Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam d... more Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in these accelerators are covered. The problem of vertical focusing and iscochronism in compact isochronous cyclotrons is treated in some detail. Different methods for isochronization of the cyclotron magnetic field are discussed. The limits of the classical cyclotron are explained. Typical features of the synchro-cyclotron, such as the beam capture problem, stable phase motion, and the extraction problem are discussed. The main design goals for beam injection are explained and special problems related to a central region with an internal ion source are considered. The principle of a Penning ion gauge source is addressed. The issue of vertical focusing in the cyclotron centre is briefly discussed. Several examples of numerical simulations are given. Different methods of (axial) injection are briefly outlined. Different solutions for beam extraction are described. These include th...
The ASIPP (Hefei, China)-JINR (Dubna, Russia) collaboration is developing a superconducting cyclo... more The ASIPP (Hefei, China)-JINR (Dubna, Russia) collaboration is developing a superconducting cyclotron SC200 for proton therapy. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200MeV with maximum beam current of 1 μA. In 2015 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ASIPP, (Hefei, China) and Joint Institute for nuclear research, JINR (Dubna, Russia) started collaboration to develop a superconducting cyclotron for proton therapy. The first prototype of SC200, tuned and tested in Dubna, will remain at JINR and will be used for further research and development of cancer therapy by protons. The results of testing will be used by ASIPP for a serial SC200 manufacturing. The 200 MeV final energy has been chosen for this accelerator based on statistics for China for necessary depth of treatment and experience of work of the medical department in Laboratory of Nuclear problems on the base of JINR Phasotron. Mean magnetic field will be in the range of 2.9T-3.5T (cent...
IBA is currently developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone ® 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone ® 30XP... more IBA is currently developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone ® 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone ® 30XP cyclotron will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV (electrostatic extraction), deuteron (D -) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H -) beams between 15 and 30 MeV (stripping extraction). The magnet system has been updated with improved versions of IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. At first, coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane to allow mounting a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions, have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H -(q/m=1/1) and D -/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by the use of movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as is done in IBA Cyclone ® 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse ...
The superconducting cyclotron (C400) is under design at IBA (Belgium) (1, 2). The cyclotron will ... more The superconducting cyclotron (C400) is under design at IBA (Belgium) (1, 2). The cyclotron will be able to accelerate 12C+6 and 2H+ ions up to the energy 400 MeV/nucleon and protons with the energy close to 260 MeV. The basic technical design line for the cyclotron extraction system uses passive magnetic correctors. By computer simulation with the 2D (POISSON) and 3D (TOSCA, MERMAID and MAFCOD) codes the principal design parameters of the extraction magnetic elements were estimated and their magnetic field maps were simulated. The field maps obtained are used for dynamic simulation of the extracted beam.
Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C7... more Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C70) [1]. The structure of the magnet reflects the need for isochronous magnetic fields able to accelerate ions with charge to mass ratio q/m=1 (H -) as well as ½ (D -, 4 He 2+ , H 2 +). The hills are split in 3 parts parallel to the median plane, correction coils being wound around the central parts with very tight tolerances. The whole machining and assembly process is tailored to ensure final gap values, parallelism and flatness to the tolerances required by the magnetic field for both particle types.
A superconducting cyclotron C400 able to accelerate carbon ions up to 400 MeV/amu and H2+ up to 2... more A superconducting cyclotron C400 able to accelerate carbon ions up to 400 MeV/amu and H2+ up to 260 MeV/amu has been designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with JINR (Russia). The ions extracted from the source and transported with the axial line are bent into the median plane of the cyclotron by a spiral inflector. The optimal design of the inflector and cyclotron center for acceleration of the ion beams in the 4th RF harmonic mode was investigated. A computer model of the dee geometry with the inflector and inflector housing was created. The 3D magnetic field map and 3D electric field map were used for beam dynamics simulations. Results of the beam tracking are presented.
Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C7... more Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C70) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). Main problems and solutions of the magnetic design and calculations are described. Two distinguished isochronous magnetic fields are necessary to accelerate both types of ions with charge to mass ratio q/m =1 /1(H − ) and 1/2(D − , α
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2011
ABSTRACT Several cyclotron development projects were recently realized by Ion Beam Applications S... more ABSTRACT Several cyclotron development projects were recently realized by Ion Beam Applications S.A. (IBA). This contribution presents three of them: (i) the intensity enhancement of the Cyclone 30 cyclotron, a machine mainly used for the production of SPECT isotopes. This project is related with the increased demand for 201Tl because of the shortage of Mo/Tc generators from nuclear reactors, (ii) development of a new versatile multiple-particle K=30 isotope-production cyclotron (the Cyclone 30XP) being able to accelerate H−, D− and also α-particles. The α-beam of this cyclotron will allow the production of new therapeutic isotopes (e.g. 211At) and (iii) commissioning of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed for Arronax in France. This machine is similar to the C30XP but provides higher energy (K=70) and allows research on new types of medical isotopes.
The C70 cyclotron accelerates ions with q/m =1 (H −) as well as q/m =1 / 2( D− ,H e 2+ ,H + 2 ). ... more The C70 cyclotron accelerates ions with q/m =1 (H −) as well as q/m =1 / 2( D− ,H e 2+ ,H + 2 ). The beam is in- jected axially and bent onto the median plane with a spiral inflector. An electrostatic deflector placed at the exit of the spiral inflector, is used for centering both types of particles. An ECR ion source produces the He2+ and H + 2 particles; a multicusp ion source produces the other two particles. A 90◦ dipole combination magnet bends both beams into the common vertical part of the injection line. The injection line further contains a quadrupole triplet that restores rota- tional beam symmetry and two solenoids that are used to match the beam to the cyclotron acceptance. A buncher is installed to increase the injection efficiency. The design ap- proach for the central region is discussed. The design and optical properties of the injection line is discussed.
At IBA a compact 14 MeV H + cyclotron is under construc-tion. A special feature of this cyclotron... more At IBA a compact 14 MeV H + cyclotron is under construc-tion. A special feature of this cyclotron is that there is no electrical deflector installed, ie the beam is self-extracted. This is achieved by a special shaping of the magnetic field, which shows a very steep fall-off near the outer ...
Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam d... more Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in these accelerators are covered. The problem of vertical focusing and iscochronism in compact isochronous cyclotrons is treated in some detail. Different methods for isochronization of the cyclotron magnetic field are discussed. The limits of the classical cyclotron are explained. Typical features of the synchro-cyclotron, such as the beam capture problem, stable phase motion, and the extraction problem are discussed. The main design goals for beam injection are explained and special problems related to a central region with an internal ion source are considered. The principle of a Penning ion gauge source is addressed. The issue of vertical focusing in the cyclotron centre is briefly discussed. Several examples of numerical simulations are given. Different methods of (axial) injection are briefly outlined. Different solutions for beam extraction are described. These include th...
The ASIPP (Hefei, China)-JINR (Dubna, Russia) collaboration is developing a superconducting cyclo... more The ASIPP (Hefei, China)-JINR (Dubna, Russia) collaboration is developing a superconducting cyclotron SC200 for proton therapy. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200MeV with maximum beam current of 1 μA. In 2015 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ASIPP, (Hefei, China) and Joint Institute for nuclear research, JINR (Dubna, Russia) started collaboration to develop a superconducting cyclotron for proton therapy. The first prototype of SC200, tuned and tested in Dubna, will remain at JINR and will be used for further research and development of cancer therapy by protons. The results of testing will be used by ASIPP for a serial SC200 manufacturing. The 200 MeV final energy has been chosen for this accelerator based on statistics for China for necessary depth of treatment and experience of work of the medical department in Laboratory of Nuclear problems on the base of JINR Phasotron. Mean magnetic field will be in the range of 2.9T-3.5T (cent...
IBA is currently developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone ® 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone ® 30XP... more IBA is currently developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone ® 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone ® 30XP cyclotron will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV (electrostatic extraction), deuteron (D -) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H -) beams between 15 and 30 MeV (stripping extraction). The magnet system has been updated with improved versions of IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. At first, coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane to allow mounting a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions, have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H -(q/m=1/1) and D -/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by the use of movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as is done in IBA Cyclone ® 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse ...
