Paul ZAMBO, is the Vice-Chancellor of Wilson Unviersity of Bertoua (Higher School of Applied Sciences of Bertoua - ESSAB). He is also a Lecturer and publisher.
Doctoral School of Applied Sciences of Wilson University - Higher School of Applied Sciences of Bertoua, 2016
Abstract
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contri... more Abstract
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contribution to global GDP (iGDP) of 14 African countries in six sectors: financial services, education, health, retail, agriculture, and government. Results proved that Technology-related productivity gains in these sectors could reach $148 billion to $318 billion by 2025, and large populations stand to benefit as a result. Their contributions are as follows:
Financial services. The Internet will reduce transaction costs and bring financial services to people who may live far from the nearest bank branch or ATM. With digital technology, more than 60 percent of Africans could have access to banking services by 2025, with more than 90 percent using mobile wallets for daily transactions and remittances.
Education. Many schools that currently lack sufficient textbooks could soon access the world’s best educational content on affordable tablets or e books; teachers, too, will benefit from more effective training. The technology-related productivity gains in education could reach $30 billion to almost $70 billion—enabling governments to achieve more with their education budgets and providing millions of students with the foundation for a better future.
Health. Today, Africa has only 1.1 doctors and 2.7 nurses per 1,000 people, and many people travel long distances for care. But the Internet is enabling greater use of remote diagnosis, treatment, and education. Technology-related benefits in health care could range from $84 billion to $188 billion by 2025—and the broader social and economic impact of improved health outcomes will be far greater.
Retail. E commerce will open up a new shopping experience for Africa’s growing middle class. By 2025, it could account for 10 percent of retail sales in the continent’s largest economies, which will translate into some $75 billion in annual revenue.
Agriculture. Farmers can access expertise and information on everything from weather, crop selection, and pest control to management and finance. It can also improve access to markets, generating better prices for produce.
Government. The Internet is a powerful tool to improve transparency, streamline service delivery, and automate revenue collection, delivering productivity gains of $10 billion to $25 billion.
But alongside these opportunities, there are problems associated with the dynamics of this new interactive media. This has a real impact on small to medium enterprises (SMEs), particularly e-commerce, e-marketing and e-business implementation.
The paper is also answering the question how can African SMEs scope with E-marketing (EM) as one of the key drivers in sustaining an organization’s competitive advantage? The paper is also reviewing a summarizing methodology ways of estimating Internet GDP (iDGP) contribution’s to global GDP of an economy.
The iGDP for the 14 countries we studied is $17.7 billion, which is 1.1 percent of their total GDP. (Since these countries represent 90 percent of Africa’s GDP, they account for the vast majority of its iGDP as well. We estimate iGDP for the entire continent to be in the range of $18 billion to $18.5 billion ). Private consumption of Internet-related services and equipment, including smartphones, accounts for two-thirds of this total. Public expenditure on the Internet, including digitization of education and health services, contributes only 11 percent to iGDP. Private investment in infrastructure and digitization accounts for a further 9 percent, while the remainder is a positive trade balance created by BPO services. In the area of GDP, Africa’s iGDP (which measures the Internet’s contribution to overall GDP) remains low, at 1.1 percent—just over half the levels seen in other emerging economies. But there is significant variation among individual countries. Senegal and Kenya, though not the continent’s largest economies, have Africa’s highest iGDPs, and governments in both countries have made concerted efforts to stimulate Internet demand.
By 2025, Africa’s iGDP should grow to at least 5 to 6 percent, matching that of leading economies such as Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. However, if the Internet achieves the same kind of scale and impact as the spread of mobile phones in Africa, iGDP could account for as much as 10 percent, or $300 billion, of total GDP while producing a leap forward in economic and social development. We also discussed mainly on policy and practices for African SMEs already dealing with digital technology to lay ground on their performance and turn-over. Three aspects are then developed: e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing.
The paper has some limits. It is not a study being carried out with hypotheses, but a sample of summarizing studies carried out worldwide by different authors in which Africa SMEs and Countries are just listed.
Keywords: McKinsey internet GDP index; Africa SMEs digital technology; e-marketing; e-business; e-commerce; small business; SMEs.
