Coconut milk was treated with emulsifiers, namely, Tween 80 (0.5% and 1.0%) and Tween 20 (0.25% a... more Coconut milk was treated with emulsifiers, namely, Tween 80 (0.5% and 1.0%) and Tween 20 (0.25% and 0.75%) for preparing the coconut milk concentrate. Treated coconut milk was evaporated to reach desirable consistency more than 20% TSS. Increase in emulsifier concentration in the coconut milk not only reduced the time taken for product preparation, but also, controlled breakage of fat globules in coconut milk. Prepared coconut milk concentrate was analyzed for moisture, fat, pH, TSS and over run, sensory parameters like color, appearance, taste, texture, flavor and overall acceptability using 9-point Hedonic scale during 21 days of storage eat refrigerated conditions. Moisture, over run and TSS increased while fat and pH decreased during storage. Results showed that the concentrate prepared with different treatments were significantly different with each other at p≤0.05. Among all concentrate samples prepared, 0.5% Tween 80 emulsifier additions appeared to be the best treatment till...
A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and eva... more A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and evaluated to meet the domestic energy demand in rural households. Rice husk, dry leaves, groundnut shells, and sawdust were used as raw materials along with paper pulp as binding material for preparation of briquettes. The average capacity was found to be 5 kg.h-1. Results showed that bulk density of the biomass after briquetting increased by 2.3, 2.6, 2.6 and 1.5 times for rice husk, dried leaves, groundnut shells and saw dust, respectively. Groundnut shell briquettes showed high resistance to shattering, followed by saw dust briquettes. Briquettes prepared from dry leaves had high resistance to water penetration. Use of briquettes in a local domestic stove with grate was found satisfactory
A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and eva... more A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and evaluated to meet the domestic energy demand in rural households. Rice husk, dry leaves, groundnut shells, and sawdust were used as raw materials along with paper pulp as binding material for preparation of briquettes. The average capacity was found to be 5 kg.h−1. Results showed that bulk density of the biomass after briquetting increased by 2.3, 2.6, 2.6 and 1.5 times for rice husk, dried leaves, groundnut shells and saw dust, respectively. Groundnut shell briquettes showed high resistance to shattering, followed by saw dust briquettes. Briquettes prepared from dry leaves had high resistance to water penetration. Use of briquettes in a local domestic stove with grate was found satisfactory.
HighlightsPhysical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and module loader wer... more HighlightsPhysical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and module loader were used to determine the dry bulk density and module integrity failures for switchgrass modules.Three switchgrass particle size distributions were created and tested for various moisture contents and module building factors, such as the number of fill layers and the number of tamps per layer.Mean dry bulk density ranged from 71.5 to 94.7 kg m-3, with slightly increased densities for a reduced knifemill particle size distribution and a narrowed particle size distribution from a forage harvester.A propensity of module integrity failures was noted among 69% of all 48 modules. Only the modules for one test condition of increased knifemill particle size distribution and six fill layers had no integrity failures among all replications for the 15 test conditions.. Physical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and a module loader were used to test three different switchgrass p...
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2021
Automated defect detection of fruits using computer vision and machine learning concepts has bec... more Automated defect detection of fruits using computer vision and machine learning concepts has become a significant area of research. In this work, working prototype hardware model of conveyor with PC is designed, constructed and implemented to analyze the fruit quality. The prototype consists of low-cost microcontrollers, USB camera and MATLAB user interface. The automated classification model rejects or accepts the fruit based on the quality i.e., good (ripe, unripe) and bad. For the classification of fruit quality, machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, KNN, Random Forest classifier, Decision Tree classifier and ANN are used. The dataset used in this work consists of the following fruit varieties i.e., apple, orange, tomato, guava, lemon, and pomegranate. We trained, tested and compared the performance of these five machine learning approaches and found out that the ANN based fruit detection performs better. The overall accuracy obtained by the ANN model for...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021
BACKGROUND Jatropha is an oilseed crop with high kernel oil (55-58%) and protein (26-29%) content... more BACKGROUND Jatropha is an oilseed crop with high kernel oil (55-58%) and protein (26-29%) contents, which makes it a good source of biodiesel and animal/aqua-feed. But, presence of anti-nutritional toxins such as phorbol esters, lectins, trypsin inhibitor, phytate and saponins restricts its use as feed. This paper describes chemical, UV radiation and biological treatments for detoxification of jatropha kernel meal. Raw, defatted, one-time and two-times mechanically oil expressed samples were analyzed for toxins. Chemical treatment involved heating with 90% methanol and 4% NaOH. UV treatment was carried out at UV light intensity of 53.4 mW cm-2 for 30 min. For biological treatment, cell-free extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was mixed with kernel meal for detoxification. RESULTS Among treatments, chemical treatment was most effective in reducing all toxins, with phorbol esters in the range of 0.034-0.052 mg g-1 , lectin 0.082-10.766 mg g-1 , trypsin inhibitor 10.499-11.350 m...
