measurements in the 1000 m2 Research Salt Gradient Solar Pond at Argonne National Laboratory. The sounder has been used to locate gradient zone boundaries and layers of debris within the pond. The instrument has also helped to verify that the presence of salt piles in the bottom of the pond has been responsible for automatically maintaining the constant position of the gradient zone lower boundary during the last three years. Subsurface waves have been observed at the bottom of the gradient zone near the pond side walls. The sounding instrument has also proved capable of identifying density driven plumes and turbulent disturbances within the pond.
Outdoor temperature lower than 50F and greater than 70F is shown to nearly double the transmissio... more Outdoor temperature lower than 50F and greater than 70F is shown to nearly double the transmission efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Outdoor temperature is an important factor behind the current surge in US Covid-19 cases. Correlation of northern state infection data and outdoor temperatures is used to identify the change in disease transmission efficiency as northern states passed through the lower temperature bound (50F) in spring, and more recently transitioned to temperatures above the higher bound (70F). At current disease transmission efficiency levels, social distancing must be increased above a UMD Social Distance Index (SDI) level of 36 to stop the accelerated increase of daily infection cases. At current disease transmission efficiency (G=0.19) and SDI of 33, the US will approach 150,000 infections per day in September before declining as average US temperature falls below 70F.A primary reason for enhanced disease transmission below 50F and above 70F is attributed to ina...
A two‐parameter, human behavior Covid‐19 infection growth model predicts total infections between... more A two‐parameter, human behavior Covid‐19 infection growth model predicts total infections between‐4.2% (overprediction) and 4.5% (underprediction) of actual infections from July 27, 2020 to September 30, 2020 for 10 US States (NY, WA, GA, IL, MN, FL, OH, MI, CA, NC). During that time, total Covid‐19 infections for 9 of the 10 modeled US States grew by 60% (MI) to 95% (MN). Only NY limited Covid‐19 infection growth with an 11% increase from July 27 to September 30, 2020.September is a month with contraposing effects of increased social interaction (eg, physical school openings) and outdoor temperatures decreasing to the 50F (10C) to 70F (21C) range in which outdoor activities and building ventilation are beneficially increased. All State infection predictions except GA, FL and CA predictions through September 30 are bounded by four prediction scenarios (no school with outdoor temperature effect, no school with no outdoor temperature effect, school with temperature effect, school with...
This work reports on experimental studies that examine subcooled boiling on the enhanced heat tra... more This work reports on experimental studies that examine subcooled boiling on the enhanced heat transfer surface of hypervapotron structures. The use of simulant fluid (refrigerant R134a) instead of prototypic water allows examination of a full range of subcooled boiling, including up to critical heat flux (CHF). The experimental results are compared to Bjorge's model and Kandlikar's heat transfer correlation in the subcooled boiling region. It is found that the fully developed boiling curve has a slope of about 2.96 (q{sup â} δ{sub sat} ².â¹â¶), which shows good agreement with Bjorge's recognition for flat surface channels. In addition, Kandlikar's correlation is also able to predict the heat transfer coefficient for the range from net vapor generation (NVG) to the fully developed boiling region with acceptable accuracy. However, the heat transfer curve shows a significant deviation when subcooled boiling approaches CHF. (authors)
A fluid mechanics concept inventory (FMCI) has been developed via a cooperative effort between fa... more A fluid mechanics concept inventory (FMCI) has been developed via a cooperative effort between faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. This concept inventory has been developed to assess student understanding of undergraduate fluid mechanics as taught in mechanical engineering. Now in the third version, the FMCI has been tested in precourse and postcourse assessment.
ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C, 2011
Tracer gas and blower door testing are two widely used methods to determine the rate of air infil... more Tracer gas and blower door testing are two widely used methods to determine the rate of air infiltration through a building envelope. Blower door testing is performed at elevated pressure differentials across the building envelope whereas tracer gas testing is conducted at near zero differential pressures, better reflecting the air leakage rate at near normal building operating conditions. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether extrapolation of blower door test data to normal building operating conditions provides a good estimate of annual average air infiltration at those conditions. Two methods were used to extrapolate the data and were then compared to the baseline tracer gas tests. A secondary objective was to determine the ventilation rate of a residential facility using tracer gas tests. Tracer gas testing seems to be more reliable in determining the air leakage rate at normal operating pressures, but is sensitive to the tracer gas and ambient weather con...
Abstract An important design objective for an automotive air-conditioning system is ensuring suff... more Abstract An important design objective for an automotive air-conditioning system is ensuring sufficient oil return to the compressor. Maintaining proper lubrication of the compressor extends compressor life and thus minimizes warranty and consumer replacement costs.
