The effects of variable snow cover on ecosystem structure and function have been well-documented ... more The effects of variable snow cover on ecosystem structure and function have been well-documented in cold, temperate ecosystems, especially in high-elevation treeline and alpine landscapes where long, windy winters can produce dramatic variations in snow depths over short distances. Additionally, wind directions, snowfall, and resultant snow-distribution patterns are essentially the same year after year, allowing for relatively steady state environmental
Bulletin of The Ecological Society of America, Jun 1, 1995
As part of the Gap Analysis Program (National Biological survey) the land cover of Wyoming was ma... more As part of the Gap Analysis Program (National Biological survey) the land cover of Wyoming was mapped into 46 classes using the Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellite. This map was subsequently analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS) to calculate the amount of each type present in the state and to characterize each of the 46 types in terms of annual precipitation, minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature, growing degree days and elevation. Simple GCM-based climate change scenarios (changes in temperature and precipitation) were examined in relation to these characterizations. Results indicate that Wyoming types occupy overlapping climatic {open_quotes}envelopes{close_quotes} and possible climate change resulting from increased greenhouse gasses could result in significant changes in the Wyoming landscape.
Page 1. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984, pp. 31-36 TEMPERATURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIR... more Page 1. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984, pp. 31-36 TEMPERATURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION GRADIENTS OF THE WHI'E MOUNTAINS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, USA WILLIAM A. REINERS* Department of ...
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their i... more Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their importance in global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Modeling techniques are needed for simulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. In this study, we modified the ecosystem model CENTURY to simulate changes in N2O and NO soil emissions through the process of converting tropical moist forests to pastures in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Measurements of water-filled pore space (WFPS) and fluxes of N2O and NO from a chronosequence of pastures were used for calibration and testing of the model. It was found that the N2O + NO - WFPS and N2O:NO - WFPS relationships as developed from primary forests could be generalized to the chronosequence of pastures and other land use systems in the region. Modeled net increases (compared to primary forests) in total N2O and NO production after conversion from forest to pasture were 514 kg N ha(-1) during the first 15 years under normal field conditions. The nitrogen loss in the form of N2O and NO during the first 15 years could range from 401 to 548 kg N ha(-1), depending on the amounts of forest residue remaining on pasture sites. N2O-N accounted for 90% of the gas fluxes, while NO-N accounted for 10%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the impacts of forest-pasture conversion on N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere were complex, depending on the initial conditions of the forest-derived pastures, management practices, soil physical and chemical conditions and their changes over time, N availability, and climate. It is therefore important to incorporate the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of those controlling factors in estimating regional and global N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. [References: 37
Environmental and Experimental Botany, Jul 1, 1988
... Pergamon Press plc FACTORS CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF THROUGHFALL IN A SUBALPINE ... more ... Pergamon Press plc FACTORS CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF THROUGHFALL IN A SUBALPINE BALSAM FIR CANOPY DOUGLAS A. SCHAEFER,* WILLIAM A ... REFERENCES 1. ABRAHAMSEN G. (1980) Acid precipitation, plant nutrients and plant growth ...
Five canopy components of subalpine balsam fir forests (branches with young needles, branches wit... more Five canopy components of subalpine balsam fir forests (branches with young needles, branches with old needles, non-foliated twigs, lichen-covered twigs, and boles) were treated with simulated rain to test the influence of these components on throughfall and stemflow chemistry. Effects on the fluxes of potassium, sodium, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions by the canopy components were tested in relation to rain application rate, duration of rain, and time since the last rain. Interactions between ionic behavior and components were complex. In general, the ionic behavior ranged from high levels of net efflux to mixed influx-efflux to high levels of influx in the order: sulfate, potassium, sodium, nitrate, hydrogen, ammonium. In cases in which application rates produced significantly different results, net flux rates increased with application rate. Branch components mostly ranged from low flux rates (either influx or efflux) to high rates according to the order: young needles<old needles<twigs<lichencovered twigs.
Page 1. PLANT DIVERSITY IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE AT GLACIER BAY, ALASKA1 ... Abstract. Eight sites of ... more Page 1. PLANT DIVERSITY IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE AT GLACIER BAY, ALASKA1 ... Abstract. Eight sites of known age were sampled in Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska, to examine the changes in plant diversity during primary succession in that region. ...
... Syracuse University, Department of Civil Engineering, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA... more ... Syracuse University, Department of Civil Engineering, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. tDepartment of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Page 262. 242 Acidic Precipitation Compared to the substantial body of literature on TF chemistry (cf. ...
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Jul 1, 1981
FAHEY, TIMOTHY J. and WILLIAM A. REINERS (Dept. Biol., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, New Hampshire 03... more FAHEY, TIMOTHY J. and WILLIAM A. REINERS (Dept. Biol., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, New Hampshire 03755), Fire in the forests of Maine and New Hampshire. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 362-373. 1981.-Modern fire records for Maine and New Hampshire and other historical evidence were investigated to infer the occurrence and distribution of fire in pre-settlement time. Between the decades of 1910-1920 and 1960-1970 fire incidence increased and average fire size decreased sharply, with the net effect being a several-fold diminution of land burned per year. Fire was unequally distributed among forest types. Pine-dominated forests in the south-coastal part of the States were burned most frequently, with northern hardwood forests in central portions intermediate and spruce-fir forests least influenced by fire. The spruce-fir type in northern New England appears to be an exception to the generalization that coniferous forests burn more readily than hardwoods. Historical evidence suggests that in preColumbian time a significant potential for fire ignition existed in association with lightning and the incendiary activities of Native Americans. Because human control of fire size was lacking, the extent of prehistoric fires may have equalled that in the early Twentieth century.