HighlightsPhysical models of module builder and module loader were developed to enhance biomass t... more HighlightsPhysical models of module builder and module loader were developed to enhance biomass testing with reduced mass and volume of biomass.Models used dimensional analysis, Pi Terms, and engineering factors and emphasis on reduced module upsetting and disturbance.Some engineering terms such as tamping face pressure and velocity, and particle size were not scaled to reduce biological-material distortions.Switchgrass bulk density at 8% wet basis for prototype and model were 115 and 80 kg m-3, respectively.. The objective was to design and implement separate models of a first-generation cotton module builder and a module loader that facilitated tamping quasi-confined biomass and the minimal disturbances of modules during emptying from the builder and during loader operations including unloading. The 122-cm long model, compared to 978-cm long prototype, reduced the mass of module contents required for testing from 6188 to 44 kg, or by a factor of 141:1. The tamping process was emph...
Button mushroom (AgaricusbisporusL.) is extensively produced and consumed in the world. They are ... more Button mushroom (AgaricusbisporusL.) is extensively produced and consumed in the world. They are more perishable due to their high moisture content. Due to its short shelf-life, the mushroom is usually dehydrated for preservation. Hot air dried mushrooms result in losses in nutrients, colour degradation and deformation in structure. To overcome these problems, freeze-drying of mushroom slices was investigated. White button mushrooms after cleaning were vertically cut into 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm thick slices. Sliced mushrooms were frozen at −20 °C and then subjected to the freeze-drying at various heating plate temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C. The effect of slice thickness and heating plate temperature on physicochemical properties like rehydration, porosity, firmness, water activity, colour, ascorbic acid, protein and microbial properties like total bacterial, yeast and mould were evaluated during the storage. Increase in the storage period resulted in decrease in porosity (73.25%), ...
ABSTRACT Switchgrass harvest and storage conditions increasingly affected a representative bioche... more ABSTRACT Switchgrass harvest and storage conditions increasingly affected a representative biochemical process and theoretical ethanol yield. The approach used a novel liquid ammonia fiber explosion (LAFEX) pretreatment technique implemented through engineered introduction of ammonia in liquid phase to biomass with controlled pressures, temperatures, and a mechanical liquid pump. LAFEX-pretreatment pressurized the AFEX reactor with nitrogen prior to adding ammonia and then nitrogen pressure was increased as the reactor temperature was increased to 100 °C after the addition of ammonia. Comparison with earlier AFEX-pretreatment revealed that LAFEX-pretreatment improved access to Alamo switchgrass sugars, especially xylan, at reduced ammonia loading rates and temperatures, during enzymatic hydrolysis with Accellerase® 1000, and the potential for LAFEX-pretreatment was noted for published studies documenting enzymes that outperform the one selected for this study. A wide range of switchgrass field harvest conditions, including one- versus two-cut strategies and harvest times ranging from June to January, indicated relatively small differences in fresh switchgrass cellulose and hemicellullose levels (64 to 68 %) determined with wet chemistry, and associated trends in lignin increases (21.9 to 25.7 %) and ash decreases (5.3 to 2.2 %) across samples obtained at harvest time - not including storage effects. Baseline theoretical ethanol yield for freshly harvested samples ranged from 462 to 485 L/ dry Mg. Field storage conditions included covered and uncovered bales and piles of field-chopped switchgrass and ensiled field-chopped switchgrass. Field storage conditions affected wet chemistry-determined cellulose and hemicellulose levels for theoretical ethanol yield (243 to 477 L/ dry Mg) to a greater degree than variation due to field harvest condition. Implementation of enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h with Accellerase® 1000 introduced to LAFEX-pretreated samples represented a bio-refinery process for theoretical ethanol yield due to fresh harvest condition (232 to 270 L/ dry Mg) and discovered an exaggerated effect of storage condition on theoretical ethanol yield (79 to 283 L/ dry Mg). Essentially switchgrass that got wet and stayed wet, compared to switchgrass that stayed dry or was allowed a drying cycle if exposed to precipitation during storage, reduced available cellulose and hemicelluloses (to ~50 %), and further reduced the available sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis (to ~30 %). It should be noted that no amount of improved pre-treatment or enzymatic hydrolysis can overcome or recover the degraded sugars that occurred at the bale bottom under wet conditions. Overall results demonstrated the supply logistics challenge to deliver biomass feedstock with predictable, uniform conditions year-round to allow consistent bio-chemical conversion at commercial scale. Harvesting and storage conditions could also affect biochemical processes associated with ethanol fermentation that were not investigated.
