This article analyzed the motivational dimensions of tourists in Hong Kong. The study identified ... more This article analyzed the motivational dimensions of tourists in Hong Kong. The study identified eight motivational dimensions of food consumption of Chinese tourists and Western tourists. The study revealed both groups of tourists shared similar motives, such as service and assurance, food and knowledge, authentic and culture, interpersonal and price, and familiarity and eating habit. However, the Chinese and Western tourists have different emphasis on food consumption in terms of value, variety, prestige, and ambience. The differences can be associated to cultural factor. Findings are useful to decision makers and marketers in promoting Hong Kong as a leading food tourism destination.
Employees’ positive word of mouth (WOM) about hotel brands has a profound impact on customer choi... more Employees’ positive word of mouth (WOM) about hotel brands has a profound impact on customer choice and hotel effectiveness. On the basis of social identity theory and social information processing theory, we posit a moderated mediation model wherein hotel supervisors’ organizational identification (OI) increases their subordinates’ engagement in positive WOM behavior by enhancing subordinates’ OI. This relationship is moderated by supervisors’ upward-exchange relationships with their bosses (i.e., leader–leader exchange). Data from a two-wave survey conducted in a hotel in China indicate that employees working under supervisors with high levels of OI better identify with the hotel and engage in more positive WOM behavior. This is particularly the case when supervisors engage in high-quality leader–leader exchange and are well connected with their bosses. The article concludes with theoretical and practical implications highlighting the importance of cultivating employees’ organizat...
This study examines the relationships among environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, env... more This study examines the relationships among environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, environmental concern, and employee ecological behavior to implement green practices across the hotel industry. Structural equation modeling with a bootstrapping estimation was used with 385 employees from international tourist hotels in Hong Kong. The results show that environmental knowledge positively influences environmental concern and ecological behavior. In addition, employee environmental awareness mediates the relationship between environmental knowledge and concern, while both environmental awareness and concern appear to mediate the relationship between environmental knowledge and ecological behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of study results are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2015
Abstract Within the expatriation system in the hospitality industry, a large compensation gap exi... more Abstract Within the expatriation system in the hospitality industry, a large compensation gap exists between expatriates and local employees. Drawing upon equity and social exchange theories, this paper examines the relationship between the perceived reasonableness of the expatriate–local compensation gap and workplace deviance behaviors (organizational and interpersonal). Moreover, the paper discusses the moderating effect of power distance and traditionality as important cultural boundaries in this relationship. Results of a survey among 46 expatriates and 297 local employees in the Chinese hotel industry indicated that the perceived compensation gap is positively related to the organizational and interpersonal deviance of local subordinates. High traditionality mitigates the effect of the compensation gap on deviance. However, contrary to our expectation, high power distance exacerbates such effect. The paper likewise discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
ABSTRACT Government officials have recently paid more attention to emissions produced by power pl... more ABSTRACT Government officials have recently paid more attention to emissions produced by power plants and have called for more adoption of innovative energy-saving facilities. Among these energy-saving facilities, many scholars and governments have recommended using heat pumps. A heat pump is a kind of heat exchanging device capable of producing cooling and heating function or even hot water with energy-saving properties. Nevertheless, the principles and theories indicate that the heat pump functions should not be limited to a single functional mode at a time. It is possible to achieve bi-functional modes simultaneously via the heat recovery process. While some large heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems possess the dual functions simultaneously, this kind of bi-functional mode has not been available for the household size air-conditioner or heat pump. To prove this and check for its technical feasibility, a conversion of the existing household size air-conditioning system using the heat pump principle into the bi-functional mode was undertaken. Given over millions of small- and medium-size hospitality operators may benefit from it all over the world, a further investigation was undertaken in the second stage. Focus group interviews were conducted to identify the factors slowing and quickening the commercialization of the bi-functional mode type of the heat pump or air-conditioner with reference to network theory.