FRANÇAIS
Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le pr... more FRANÇAIS Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le programme gouvernemental (PNDP) et ses partenaires au développement souffraient de graves insuffisances dans leur durabilité. Ceux-ci sont généralement inexploitables à long terme, tombent facilement en panne, et dans certains cas avant même la période de retenue de garantie de 06 mois allouée. Afin de permettre une durabilité des ouvrages que le gouvernement est appelé à construire dans les années avenir avec ses différents partenaires, il est souhaitable que de nouvelles pratiques qui s’appliquent sur une durabilité efficientes soient mise en œuvre. Car la question primordiale qui se pose est de savoir pourquoi les partenaires au développement remettent-il en cause les nouvelles pratiques de durabilité ? Ces pratiques anciennes justifient-elles le retour à un développement durable ou produisent-elles les anciennes erreurs des anciennes politiques de développement basées sur le top-down approach ? Ces erreurs peuvent-elles être corrigées ? En se référant à ce questionnement, on se fixe pour objectif général de contribuer à l’amélioration de la gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés dans les communes d’Abong-Mbang, Dimako et Doumé dans la Région de l’Est-Cameroun afin d‟assurer la pérennité de ceux-ci dans l'intérêt collectif des populations. La principale hypothèse à vérifier stipule que: « Le principe du moins disant en passation des marchés publics conditionne la qualité d’un ouvrage hydraulique ».
Key Words : Economie locale, Ouvrages hydrauliques, passation des marchés, Moins-disant, Projets hydrauliques
ABSTRACT ENGLISH We have come to realize most of the hydraulic projects funded by the State funding agency PNDP and its development partners were mostly not sustainable, easily break down, even before the retention guaranty period of six months is completed. Aiming at revamping the sustainability of hydraulic structure funding by the Government in the coming years with its different partners, it is required-able to put in place new practices with new lines as far as sustainability is concerned. The main question to be rely on is to know why development partners are not refusing to put in place new practices as far as sustainability practices are concerned. These old practices can they justify the coming back to sustainable development or Are they producing most used development errors based on the top-down approach? Can those errors be corrected? Following this set of questions, we fix the main general objective as to ameliorate the management of hydraulic structures built in some council Abong-Mbang, Dimako and Doumé in the East-Region of Cameroon so that we can assure the sustainability in regards with the well-being and general interest of the population. The main hypothesis to be verified is as follows: the principle of the Lesser Cost in public bidder procurement (OPA) is conditioning the quality of hydraulic infrastructures.
Keywords: water projects, management mechanisms, Lesser Cost in public bidder, durability of structures, community development, Abong-Mbang, Dimako, Doumé.
ABSTRACT
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view... more ABSTRACT
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view of the value of money. In one hand, we present the framework of the conception of this vision from the point of view of Karl Marx, and in the other one, we present it from the angle of the African economies that are tied up by the French system. Thus, Karl Marx demonstrates that money has no value, because its value remains only on more market value, the holder of the money, does not make good use at the level of social mores. He becomes deviant. Mr. Monga, makes us browse the lack of value of the money of the African economies confiscated in the accounts of operations of the French treasury, because this money is not productive because of the investments that it does to the detriment of the beneficiaries.
Key Words – Value of money – Indebtedness – Alienation – Bank excess liquidity.
RESUME
La présente publication analyse deux situations l’une précédent l’autre, il s’agit de la vision opposée sur la valeur de l’argent. D’un coté, nous présentons le cadre de la conception de cette vision sous l’angle de Karl Marx, de l’autre nous la présentons sous l’angle des économies africaines du système franc. Ainsi, Karl Marx démontre que l’argent n’a pas de valeur, parce sa valeur ne reste qu’une valeur marchande de plus, le détenteur de l’argent, ne fait pas bon usage au niveau des mœurs sociales. Il devient déviant. Monsieur Monga, nous fait parcourir l’absence de valeur de l’argent des économies africaines confisquées dans les comptes d’opérations du trésor français, parce que cet argent n’est pas productif à cause des placements que ce dernier fait au détriment des bénéficiaires.
Mots clés : Valeur de l’argent – Aliénation – Endettement public – Surliquidité des banques.
Doctoral School of Applied Sciences of Wilson University - Higher School of Applied Sciences of Bertoua, 2016
Abstract
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contri... more Abstract
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contribution to global GDP (iGDP) of 14 African countries in six sectors: financial services, education, health, retail, agriculture, and government. Results proved that Technology-related productivity gains in these sectors could reach $148 billion to $318 billion by 2025, and large populations stand to benefit as a result. Their contributions are as follows:
Financial services. The Internet will reduce transaction costs and bring financial services to people who may live far from the nearest bank branch or ATM. With digital technology, more than 60 percent of Africans could have access to banking services by 2025, with more than 90 percent using mobile wallets for daily transactions and remittances.
Education. Many schools that currently lack sufficient textbooks could soon access the world’s best educational content on affordable tablets or e books; teachers, too, will benefit from more effective training. The technology-related productivity gains in education could reach $30 billion to almost $70 billion—enabling governments to achieve more with their education budgets and providing millions of students with the foundation for a better future.