An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in India, the governme... more An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in India, the government policy and the problems being faced by the industry. The suggestions are made to improve this industry through crop and machine parameters.
Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tonnes of paddy. About 3.75% of the crop is being lost... more Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tonnes of paddy. About 3.75% of the crop is being lost during milling which is highest compared to the other post harvest operations. The women play vital role in all the post harvest operations. An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in Andhra Pradesh and the problems being faced by the industry. There is a need for improvement in production, productivity, rice processing parameters affecting mechanical strength and planning export zones with specific focus on infrastructural and varietal development with emphasis on modern processing technologies. The suggestions are made to improve this industry through corrective measures of the affecting crop and machine parameters. This calls for a multidisciplinary approach by all the concerned in its handling like farmers, rice breeders, agricultural process engineers, rice millers, rice mill machinery manufacturers, policy making and regulating agencies in produc...
Asia produces about 40% of the banana out of global annual production of 45 million metric tones.... more Asia produces about 40% of the banana out of global annual production of 45 million metric tones. With the available technologies, post-harvest losses can be reduced to half and simultaneously value addition can be made for this produce. An attempt is made to pool the knowledge of post-harvest handling to improve the shelf life, processing and by-products utilization of banana crop for producing value added products from it. The harvesting methods, techniques for prolonging the shelf life of fruit using chemical dips, low-temperature methods, controlled atmosphere storage, subatmospheric-pressure storage, etc. are discussed. The banana is a versatile fruit for preparing several processed foods through simple processing methods. Processing techniques of several products such as pulp, juice, canned slices, jams, deep-fat-fried chips (crisps), toffee, fig, fruit bars, brandy, etc. are presented. Apart from these, value addition techniques for utilization of by-products are also emphasi...
Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tones of paddy. The data on rice milling characteristi... more Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tones of paddy. The data on rice milling characteristics were collected through the questionnaire by interacting with rice millers from different locations of Andhra Pradesh. Also, the milling analysis of different varieties grown in Andhra Pradesh was determined. It was found that the brokens percentage varied from 5 to 35% depending on the variety. The head rice yield varied from 63.0 to 72.0%, 52.8 to 73.0% and 60.4 to 66.6% for Bapatla, Warangal and Maruteru varieties, respectively. Based on these results, the effect of crop parameters and machine parameters were discussed to increase head yield and to reduce the brokens percentage with certain corrective measures.
Milling characteristics of pigeon pea (cultivar. LRG 30) were tested with IIPR power driven emery... more Milling characteristics of pigeon pea (cultivar. LRG 30) were tested with IIPR power driven emery disk type dhal mill. The grain dimensional analysis was carried out in order to set suitable clearance of the dhal mill for pitting as well as milling. Milling characteristics at different clearances such as 1.125, 2.250, 3.375, 4.500 and 6.750 mm were found for two preconditioning methods such as CIAE method and local method. It was found that the average length, breadth and thickness found to be 5.79, 4.77 and 4.00 mm, respectively. It was observed that 2.25 mm clearance was found to be optimum for LRG 30 variety by using IIPR dhal mill and local method of preconditioning has pronounced effect on milling with highest dhal milling efficiency of 64% in a single pass of pigeon pea.