Volume 4: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Neutronics Methods and Coupled Codes; Student Paper Competition, 2006
This research examines the influence of heating surface structure on bubble detachment, which inc... more This research examines the influence of heating surface structure on bubble detachment, which includes bubble departure and bubble lift-off, under sub-cooled nucleate boiling condition, in order to obtain better understanding to the bubble dynamics on horizontal flat heat exchangers. Refrigerant R-134a is chosen as a simulant fluid due to its merits of having smaller surface tension, reduced latent heat, and lower boiling temperature than water. Experiments were run with varying experimental parameters e.g. pressure, inlet sub-cooled level, and flow rate, etc. High speed digital images at frame rates up to 4000 frames/s were obtained, showing characteristics of bubble movement. Bubble radius and center coordinates were calculated via Canny’s algorithm for edge detection and Fitzgibbon’s algorithm for ellipse fitting. Results were compared against the model proposed by Klausner et al. for prediction of bubble detachment sizes. Good overall agreement was shown, with several minor modi...
An experimental investigation of adiabatic, two-phase, frictional pressure drop was conducted usi... more An experimental investigation of adiabatic, two-phase, frictional pressure drop was conducted using 6-port and 14-port microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 1.54 mm and 1.02 mm, respectively. Two-phase fluid flow conditions include mass fluxes from 50 to ...
A unique set of liquid film thickness and pressure drop data has been obtained for horizontal, an... more A unique set of liquid film thickness and pressure drop data has been obtained for horizontal, annular flow of air and water through round, square and triangular tube using a noninvasive, optical liquid film thickness measurement system. In the square and triangular tubes, the liquid film was thinned in the corners, indicating an effect of turbulent secondary flows in these geometries. In addition, when the film thickness is nondimensionalized using a friction velocity based on the total pressure drop, it is found that virtually all the data lie below h+=35 and that dryout occurs at approximately h+=5. The two-phase friction factor for the annular flows examined in all the tubes can be correlated using the Lockhart–Martinelli parameter, Xtt, when adjustments are made for the hydraulic diameters of the nonround tubes.
A recording depth sounding instrument has provided several different diagnostic measurements in t... more A recording depth sounding instrument has provided several different diagnostic measurements in the 1000 m2 Research Salt Gradient Solar Pond at Argonne National Laboratory. The sounder has been used to locate gradient zone boundaries and layers of debris within the pond. The instrument has also helped to verify that the presence of salt piles in the bottom of the pond has been responsible for automatically maintaining the constant position of the gradient zone lower boundary during the last three years. Subsurface waves have been observed at the bottom of the gradient zone near the pond side walls. The sounding instrument has also proved capable of identifying density driven plumes and turbulent disturbances within the pond.
Outdoor temperature lower than 50F and greater than 70F is shown to nearly double the transmissio... more Outdoor temperature lower than 50F and greater than 70F is shown to nearly double the transmission efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Outdoor temperature is an important factor behind the current surge in US Covid-19 cases. Correlation of northern state infection data and outdoor temperatures is used to identify the change in disease transmission efficiency as northern states passed through the lower temperature bound (50F) in spring, and more recently transitioned to temperatures above the higher bound (70F). At current disease transmission efficiency levels, social distancing must be increased above a UMD Social Distance Index (SDI) level of 36 to stop the accelerated increase of daily infection cases. At current disease transmission efficiency (G=0.19) and SDI of 33, the US will approach 150,000 infections per day in September before declining as average US temperature falls below 70F.A primary reason for enhanced disease transmission below 50F and above 70F is attributed to ina...
A two‐parameter, human behavior Covid‐19 infection growth model predicts total infections between... more A two‐parameter, human behavior Covid‐19 infection growth model predicts total infections between‐4.2% (overprediction) and 4.5% (underprediction) of actual infections from July 27, 2020 to September 30, 2020 for 10 US States (NY, WA, GA, IL, MN, FL, OH, MI, CA, NC). During that time, total Covid‐19 infections for 9 of the 10 modeled US States grew by 60% (MI) to 95% (MN). Only NY limited Covid‐19 infection growth with an 11% increase from July 27 to September 30, 2020.September is a month with contraposing effects of increased social interaction (eg, physical school openings) and outdoor temperatures decreasing to the 50F (10C) to 70F (21C) range in which outdoor activities and building ventilation are beneficially increased. All State infection predictions except GA, FL and CA predictions through September 30 are bounded by four prediction scenarios (no school with outdoor temperature effect, no school with no outdoor temperature effect, school with temperature effect, school with...
