Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Aug 15, 2012
Monitoring and evaluation (M&... more Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is fundamental to global HIV program implementation and has been a cornerstone of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Rapid results were crucial to demonstrating feasibility and scalability of HIV care and treatment services early in PEPFAR. When national HIV M&E systems were nascent, the rapid influx of funds and the emergency expansion of HIV services contributed to the development of uncoordinated "parallel" information systems to serve donor demands for information. Close collaboration of PEPFAR with multilateral and national partners improved harmonization of indicators, standards, methods, tools, and reports. Concurrent PEPFAR investments in surveillance, surveys, program monitoring, health information systems, and human capacity development began to show signs of progress toward sustainable country-owned systems. Awareness of the need for and usefulness of data increased, far beyond discussions of indicators and reporting. Emphasis has turned toward ensuring the quality of data and using available data to improve the quality of care. Assessing progress toward an AIDS-free generation requires that the global community can measure the reduction of new HIV infections in children and adults and monitor the coverage, quality, and outcomes of highly efficacious interventions in combination. Building national M&E systems requires sustained efforts over long periods of time with effective leadership and coordination. PEPFAR, in close collaboration with its global and national partners, is well positioned to transform the successes and challenges associated with early rapid scale-up into future opportunities for sustainable, cost-effective, country-owned programs and systems.
<p>The KM survival curves for each grouped factor were identified by color and pattern diff... more <p>The KM survival curves for each grouped factor were identified by color and pattern differences. They showed the recovery rates over the OTP intervention. The KM curves enable to compare the recovery rates between those with and without diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite with Plumpy'Nut, failure to gain weight and over children who took de-worming and amoxicillin drugs as compared to those who didn't take the drugs. The log-rank tests the significance of the observed differences in recovery rates on the KM survival curves between the grouped factors. <i>X<sup>2</sup>: Chi-squared test</i>.</p
▪<p><i>The proportion of each medication administered out of all medications (the den... more ▪<p><i>The proportion of each medication administered out of all medications (the denominator is the total medication administered)</i>.</p>□<p><i>The proportion of children who took the each medication (the denominator is the total eligible children in the study).</i></p
*<p><i>Significant at P<0.05,</i></p>**<p><i>significant a... more *<p><i>Significant at P<0.05,</i></p>**<p><i>significant at P<0.01,</i></p>***<p><i>significant at P<0.001.</i></p><p><i>N/A: Not applicable and N/A<sup>+</sup> not applicable i.e. children less than one year ages are not eligible to take de-worming tabs).</i></p><p><i>HR = Hazard ratio.</i></p><p><i>All the predictors in the table were adjusted for one another to control for confounding effect.</i></p
<p><sup><$>\raster(70%)="rg3"<$></sup><i>The medica... more <p><sup><$>\raster(70%)="rg3"<$></sup><i>The medical problems were reported unclassified for their types, magnitude and severities.</i></p>▪<p><i>The proportion of each medical problems out of all (the denominator is the children the medical problems).</i></p>□<p><i>The proportion of children who had medical problems (the denominator is the total children in the study).</i></p
<p>The phenomena regarding the child nutrition were assumed to be homogenous among the dist... more <p>The phenomena regarding the child nutrition were assumed to be homogenous among the districts of the study zone. Thus, four districts out of nine were selected using simple random sampling. The health facilities rendering OTP were stratified into health centers and health posts. One health center and three satellite health posts were included from each district. Using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), the n1, n2, n3, and n4 samples were drawn. Finally, the OTP record card of each child was selected using systematic random sampling. <i>HP: health post; HC: health center</i>.</p
bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su r... more bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed
Research article Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school y... more Research article Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school youth in Ethiopia
Behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) are an integral part of surveillance systems that enable mo... more Behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) are an integral part of surveillance systems that enable monitoring of the HIV epidemic. Surveillance systems for assessing and monitoring of trends in HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and their interactions are key to informing an effective and efficient response to the epidemic. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) World Health Organization (WHO) Family Health International (FHI) and others have worked together to develop a new framework for HIV surveillance. This framework known as Second Generation HIV Surveillance stresses the need to design a surveillance system that is appropriate to the stage of the epidemic in a country focusing surveillance resources on population groups in which HIV infection is most likely to be concentrated. In particular it emphasizes the importance of using behavioral data to inform and explain trends recorded in HIV infection amongst a population and advocates for the increased use o...