Coconut milk was treated with emulsifiers, namely, Tween 80 (0.5% and 1.0%) and Tween 20 (0.25% a... more Coconut milk was treated with emulsifiers, namely, Tween 80 (0.5% and 1.0%) and Tween 20 (0.25% and 0.75%) for preparing the coconut milk concentrate. Treated coconut milk was evaporated to reach desirable consistency more than 20% TSS. Increase in emulsifier concentration in the coconut milk not only reduced the time taken for product preparation, but also, controlled breakage of fat globules in coconut milk. Prepared coconut milk concentrate was analyzed for moisture, fat, pH, TSS and over run, sensory parameters like color, appearance, taste, texture, flavor and overall acceptability using 9-point Hedonic scale during 21 days of storage eat refrigerated conditions. Moisture, over run and TSS increased while fat and pH decreased during storage. Results showed that the concentrate prepared with different treatments were significantly different with each other at p≤0.05. Among all concentrate samples prepared, 0.5% Tween 80 emulsifier additions appeared to be the best treatment till...
A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and eva... more A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and evaluated to meet the domestic energy demand in rural households. Rice husk, dry leaves, groundnut shells, and sawdust were used as raw materials along with paper pulp as binding material for preparation of briquettes. The average capacity was found to be 5 kg.h-1. Results showed that bulk density of the biomass after briquetting increased by 2.3, 2.6, 2.6 and 1.5 times for rice husk, dried leaves, groundnut shells and saw dust, respectively. Groundnut shell briquettes showed high resistance to shattering, followed by saw dust briquettes. Briquettes prepared from dry leaves had high resistance to water penetration. Use of briquettes in a local domestic stove with grate was found satisfactory
A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and eva... more A low cost, small capacity, low pressure, hand operated briquetting machine was developed and evaluated to meet the domestic energy demand in rural households. Rice husk, dry leaves, groundnut shells, and sawdust were used as raw materials along with paper pulp as binding material for preparation of briquettes. The average capacity was found to be 5 kg.h−1. Results showed that bulk density of the biomass after briquetting increased by 2.3, 2.6, 2.6 and 1.5 times for rice husk, dried leaves, groundnut shells and saw dust, respectively. Groundnut shell briquettes showed high resistance to shattering, followed by saw dust briquettes. Briquettes prepared from dry leaves had high resistance to water penetration. Use of briquettes in a local domestic stove with grate was found satisfactory.
HighlightsPhysical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and module loader wer... more HighlightsPhysical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and module loader were used to determine the dry bulk density and module integrity failures for switchgrass modules.Three switchgrass particle size distributions were created and tested for various moisture contents and module building factors, such as the number of fill layers and the number of tamps per layer.Mean dry bulk density ranged from 71.5 to 94.7 kg m-3, with slightly increased densities for a reduced knifemill particle size distribution and a narrowed particle size distribution from a forage harvester.A propensity of module integrity failures was noted among 69% of all 48 modules. Only the modules for one test condition of increased knifemill particle size distribution and six fill layers had no integrity failures among all replications for the 15 test conditions.. Physical scale models of a first-generation cotton module builder and a module loader were used to test three different switchgrass p...
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2021
Automated defect detection of fruits using computer vision and machine learning concepts has bec... more Automated defect detection of fruits using computer vision and machine learning concepts has become a significant area of research. In this work, working prototype hardware model of conveyor with PC is designed, constructed and implemented to analyze the fruit quality. The prototype consists of low-cost microcontrollers, USB camera and MATLAB user interface. The automated classification model rejects or accepts the fruit based on the quality i.e., good (ripe, unripe) and bad. For the classification of fruit quality, machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine, KNN, Random Forest classifier, Decision Tree classifier and ANN are used. The dataset used in this work consists of the following fruit varieties i.e., apple, orange, tomato, guava, lemon, and pomegranate. We trained, tested and compared the performance of these five machine learning approaches and found out that the ANN based fruit detection performs better. The overall accuracy obtained by the ANN model for...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021
BACKGROUND Jatropha is an oilseed crop with high kernel oil (55-58%) and protein (26-29%) content... more BACKGROUND Jatropha is an oilseed crop with high kernel oil (55-58%) and protein (26-29%) contents, which makes it a good source of biodiesel and animal/aqua-feed. But, presence of anti-nutritional toxins such as phorbol esters, lectins, trypsin inhibitor, phytate and saponins restricts its use as feed. This paper describes chemical, UV radiation and biological treatments for detoxification of jatropha kernel meal. Raw, defatted, one-time and two-times mechanically oil expressed samples were analyzed for toxins. Chemical treatment involved heating with 90% methanol and 4% NaOH. UV treatment was carried out at UV light intensity of 53.4 mW cm-2 for 30 min. For biological treatment, cell-free extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was mixed with kernel meal for detoxification. RESULTS Among treatments, chemical treatment was most effective in reducing all toxins, with phorbol esters in the range of 0.034-0.052 mg g-1 , lectin 0.082-10.766 mg g-1 , trypsin inhibitor 10.499-11.350 m...