The effects of variable snow cover on ecosystem structure and function have been well-documented ... more The effects of variable snow cover on ecosystem structure and function have been well-documented in cold, temperate ecosystems, especially in high-elevation treeline and alpine landscapes where long, windy winters can produce dramatic variations in snow depths over short distances. Additionally, wind directions, snowfall, and resultant snow-distribution patterns are essentially the same year after year, allowing for relatively steady state environmental
Bulletin of The Ecological Society of America, Jun 1, 1995
As part of the Gap Analysis Program (National Biological survey) the land cover of Wyoming was ma... more As part of the Gap Analysis Program (National Biological survey) the land cover of Wyoming was mapped into 46 classes using the Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellite. This map was subsequently analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS) to calculate the amount of each type present in the state and to characterize each of the 46 types in terms of annual precipitation, minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature, growing degree days and elevation. Simple GCM-based climate change scenarios (changes in temperature and precipitation) were examined in relation to these characterizations. Results indicate that Wyoming types occupy overlapping climatic {open_quotes}envelopes{close_quotes} and possible climate change resulting from increased greenhouse gasses could result in significant changes in the Wyoming landscape.
Page 1. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984, pp. 31-36 TEMPERATURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIR... more Page 1. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984, pp. 31-36 TEMPERATURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION GRADIENTS OF THE WHI'E MOUNTAINS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, USA WILLIAM A. REINERS* Department of ...
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their i... more Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their importance in global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Modeling techniques are needed for simulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. In this study, we modified the ecosystem model CENTURY to simulate changes in N2O and NO soil emissions through the process of converting tropical moist forests to pastures in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Measurements of water-filled pore space (WFPS) and fluxes of N2O and NO from a chronosequence of pastures were used for calibration and testing of the model. It was found that the N2O + NO - WFPS and N2O:NO - WFPS relationships as developed from primary forests could be generalized to the chronosequence of pastures and other land use systems in the region. Modeled net increases (compared to primary forests) in total N2O and NO production after conversion from forest to pasture were 514 kg N ha(-1) during the first 15 years under normal field conditions. The nitrogen loss in the form of N2O and NO during the first 15 years could range from 401 to 548 kg N ha(-1), depending on the amounts of forest residue remaining on pasture sites. N2O-N accounted for 90% of the gas fluxes, while NO-N accounted for 10%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the impacts of forest-pasture conversion on N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere were complex, depending on the initial conditions of the forest-derived pastures, management practices, soil physical and chemical conditions and their changes over time, N availability, and climate. It is therefore important to incorporate the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of those controlling factors in estimating regional and global N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. [References: 37
Environmental and Experimental Botany, Jul 1, 1988
... Pergamon Press plc FACTORS CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF THROUGHFALL IN A SUBALPINE ... more ... Pergamon Press plc FACTORS CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF THROUGHFALL IN A SUBALPINE BALSAM FIR CANOPY DOUGLAS A. SCHAEFER,* WILLIAM A ... REFERENCES 1. ABRAHAMSEN G. (1980) Acid precipitation, plant nutrients and plant growth ...
Five canopy components of subalpine balsam fir forests (branches with young needles, branches wit... more Five canopy components of subalpine balsam fir forests (branches with young needles, branches with old needles, non-foliated twigs, lichen-covered twigs, and boles) were treated with simulated rain to test the influence of these components on throughfall and stemflow chemistry. Effects on the fluxes of potassium, sodium, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions by the canopy components were tested in relation to rain application rate, duration of rain, and time since the last rain. Interactions between ionic behavior and components were complex. In general, the ionic behavior ranged from high levels of net efflux to mixed influx-efflux to high levels of influx in the order: sulfate, potassium, sodium, nitrate, hydrogen, ammonium. In cases in which application rates produced significantly different results, net flux rates increased with application rate. Branch components mostly ranged from low flux rates (either influx or efflux) to high rates according to the order: young needles<old needles<twigs<lichencovered twigs.
Page 1. PLANT DIVERSITY IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE AT GLACIER BAY, ALASKA1 ... Abstract. Eight sites of ... more Page 1. PLANT DIVERSITY IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE AT GLACIER BAY, ALASKA1 ... Abstract. Eight sites of known age were sampled in Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska, to examine the changes in plant diversity during primary succession in that region. ...
... Syracuse University, Department of Civil Engineering, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA... more ... Syracuse University, Department of Civil Engineering, 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. tDepartment of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Page 262. 242 Acidic Precipitation Compared to the substantial body of literature on TF chemistry (cf. ...
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Jul 1, 1981
FAHEY, TIMOTHY J. and WILLIAM A. REINERS (Dept. Biol., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, New Hampshire 03... more FAHEY, TIMOTHY J. and WILLIAM A. REINERS (Dept. Biol., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, New Hampshire 03755), Fire in the forests of Maine and New Hampshire. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 362-373. 1981.-Modern fire records for Maine and New Hampshire and other historical evidence were investigated to infer the occurrence and distribution of fire in pre-settlement time. Between the decades of 1910-1920 and 1960-1970 fire incidence increased and average fire size decreased sharply, with the net effect being a several-fold diminution of land burned per year. Fire was unequally distributed among forest types. Pine-dominated forests in the south-coastal part of the States were burned most frequently, with northern hardwood forests in central portions intermediate and spruce-fir forests least influenced by fire. The spruce-fir type in northern New England appears to be an exception to the generalization that coniferous forests burn more readily than hardwoods. Historical evidence suggests that in preColumbian time a significant potential for fire ignition existed in association with lightning and the incendiary activities of Native Americans. Because human control of fire size was lacking, the extent of prehistoric fires may have equalled that in the early Twentieth century.
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