International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 2014
While there is a compelling need for hoteliers to understand the People’s Republic of China’s new... more While there is a compelling need for hoteliers to understand the People’s Republic of China’s new Employment Contract Law, previous studies on human resource management in China have neither focused on the hospitality industry nor addressed the impact of labor laws. In response, this study differentiates the new and old versions of the labor law. A comparative analysis covering 10 areas was also performed. It is expected that this study will provide personnel managers with insights into how to develop better strategic human resource management through the promotion of collective responsibility and through the creation of an improved employment culture in the industry.
Page 1. WORLD LEISURE No. 212006 O Copyright by the outhors In Pursuit of Operational Improvement... more Page 1. WORLD LEISURE No. 212006 O Copyright by the outhors In Pursuit of Operational Improvement in the Karaoke Box Business BARRY MAK, WILCO CHAN Hong Kong Polytechnic University Abstract Hong Kong's karaoke ...
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2007
... IATA) airlines in Europe and 17 in Asia that did not fall into any one of the four quadrants,... more ... IATA) airlines in Europe and 17 in Asia that did not fall into any one of the four quadrants, including carriers in India, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Mainland China ... The 13 airlines have already introduced and applied an Environmental Management System (EMS) – a ...
In recognition of the growing concern about the likely detrimental environmental impacts of hotel... more In recognition of the growing concern about the likely detrimental environmental impacts of hotel activities, an increasing number of tourism research publications highlight the importance of achieving sustainable tourism and accommodation. However, there is still a scarcity of numerical data which reflect the severity of the negative impacts on the environment created by the operations of hotel owners. This study compiles a database for hotels to design and construct an appropriate environmental impact index for Hong Kong as a first significant step towards creating a ‘green’ tourism satellite account for the city. It is estimated that the total environmental cost of the local hotel sector has increased by 400% in 16 years to HK$265 million in 2005. Computable or measurable environmental costs were used to establish a composite environmental index and it was discovered that it reached a peak in 2005. In the final analysis, the growth rate of the composite environmental index is com...
ABSTRACT This paper estimates the quantity of pollutant produced by the Hong Kong hotel industry ... more ABSTRACT This paper estimates the quantity of pollutant produced by the Hong Kong hotel industry through diesel oil consumption. A survey of 20 hotels was carried out to collect three years' energy consumption data. Regression analysis indicated that gross floor area was a major and statistically accepted factor in explaining diesel oil consumption. Diesel oil consumption had reduced from the early 1990s and stabilised by the late 1990s. The sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and particulate pollution created by the hotel industry's diesel oil usage from 1990 to 1999 is estimated. The findings indicate that existing green measures and devices are passive and depend on the assimilation of the atmosphere. Environmental costs have stabilised at about HK$54,000 per annum. More proactive approaches to reduce usage and environmental impacts are proposed.
With the continuing strong growth in international arrivals to Hong Kong, more hotels are plannin... more With the continuing strong growth in international arrivals to Hong Kong, more hotels are planning to open in the coming years. The sewage problem stemming from local hotels is expected to be worsened. The current study covers the years 1998 to 2005, plus a projection for the years 2006 to 2009. A survey of water use and conservation in 28 local hotels has been conducted. All established norms and ratios related to water consumption in this study are on a per room basis. The environmental impact of sewage discharged is converted into monetary terms on the basis of how much the hotel industry would need to spend in order to avoid the impacts. It is found that the average volume of water consumed per occupied room decreased from 1.145m3 in 1994-1996 to 0.904m3 in 2001-2002. In 2005, the environmental costs value was more than HK$187 million and exceeded HK$364 million in 2008. It is also found that flow regulator and submeter are the two most commonly used water-saving devices in loca...