HighlightsPhysical models of module builder and module loader were developed to enhance biomass t... more HighlightsPhysical models of module builder and module loader were developed to enhance biomass testing with reduced mass and volume of biomass.Models used dimensional analysis, Pi Terms, and engineering factors and emphasis on reduced module upsetting and disturbance.Some engineering terms such as tamping face pressure and velocity, and particle size were not scaled to reduce biological-material distortions.Switchgrass bulk density at 8% wet basis for prototype and model were 115 and 80 kg m-3, respectively.. The objective was to design and implement separate models of a first-generation cotton module builder and a module loader that facilitated tamping quasi-confined biomass and the minimal disturbances of modules during emptying from the builder and during loader operations including unloading. The 122-cm long model, compared to 978-cm long prototype, reduced the mass of module contents required for testing from 6188 to 44 kg, or by a factor of 141:1. The tamping process was emph...
Button mushroom (AgaricusbisporusL.) is extensively produced and consumed in the world. They are ... more Button mushroom (AgaricusbisporusL.) is extensively produced and consumed in the world. They are more perishable due to their high moisture content. Due to its short shelf-life, the mushroom is usually dehydrated for preservation. Hot air dried mushrooms result in losses in nutrients, colour degradation and deformation in structure. To overcome these problems, freeze-drying of mushroom slices was investigated. White button mushrooms after cleaning were vertically cut into 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm thick slices. Sliced mushrooms were frozen at −20 °C and then subjected to the freeze-drying at various heating plate temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C. The effect of slice thickness and heating plate temperature on physicochemical properties like rehydration, porosity, firmness, water activity, colour, ascorbic acid, protein and microbial properties like total bacterial, yeast and mould were evaluated during the storage. Increase in the storage period resulted in decrease in porosity (73.25%), ...
ABSTRACT Switchgrass harvest and storage conditions increasingly affected a representative bioche... more ABSTRACT Switchgrass harvest and storage conditions increasingly affected a representative biochemical process and theoretical ethanol yield. The approach used a novel liquid ammonia fiber explosion (LAFEX) pretreatment technique implemented through engineered introduction of ammonia in liquid phase to biomass with controlled pressures, temperatures, and a mechanical liquid pump. LAFEX-pretreatment pressurized the AFEX reactor with nitrogen prior to adding ammonia and then nitrogen pressure was increased as the reactor temperature was increased to 100 °C after the addition of ammonia. Comparison with earlier AFEX-pretreatment revealed that LAFEX-pretreatment improved access to Alamo switchgrass sugars, especially xylan, at reduced ammonia loading rates and temperatures, during enzymatic hydrolysis with Accellerase® 1000, and the potential for LAFEX-pretreatment was noted for published studies documenting enzymes that outperform the one selected for this study. A wide range of switchgrass field harvest conditions, including one- versus two-cut strategies and harvest times ranging from June to January, indicated relatively small differences in fresh switchgrass cellulose and hemicellullose levels (64 to 68 %) determined with wet chemistry, and associated trends in lignin increases (21.9 to 25.7 %) and ash decreases (5.3 to 2.2 %) across samples obtained at harvest time - not including storage effects. Baseline theoretical ethanol yield for freshly harvested samples ranged from 462 to 485 L/ dry Mg. Field storage conditions included covered and uncovered bales and piles of field-chopped switchgrass and ensiled field-chopped switchgrass. Field storage conditions affected wet chemistry-determined cellulose and hemicellulose levels for theoretical ethanol yield (243 to 477 L/ dry Mg) to a greater degree than variation due to field harvest condition. Implementation of enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h with Accellerase® 1000 introduced to LAFEX-pretreated samples represented a bio-refinery process for theoretical ethanol yield due to fresh harvest condition (232 to 270 L/ dry Mg) and discovered an exaggerated effect of storage condition on theoretical ethanol yield (79 to 283 L/ dry Mg). Essentially switchgrass that got wet and stayed wet, compared to switchgrass that stayed dry or was allowed a drying cycle if exposed to precipitation during storage, reduced available cellulose and hemicelluloses (to ~50 %), and further reduced the available sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis (to ~30 %). It should be noted that no amount of improved pre-treatment or enzymatic hydrolysis can overcome or recover the degraded sugars that occurred at the bale bottom under wet conditions. Overall results demonstrated the supply logistics challenge to deliver biomass feedstock with predictable, uniform conditions year-round to allow consistent bio-chemical conversion at commercial scale. Harvesting and storage conditions could also affect biochemical processes associated with ethanol fermentation that were not investigated.