Health. Today, Africa has only 1.1 doctors and 2.7 nurses per 1,000 people, and many people travel long distances for care. But the Internet is enabling greater use of remote diagnosis, treatment, and education. Technology-related benefits in health care could range from $84 billion to $188 billion by 2025—and the broader social and economic impact of improved health outcomes will be far greater.
Retail. E commerce will open up a new shopping experience for Africa’s growing middle class. By 2025, it could account for 10 percent of retail sales in the continent’s largest economies, which will translate into some $75 billion in annual revenue.
Agriculture. Farmers can access expertise and information on everything from weather, crop selection, and pest control to management and finance. It can also improve access to markets, generating better prices for produce.
Government. The Internet is a powerful tool to improve transparency, streamline service delivery, and automate revenue collection, delivering productivity gains of $10 billion to $25 billion.
But alongside these opportunities, there are problems associated with the dynamics of this new interactive media. This has a real impact on small to medium enterprises (SMEs), particularly e-commerce, e-marketing and e-business implementation.
The paper is also answering the question how can African SMEs scope with E-marketing (EM) as one of the key drivers in sustaining an organization’s competitive advantage? The paper is also reviewing a summarizing methodology ways of estimating Internet GDP (iDGP) contribution’s to global GDP of an economy.
The iGDP for the 14 countries we studied is $17.7 billion, which is 1.1 percent of their total GDP. (Since these countries represent 90 percent of Africa’s GDP, they account for the vast majority of its iGDP as well. We estimate iGDP for the entire continent to be in the range of $18 billion to $18.5 billion ). Private consumption of Internet-related services and equipment, including smartphones, accounts for two-thirds of this total. Public expenditure on the Internet, including digitization of education and health services, contributes only 11 percent to iGDP. Private investment in infrastructure and digitization accounts for a further 9 percent, while the remainder is a positive trade balance created by BPO services. In the area of GDP, Africa’s iGDP (which measures the Internet’s contribution to overall GDP) remains low, at 1.1 percent—just over half the levels seen in other emerging economies. But there is significant variation among individual countries. Senegal and Kenya, though not the continent’s largest economies, have Africa’s highest iGDPs, and governments in both countries have made concerted efforts to stimulate Internet demand.
By 2025, Africa’s iGDP should grow to at least 5 to 6 percent, matching that of leading economies such as Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. However, if the Internet achieves the same kind of scale and impact as the spread of mobile phones in Africa, iGDP could account for as much as 10 percent, or $300 billion, of total GDP while producing a leap forward in economic and social development. We also discussed mainly on policy and practices for African SMEs already dealing with digital technology to lay ground on their performance and turn-over. Three aspects are then developed: e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing.
The paper has some limits. It is not a study being carried out with hypotheses, but a sample of summarizing studies carried out worldwide by different authors in which Africa SMEs and Countries are just listed.
Keywords: McKinsey internet GDP index; Africa SMEs digital technology; e-marketing; e-business; e-commerce; small business; SMEs.
FRANÇAIS
Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le pr... more FRANÇAIS Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le programme gouvernemental (PNDP) et ses partenaires au développement souffraient de graves insuffisances dans leur durabilité. Ceux-ci sont généralement inexploitables à long terme, tombent facilement en panne, et dans certains cas avant même la période de retenue de garantie de 06 mois allouée. Afin de permettre une durabilité des ouvrages que le gouvernement est appelé à construire dans les années avenir avec ses différents partenaires, il est souhaitable que de nouvelles pratiques qui s’appliquent sur une durabilité efficientes soient mise en œuvre. Car la question primordiale qui se pose est de savoir pourquoi les partenaires au développement remettent-il en cause les nouvelles pratiques de durabilité ? Ces pratiques anciennes justifient-elles le retour à un développement durable ou produisent-elles les anciennes erreurs des anciennes politiques de développement basées sur le top-down approach ? Ces erreurs peuvent-elles être corrigées ? En se référant à ce questionnement, on se fixe pour objectif général de contribuer à l’amélioration de la gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés dans les communes d’Abong-Mbang, Dimako et Doumé dans la Région de l’Est-Cameroun afin d‟assurer la pérennité de ceux-ci dans l'intérêt collectif des populations. La principale hypothèse à vérifier stipule que: « Le principe du moins disant en passation des marchés publics conditionne la qualité d’un ouvrage hydraulique ».