The superconducting cyclotron (C400) is under design at IBA (Belgium) (1, 2). The cyclotron will ... more The superconducting cyclotron (C400) is under design at IBA (Belgium) (1, 2). The cyclotron will be able to accelerate 12C+6 and 2H+ ions up to the energy 400 MeV/nucleon and protons with the energy close to 260 MeV. The basic technical design line for the cyclotron extraction system uses passive magnetic correctors. By computer simulation with the 2D (POISSON) and 3D (TOSCA, MERMAID and MAFCOD) codes the principal design parameters of the extraction magnetic elements were estimated and their magnetic field maps were simulated. The field maps obtained are used for dynamic simulation of the extracted beam.
Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C7... more Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C70) [1]. The structure of the magnet reflects the need for isochronous magnetic fields able to accelerate ions with charge to mass ratio q/m=1 (H -) as well as ½ (D -, 4 He 2+ , H 2 +). The hills are split in 3 parts parallel to the median plane, correction coils being wound around the central parts with very tight tolerances. The whole machining and assembly process is tailored to ensure final gap values, parallelism and flatness to the tolerances required by the magnetic field for both particle types.
A superconducting cyclotron C400 able to accelerate carbon ions up to 400 MeV/amu and H2+ up to 2... more A superconducting cyclotron C400 able to accelerate carbon ions up to 400 MeV/amu and H2+ up to 260 MeV/amu has been designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with JINR (Russia). The ions extracted from the source and transported with the axial line are bent into the median plane of the cyclotron by a spiral inflector. The optimal design of the inflector and cyclotron center for acceleration of the ion beams in the 4th RF harmonic mode was investigated. A computer model of the dee geometry with the inflector and inflector housing was created. The 3D magnetic field map and 3D electric field map were used for beam dynamics simulations. Results of the beam tracking are presented.
Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C7... more Presently IBA designs and produces a 70 MeV cyclotron for radiochemistry and nuclear medicine (C70) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). Main problems and solutions of the magnetic design and calculations are described. Two distinguished isochronous magnetic fields are necessary to accelerate both types of ions with charge to mass ratio q/m =1 /1(H − ) and 1/2(D − , α
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2011
ABSTRACT Several cyclotron development projects were recently realized by Ion Beam Applications S... more ABSTRACT Several cyclotron development projects were recently realized by Ion Beam Applications S.A. (IBA). This contribution presents three of them: (i) the intensity enhancement of the Cyclone 30 cyclotron, a machine mainly used for the production of SPECT isotopes. This project is related with the increased demand for 201Tl because of the shortage of Mo/Tc generators from nuclear reactors, (ii) development of a new versatile multiple-particle K=30 isotope-production cyclotron (the Cyclone 30XP) being able to accelerate H−, D− and also α-particles. The α-beam of this cyclotron will allow the production of new therapeutic isotopes (e.g. 211At) and (iii) commissioning of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed for Arronax in France. This machine is similar to the C30XP but provides higher energy (K=70) and allows research on new types of medical isotopes.
The C70 cyclotron accelerates ions with q/m =1 (H −) as well as q/m =1 / 2( D− ,H e 2+ ,H + 2 ). ... more The C70 cyclotron accelerates ions with q/m =1 (H −) as well as q/m =1 / 2( D− ,H e 2+ ,H + 2 ). The beam is in- jected axially and bent onto the median plane with a spiral inflector. An electrostatic deflector placed at the exit of the spiral inflector, is used for centering both types of particles. An ECR ion source produces the He2+ and H + 2 particles; a multicusp ion source produces the other two particles. A 90◦ dipole combination magnet bends both beams into the common vertical part of the injection line. The injection line further contains a quadrupole triplet that restores rota- tional beam symmetry and two solenoids that are used to match the beam to the cyclotron acceptance. A buncher is installed to increase the injection efficiency. The design ap- proach for the central region is discussed. The design and optical properties of the injection line is discussed.
At IBA a compact 14 MeV H + cyclotron is under construc-tion. A special feature of this cyclotron... more At IBA a compact 14 MeV H + cyclotron is under construc-tion. A special feature of this cyclotron is that there is no electrical deflector installed, ie the beam is self-extracted. This is achieved by a special shaping of the magnetic field, which shows a very steep fall-off near the outer ...
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