An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in India, the governme... more An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in India, the government policy and the problems being faced by the industry. The suggestions are made to improve this industry through crop and machine parameters.
Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tonnes of paddy. About 3.75% of the crop is being lost... more Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tonnes of paddy. About 3.75% of the crop is being lost during milling which is highest compared to the other post harvest operations. The women play vital role in all the post harvest operations. An attempt is made to focus the present situation of rice milling industry in Andhra Pradesh and the problems being faced by the industry. There is a need for improvement in production, productivity, rice processing parameters affecting mechanical strength and planning export zones with specific focus on infrastructural and varietal development with emphasis on modern processing technologies. The suggestions are made to improve this industry through corrective measures of the affecting crop and machine parameters. This calls for a multidisciplinary approach by all the concerned in its handling like farmers, rice breeders, agricultural process engineers, rice millers, rice mill machinery manufacturers, policy making and regulating agencies in produc...
Asia produces about 40% of the banana out of global annual production of 45 million metric tones.... more Asia produces about 40% of the banana out of global annual production of 45 million metric tones. With the available technologies, post-harvest losses can be reduced to half and simultaneously value addition can be made for this produce. An attempt is made to pool the knowledge of post-harvest handling to improve the shelf life, processing and by-products utilization of banana crop for producing value added products from it. The harvesting methods, techniques for prolonging the shelf life of fruit using chemical dips, low-temperature methods, controlled atmosphere storage, subatmospheric-pressure storage, etc. are discussed. The banana is a versatile fruit for preparing several processed foods through simple processing methods. Processing techniques of several products such as pulp, juice, canned slices, jams, deep-fat-fried chips (crisps), toffee, fig, fruit bars, brandy, etc. are presented. Apart from these, value addition techniques for utilization of by-products are also emphasi...
Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tones of paddy. The data on rice milling characteristi... more Andhra Pradesh produces about 10.8 million tones of paddy. The data on rice milling characteristics were collected through the questionnaire by interacting with rice millers from different locations of Andhra Pradesh. Also, the milling analysis of different varieties grown in Andhra Pradesh was determined. It was found that the brokens percentage varied from 5 to 35% depending on the variety. The head rice yield varied from 63.0 to 72.0%, 52.8 to 73.0% and 60.4 to 66.6% for Bapatla, Warangal and Maruteru varieties, respectively. Based on these results, the effect of crop parameters and machine parameters were discussed to increase head yield and to reduce the brokens percentage with certain corrective measures.
Milling characteristics of pigeon pea (cultivar. LRG 30) were tested with IIPR power driven emery... more Milling characteristics of pigeon pea (cultivar. LRG 30) were tested with IIPR power driven emery disk type dhal mill. The grain dimensional analysis was carried out in order to set suitable clearance of the dhal mill for pitting as well as milling. Milling characteristics at different clearances such as 1.125, 2.250, 3.375, 4.500 and 6.750 mm were found for two preconditioning methods such as CIAE method and local method. It was found that the average length, breadth and thickness found to be 5.79, 4.77 and 4.00 mm, respectively. It was observed that 2.25 mm clearance was found to be optimum for LRG 30 variety by using IIPR dhal mill and local method of preconditioning has pronounced effect on milling with highest dhal milling efficiency of 64% in a single pass of pigeon pea.
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