This work reports on experimental studies that examine subcooled boiling on the enhanced heat tra... more This work reports on experimental studies that examine subcooled boiling on the enhanced heat transfer surface of hypervapotron structures. The use of simulant fluid (refrigerant R134a) instead of prototypic water allows examination of a full range of subcooled boiling, including up to critical heat flux (CHF). The experimental results are compared to Bjorge's model and Kandlikar's heat transfer correlation in the subcooled boiling region. It is found that the fully developed boiling curve has a slope of about 2.96 (q{sup â} δ{sub sat} ².â¹â¶), which shows good agreement with Bjorge's recognition for flat surface channels. In addition, Kandlikar's correlation is also able to predict the heat transfer coefficient for the range from net vapor generation (NVG) to the fully developed boiling region with acceptable accuracy. However, the heat transfer curve shows a significant deviation when subcooled boiling approaches CHF. (authors)
A fluid mechanics concept inventory (FMCI) has been developed via a cooperative effort between fa... more A fluid mechanics concept inventory (FMCI) has been developed via a cooperative effort between faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. This concept inventory has been developed to assess student understanding of undergraduate fluid mechanics as taught in mechanical engineering. Now in the third version, the FMCI has been tested in precourse and postcourse assessment.
ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C, 2011
Tracer gas and blower door testing are two widely used methods to determine the rate of air infil... more Tracer gas and blower door testing are two widely used methods to determine the rate of air infiltration through a building envelope. Blower door testing is performed at elevated pressure differentials across the building envelope whereas tracer gas testing is conducted at near zero differential pressures, better reflecting the air leakage rate at near normal building operating conditions. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether extrapolation of blower door test data to normal building operating conditions provides a good estimate of annual average air infiltration at those conditions. Two methods were used to extrapolate the data and were then compared to the baseline tracer gas tests. A secondary objective was to determine the ventilation rate of a residential facility using tracer gas tests. Tracer gas testing seems to be more reliable in determining the air leakage rate at normal operating pressures, but is sensitive to the tracer gas and ambient weather con...
Abstract An important design objective for an automotive air-conditioning system is ensuring suff... more Abstract An important design objective for an automotive air-conditioning system is ensuring sufficient oil return to the compressor. Maintaining proper lubrication of the compressor extends compressor life and thus minimizes warranty and consumer replacement costs.
Volume 4: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Neutronics Methods and Coupled Codes; Student Paper Competition, 2006
This research examines the influence of heating surface structure on bubble detachment, which inc... more This research examines the influence of heating surface structure on bubble detachment, which includes bubble departure and bubble lift-off, under sub-cooled nucleate boiling condition, in order to obtain better understanding to the bubble dynamics on horizontal flat heat exchangers. Refrigerant R-134a is chosen as a simulant fluid due to its merits of having smaller surface tension, reduced latent heat, and lower boiling temperature than water. Experiments were run with varying experimental parameters e.g. pressure, inlet sub-cooled level, and flow rate, etc. High speed digital images at frame rates up to 4000 frames/s were obtained, showing characteristics of bubble movement. Bubble radius and center coordinates were calculated via Canny’s algorithm for edge detection and Fitzgibbon’s algorithm for ellipse fitting. Results were compared against the model proposed by Klausner et al. for prediction of bubble detachment sizes. Good overall agreement was shown, with several minor modi...
An experimental investigation of adiabatic, two-phase, frictional pressure drop was conducted usi... more An experimental investigation of adiabatic, two-phase, frictional pressure drop was conducted using 6-port and 14-port microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 1.54 mm and 1.02 mm, respectively. Two-phase fluid flow conditions include mass fluxes from 50 to ...
A unique set of liquid film thickness and pressure drop data has been obtained for horizontal, an... more A unique set of liquid film thickness and pressure drop data has been obtained for horizontal, annular flow of air and water through round, square and triangular tube using a noninvasive, optical liquid film thickness measurement system. In the square and triangular tubes, the liquid film was thinned in the corners, indicating an effect of turbulent secondary flows in these geometries. In addition, when the film thickness is nondimensionalized using a friction velocity based on the total pressure drop, it is found that virtually all the data lie below h+=35 and that dryout occurs at approximately h+=5. The two-phase friction factor for the annular flows examined in all the tubes can be correlated using the Lockhart–Martinelli parameter, Xtt, when adjustments are made for the hydraulic diameters of the nonround tubes.
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