This article focuses on the estimation and the environmental accounting of municipal solid waste ... more This article focuses on the estimation and the environmental accounting of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced by the hotel industry in Hong Kong. Five models to estimate the amount of the hotel industry’s MSW were developed. It was revealed that plastic toiletries in the industry ranked highest, and newspapers ranked second. Also, the research found that the minimum amount of MSW produced for each occupied room was 1.978 kg, and the quantity of MSW created by the Hong Kong hotel industry reached at least 53,070 tons in 1996, with an estimated environmental cost of 3.02 million Hong Kong dollars. The model predicted that local hotels would produce 53,607 tons of MSW by the year 2000. On average, the hotel industry’s share in the overall MSW was 1.5% in the 1986 to 2000 period. Based on the methodologies and findings, suggestions concerning green accounting at three levels are made.
This study aims to investigate the severity of the solid waste problem created by the local hotel... more This study aims to investigate the severity of the solid waste problem created by the local hotels, particularly with regard to the volume and total weight of newspapers distributed in hotels. Based on interviews with housekeepers, the study identified two groups of newspapers and proceeded to estimate the weight of the newspapers distributed in hotels using independent variables - the number of occupied room nights, intergroup ratio, average weight of newspapers, and country mix of in-house guests. A total of 52 hotels, representing two thirds (67%) of hotels in Hong Kong, responded to the survey. It was found that the total number of copies and total weight of distributed newspapers in 2002 reached 18 million and 5.6 million kilograms, respectively. Particularly, four-star hotels carried the largest number and the highest weight of newspapers. Suggestions for handling solid waste were recommended based on the findings.
The article identifies new features that are different from routine accounting practice by consul... more The article identifies new features that are different from routine accounting practice by consulting and comparing with an updated consultation paper of the establishment of real estate investment trusts (REITs), existing accounting reports, and the latest version of uniform accounting for hotels. The study identified 28 reporting items that requires additional work time to deal with under the proposed REITs, spreading across 8 items in balance sheet, 12 items in income statement, 7 items in notes to account, and all items in net income reconciliation. An approach investigating the time additions during start-up and routine stages was used. It is estimated that 25 working hours are required to start up the new information set, and 7 additional hours are needed to generate extra information as required by the REIT office on a routine basis, suggesting significant implications for training and development needs that are discussed here.
This article analyzed the motivational dimensions of tourists in Hong Kong. The study identified ... more This article analyzed the motivational dimensions of tourists in Hong Kong. The study identified eight motivational dimensions of food consumption of Chinese tourists and Western tourists. The study revealed both groups of tourists shared similar motives, such as service and assurance, food and knowledge, authentic and culture, interpersonal and price, and familiarity and eating habit. However, the Chinese and Western tourists have different emphasis on food consumption in terms of value, variety, prestige, and ambience. The differences can be associated to cultural factor. Findings are useful to decision makers and marketers in promoting Hong Kong as a leading food tourism destination.
Employees’ positive word of mouth (WOM) about hotel brands has a profound impact on customer choi... more Employees’ positive word of mouth (WOM) about hotel brands has a profound impact on customer choice and hotel effectiveness. On the basis of social identity theory and social information processing theory, we posit a moderated mediation model wherein hotel supervisors’ organizational identification (OI) increases their subordinates’ engagement in positive WOM behavior by enhancing subordinates’ OI. This relationship is moderated by supervisors’ upward-exchange relationships with their bosses (i.e., leader–leader exchange). Data from a two-wave survey conducted in a hotel in China indicate that employees working under supervisors with high levels of OI better identify with the hotel and engage in more positive WOM behavior. This is particularly the case when supervisors engage in high-quality leader–leader exchange and are well connected with their bosses. The article concludes with theoretical and practical implications highlighting the importance of cultivating employees’ organizat...