Resumo O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a contribuição do DOTS comunitário, do inglês “Directly Obs... more Resumo O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a contribuição do DOTS comunitário, do inglês “Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course”, nas ações de prevenção e controle da tuberculose na atenção primária no Brasil e na Etiópia, a partir das percepções e práticas dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS). Utilizou-se o referencial conceitual e metodológico dos sítios simbólicos de pertencimento, com suas três tipologias: caixas preta, conceitual e operacional. Empregou-se o estudo de dois casos contrastantes, triangulando e complementando informações advindas de entrevistas semiestruturadas com ACS e profissionais de saúde e também observação participante. Os achados destacam o sentido de comprometimento dos ACS como um valor importante nas ações desenvolvidas em ambos contextos. Os principais desafios são a insuficiência de capacitação e supervisão das ações realizadas (caixa conceitual), assim como as dificuldades de acesso (caixa de ferramentas), expressas em distâncias geográficas no caso...
International journal of public health, Jan 18, 2016
This study aimed at conducting a strategic analysis of Tuberculosis prevention and control action... more This study aimed at conducting a strategic analysis of Tuberculosis prevention and control actions in Brazil and Ethiopia, looking at the potential of directly observed treatment short-course strategy (DOTS) and community DOTS in both countries. Literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline-Ovid, EMBASE, and SCIELO databases. The reviewed terms were Tuberculosis, prevention and control and Brazil (or Brasil) or Ethiopia (or Etiopia). Study's eligibility included article's title or abstract in English or Portuguese and comprised the following Tuberculosis policy components: management; care; communication, and social mobilization; training and professional development; epidemiological surveillance, and monitoring and evaluation. The study identified, compared, and analyzed the challenges and recommendations reported in the literature. Although DOTS was not able to address all the difficulties regarding Tuberculosis control and prevention, it contributes to overcome ch...
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Aug 15, 2012
Monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;... more Monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;E) is fundamental to global HIV program implementation and has been a cornerstone of the President&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Rapid results were crucial to demonstrating feasibility and scalability of HIV care and treatment services early in PEPFAR. When national HIV M&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;E systems were nascent, the rapid influx of funds and the emergency expansion of HIV services contributed to the development of uncoordinated &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;parallel&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; information systems to serve donor demands for information. Close collaboration of PEPFAR with multilateral and national partners improved harmonization of indicators, standards, methods, tools, and reports. Concurrent PEPFAR investments in surveillance, surveys, program monitoring, health information systems, and human capacity development began to show signs of progress toward sustainable country-owned systems. Awareness of the need for and usefulness of data increased, far beyond discussions of indicators and reporting. Emphasis has turned toward ensuring the quality of data and using available data to improve the quality of care. Assessing progress toward an AIDS-free generation requires that the global community can measure the reduction of new HIV infections in children and adults and monitor the coverage, quality, and outcomes of highly efficacious interventions in combination. Building national M&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;E systems requires sustained efforts over long periods of time with effective leadership and coordination. PEPFAR, in close collaboration with its global and national partners, is well positioned to transform the successes and challenges associated with early rapid scale-up into future opportunities for sustainable, cost-effective, country-owned programs and systems.