This study examines the relationships among environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, env... more This study examines the relationships among environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, environmental concern, and employee ecological behavior to implement green practices across the hotel industry. Structural equation modeling with a bootstrapping estimation was used with 385 employees from international tourist hotels in Hong Kong. The results show that environmental knowledge positively influences environmental concern and ecological behavior. In addition, employee environmental awareness mediates the relationship between environmental knowledge and concern, while both environmental awareness and concern appear to mediate the relationship between environmental knowledge and ecological behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of study results are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2015
Abstract Within the expatriation system in the hospitality industry, a large compensation gap exi... more Abstract Within the expatriation system in the hospitality industry, a large compensation gap exists between expatriates and local employees. Drawing upon equity and social exchange theories, this paper examines the relationship between the perceived reasonableness of the expatriate–local compensation gap and workplace deviance behaviors (organizational and interpersonal). Moreover, the paper discusses the moderating effect of power distance and traditionality as important cultural boundaries in this relationship. Results of a survey among 46 expatriates and 297 local employees in the Chinese hotel industry indicated that the perceived compensation gap is positively related to the organizational and interpersonal deviance of local subordinates. High traditionality mitigates the effect of the compensation gap on deviance. However, contrary to our expectation, high power distance exacerbates such effect. The paper likewise discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
ABSTRACT Government officials have recently paid more attention to emissions produced by power pl... more ABSTRACT Government officials have recently paid more attention to emissions produced by power plants and have called for more adoption of innovative energy-saving facilities. Among these energy-saving facilities, many scholars and governments have recommended using heat pumps. A heat pump is a kind of heat exchanging device capable of producing cooling and heating function or even hot water with energy-saving properties. Nevertheless, the principles and theories indicate that the heat pump functions should not be limited to a single functional mode at a time. It is possible to achieve bi-functional modes simultaneously via the heat recovery process. While some large heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems possess the dual functions simultaneously, this kind of bi-functional mode has not been available for the household size air-conditioner or heat pump. To prove this and check for its technical feasibility, a conversion of the existing household size air-conditioning system using the heat pump principle into the bi-functional mode was undertaken. Given over millions of small- and medium-size hospitality operators may benefit from it all over the world, a further investigation was undertaken in the second stage. Focus group interviews were conducted to identify the factors slowing and quickening the commercialization of the bi-functional mode type of the heat pump or air-conditioner with reference to network theory.
International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 2014
While there is a compelling need for hoteliers to understand the People’s Republic of China’s new... more While there is a compelling need for hoteliers to understand the People’s Republic of China’s new Employment Contract Law, previous studies on human resource management in China have neither focused on the hospitality industry nor addressed the impact of labor laws. In response, this study differentiates the new and old versions of the labor law. A comparative analysis covering 10 areas was also performed. It is expected that this study will provide personnel managers with insights into how to develop better strategic human resource management through the promotion of collective responsibility and through the creation of an improved employment culture in the industry.
Page 1. WORLD LEISURE No. 212006 O Copyright by the outhors In Pursuit of Operational Improvement... more Page 1. WORLD LEISURE No. 212006 O Copyright by the outhors In Pursuit of Operational Improvement in the Karaoke Box Business BARRY MAK, WILCO CHAN Hong Kong Polytechnic University Abstract Hong Kong's karaoke ...
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2007
... IATA) airlines in Europe and 17 in Asia that did not fall into any one of the four quadrants,... more ... IATA) airlines in Europe and 17 in Asia that did not fall into any one of the four quadrants, including carriers in India, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Mainland China ... The 13 airlines have already introduced and applied an Environmental Management System (EMS) – a ...
In recognition of the growing concern about the likely detrimental environmental impacts of hotel... more In recognition of the growing concern about the likely detrimental environmental impacts of hotel activities, an increasing number of tourism research publications highlight the importance of achieving sustainable tourism and accommodation. However, there is still a scarcity of numerical data which reflect the severity of the negative impacts on the environment created by the operations of hotel owners. This study compiles a database for hotels to design and construct an appropriate environmental impact index for Hong Kong as a first significant step towards creating a ‘green’ tourism satellite account for the city. It is estimated that the total environmental cost of the local hotel sector has increased by 400% in 16 years to HK$265 million in 2005. Computable or measurable environmental costs were used to establish a composite environmental index and it was discovered that it reached a peak in 2005. In the final analysis, the growth rate of the composite environmental index is com...