<p>The KM survival curves for each grouped factor were identified by color and pattern diff... more <p>The KM survival curves for each grouped factor were identified by color and pattern differences. They showed the recovery rates over the OTP intervention. The KM curves enable to compare the recovery rates between those with and without diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite with Plumpy'Nut, failure to gain weight and over children who took de-worming and amoxicillin drugs as compared to those who didn't take the drugs. The log-rank tests the significance of the observed differences in recovery rates on the KM survival curves between the grouped factors. <i>X<sup>2</sup>: Chi-squared test</i>.</p
▪<p><i>The proportion of each medication administered out of all medications (the den... more ▪<p><i>The proportion of each medication administered out of all medications (the denominator is the total medication administered)</i>.</p>□<p><i>The proportion of children who took the each medication (the denominator is the total eligible children in the study).</i></p
*<p><i>Significant at P<0.05,</i></p>**<p><i>significant a... more *<p><i>Significant at P<0.05,</i></p>**<p><i>significant at P<0.01,</i></p>***<p><i>significant at P<0.001.</i></p><p><i>N/A: Not applicable and N/A<sup>+</sup> not applicable i.e. children less than one year ages are not eligible to take de-worming tabs).</i></p><p><i>HR = Hazard ratio.</i></p><p><i>All the predictors in the table were adjusted for one another to control for confounding effect.</i></p
<p><sup><$>\raster(70%)="rg3"<$></sup><i>The medica... more <p><sup><$>\raster(70%)="rg3"<$></sup><i>The medical problems were reported unclassified for their types, magnitude and severities.</i></p>▪<p><i>The proportion of each medical problems out of all (the denominator is the children the medical problems).</i></p>□<p><i>The proportion of children who had medical problems (the denominator is the total children in the study).</i></p
<p>The phenomena regarding the child nutrition were assumed to be homogenous among the dist... more <p>The phenomena regarding the child nutrition were assumed to be homogenous among the districts of the study zone. Thus, four districts out of nine were selected using simple random sampling. The health facilities rendering OTP were stratified into health centers and health posts. One health center and three satellite health posts were included from each district. Using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), the n1, n2, n3, and n4 samples were drawn. Finally, the OTP record card of each child was selected using systematic random sampling. <i>HP: health post; HC: health center</i>.</p
bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su r... more bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed Pu bl ic Di sc lo su re A ut ho riz ed
Research article Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school y... more Research article Khat and alcohol use and risky sex behaviour among in-school and out-of-school youth in Ethiopia
Behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) are an integral part of surveillance systems that enable mo... more Behavioral surveillance surveys (BSS) are an integral part of surveillance systems that enable monitoring of the HIV epidemic. Surveillance systems for assessing and monitoring of trends in HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and their interactions are key to informing an effective and efficient response to the epidemic. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) World Health Organization (WHO) Family Health International (FHI) and others have worked together to develop a new framework for HIV surveillance. This framework known as Second Generation HIV Surveillance stresses the need to design a surveillance system that is appropriate to the stage of the epidemic in a country focusing surveillance resources on population groups in which HIV infection is most likely to be concentrated. In particular it emphasizes the importance of using behavioral data to inform and explain trends recorded in HIV infection amongst a population and advocates for the increased use o...
Resumo O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a contribuição do DOTS comunitário, do inglês “Directly Obs... more Resumo O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a contribuição do DOTS comunitário, do inglês “Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course”, nas ações de prevenção e controle da tuberculose na atenção primária no Brasil e na Etiópia, a partir das percepções e práticas dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS). Utilizou-se o referencial conceitual e metodológico dos sítios simbólicos de pertencimento, com suas três tipologias: caixas preta, conceitual e operacional. Empregou-se o estudo de dois casos contrastantes, triangulando e complementando informações advindas de entrevistas semiestruturadas com ACS e profissionais de saúde e também observação participante. Os achados destacam o sentido de comprometimento dos ACS como um valor importante nas ações desenvolvidas em ambos contextos. Os principais desafios são a insuficiência de capacitação e supervisão das ações realizadas (caixa conceitual), assim como as dificuldades de acesso (caixa de ferramentas), expressas em distâncias geográficas no caso...
International journal of public health, Jan 18, 2016
This study aimed at conducting a strategic analysis of Tuberculosis prevention and control action... more This study aimed at conducting a strategic analysis of Tuberculosis prevention and control actions in Brazil and Ethiopia, looking at the potential of directly observed treatment short-course strategy (DOTS) and community DOTS in both countries. Literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline-Ovid, EMBASE, and SCIELO databases. The reviewed terms were Tuberculosis, prevention and control and Brazil (or Brasil) or Ethiopia (or Etiopia). Study's eligibility included article's title or abstract in English or Portuguese and comprised the following Tuberculosis policy components: management; care; communication, and social mobilization; training and professional development; epidemiological surveillance, and monitoring and evaluation. The study identified, compared, and analyzed the challenges and recommendations reported in the literature. Although DOTS was not able to address all the difficulties regarding Tuberculosis control and prevention, it contributes to overcome ch...
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