ABSTRACT This paper estimates the quantity of pollutant produced by the Hong Kong hotel industry ... more ABSTRACT This paper estimates the quantity of pollutant produced by the Hong Kong hotel industry through diesel oil consumption. A survey of 20 hotels was carried out to collect three years' energy consumption data. Regression analysis indicated that gross floor area was a major and statistically accepted factor in explaining diesel oil consumption. Diesel oil consumption had reduced from the early 1990s and stabilised by the late 1990s. The sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and particulate pollution created by the hotel industry's diesel oil usage from 1990 to 1999 is estimated. The findings indicate that existing green measures and devices are passive and depend on the assimilation of the atmosphere. Environmental costs have stabilised at about HK$54,000 per annum. More proactive approaches to reduce usage and environmental impacts are proposed.
With the continuing strong growth in international arrivals to Hong Kong, more hotels are plannin... more With the continuing strong growth in international arrivals to Hong Kong, more hotels are planning to open in the coming years. The sewage problem stemming from local hotels is expected to be worsened. The current study covers the years 1998 to 2005, plus a projection for the years 2006 to 2009. A survey of water use and conservation in 28 local hotels has been conducted. All established norms and ratios related to water consumption in this study are on a per room basis. The environmental impact of sewage discharged is converted into monetary terms on the basis of how much the hotel industry would need to spend in order to avoid the impacts. It is found that the average volume of water consumed per occupied room decreased from 1.145m3 in 1994-1996 to 0.904m3 in 2001-2002. In 2005, the environmental costs value was more than HK$187 million and exceeded HK$364 million in 2008. It is also found that flow regulator and submeter are the two most commonly used water-saving devices in loca...
This article focuses on the estimation and the environmental accounting of municipal solid waste ... more This article focuses on the estimation and the environmental accounting of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced by the hotel industry in Hong Kong. Five models to estimate the amount of the hotel industry’s MSW were developed. It was revealed that plastic toiletries in the industry ranked highest, and newspapers ranked second. Also, the research found that the minimum amount of MSW produced for each occupied room was 1.978 kg, and the quantity of MSW created by the Hong Kong hotel industry reached at least 53,070 tons in 1996, with an estimated environmental cost of 3.02 million Hong Kong dollars. The model predicted that local hotels would produce 53,607 tons of MSW by the year 2000. On average, the hotel industry’s share in the overall MSW was 1.5% in the 1986 to 2000 period. Based on the methodologies and findings, suggestions concerning green accounting at three levels are made.
This study aims to investigate the severity of the solid waste problem created by the local hotel... more This study aims to investigate the severity of the solid waste problem created by the local hotels, particularly with regard to the volume and total weight of newspapers distributed in hotels. Based on interviews with housekeepers, the study identified two groups of newspapers and proceeded to estimate the weight of the newspapers distributed in hotels using independent variables - the number of occupied room nights, intergroup ratio, average weight of newspapers, and country mix of in-house guests. A total of 52 hotels, representing two thirds (67%) of hotels in Hong Kong, responded to the survey. It was found that the total number of copies and total weight of distributed newspapers in 2002 reached 18 million and 5.6 million kilograms, respectively. Particularly, four-star hotels carried the largest number and the highest weight of newspapers. Suggestions for handling solid waste were recommended based on the findings.
The article identifies new features that are different from routine accounting practice by consul... more The article identifies new features that are different from routine accounting practice by consulting and comparing with an updated consultation paper of the establishment of real estate investment trusts (REITs), existing accounting reports, and the latest version of uniform accounting for hotels. The study identified 28 reporting items that requires additional work time to deal with under the proposed REITs, spreading across 8 items in balance sheet, 12 items in income statement, 7 items in notes to account, and all items in net income reconciliation. An approach investigating the time additions during start-up and routine stages was used. It is estimated that 25 working hours are required to start up the new information set, and 7 additional hours are needed to generate extra information as required by the REIT office on a routine basis, suggesting significant implications for training and development needs that are discussed here.
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Papers by Wilco W. H. Chan