Key Words : Economie locale, Ouvrages hydrauliques, passation des marchés, Moins-disant, Projets hydrauliques
ABSTRACT ENGLISH We have come to realize most of the hydraulic projects funded by the State funding agency PNDP and its development partners were mostly not sustainable, easily break down, even before the retention guaranty period of six months is completed. Aiming at revamping the sustainability of hydraulic structure funding by the Government in the coming years with its different partners, it is required-able to put in place new practices with new lines as far as sustainability is concerned. The main question to be rely on is to know why development partners are not refusing to put in place new practices as far as sustainability practices are concerned. These old practices can they justify the coming back to sustainable development or Are they producing most used development errors based on the top-down approach? Can those errors be corrected? Following this set of questions, we fix the main general objective as to ameliorate the management of hydraulic structures built in some council Abong-Mbang, Dimako and Doumé in the East-Region of Cameroon so that we can assure the sustainability in regards with the well-being and general interest of the population. The main hypothesis to be verified is as follows: the principle of the Lesser Cost in public bidder procurement (OPA) is conditioning the quality of hydraulic infrastructures.
Keywords: water projects, management mechanisms, Lesser Cost in public bidder, durability of structures, community development, Abong-Mbang, Dimako, Doumé.
ABSTRACT
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view... more ABSTRACT
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view of the value of money. In one hand, we present the framework of the conception of this vision from the point of view of Karl Marx, and in the other one, we present it from the angle of the African economies that are tied up by the French system. Thus, Karl Marx demonstrates that money has no value, because its value remains only on more market value, the holder of the money, does not make good use at the level of social mores. He becomes deviant. Mr. Monga, makes us browse the lack of value of the money of the African economies confiscated in the accounts of operations of the French treasury, because this money is not productive because of the investments that it does to the detriment of the beneficiaries.
Key Words – Value of money – Indebtedness – Alienation – Bank excess liquidity.
RESUME
La présente publication analyse deux situations l’une précédent l’autre, il s’agit de la vision opposée sur la valeur de l’argent. D’un coté, nous présentons le cadre de la conception de cette vision sous l’angle de Karl Marx, de l’autre nous la présentons sous l’angle des économies africaines du système franc. Ainsi, Karl Marx démontre que l’argent n’a pas de valeur, parce sa valeur ne reste qu’une valeur marchande de plus, le détenteur de l’argent, ne fait pas bon usage au niveau des mœurs sociales. Il devient déviant. Monsieur Monga, nous fait parcourir l’absence de valeur de l’argent des économies africaines confisquées dans les comptes d’opérations du trésor français, parce que cet argent n’est pas productif à cause des placements que ce dernier fait au détriment des bénéficiaires.
Mots clés : Valeur de l’argent – Aliénation – Endettement public – Surliquidité des banques.
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Papers by ZAMBO Paul
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contribution to global GDP (iGDP) of 14 African countries in six sectors: financial services, education, health, retail, agriculture, and government. Results proved that Technology-related productivity gains in these sectors could reach $148 billion to $318 billion by 2025, and large populations stand to benefit as a result. Their contributions are as follows:
Financial services. The Internet will reduce transaction costs and bring financial services to people who may live far from the nearest bank branch or ATM. With digital technology, more than 60 percent of Africans could have access to banking services by 2025, with more than 90 percent using mobile wallets for daily transactions and remittances.
Education. Many schools that currently lack sufficient textbooks could soon access the world’s best educational content on affordable tablets or e books; teachers, too, will benefit from more effective training. The technology-related productivity gains in education could reach $30 billion to almost $70 billion—enabling governments to achieve more with their education budgets and providing millions of students with the foundation for a better future.
Health. Today, Africa has only 1.1 doctors and 2.7 nurses per 1,000 people, and many people travel long distances for care. But the Internet is enabling greater use of remote
diagnosis, treatment, and education. Technology-related benefits in health care could range from $84 billion to $188 billion by 2025—and the broader social and economic impact of improved health outcomes will be far greater.
Retail. E commerce will open up a new shopping experience for Africa’s growing middle class. By 2025, it could account for 10 percent of retail sales in the continent’s largest economies, which will translate into some $75 billion in annual revenue.
Agriculture. Farmers can access expertise and information on everything from weather, crop selection, and pest control to management and finance. It can also improve access to markets, generating better prices for produce.
Government. The Internet is a powerful tool to improve transparency, streamline service delivery, and automate revenue collection, delivering productivity gains of $10 billion to $25 billion.
But alongside these opportunities, there are problems associated with the dynamics of this new interactive media. This has a real impact on small to medium enterprises (SMEs), particularly e-commerce, e-marketing and e-business implementation.
The paper is also answering the question how can African SMEs scope with E-marketing (EM) as one of the key drivers in sustaining an organization’s competitive advantage? The paper is also reviewing a summarizing methodology ways of estimating Internet GDP (iDGP) contribution’s to global GDP of an economy.
The iGDP for the 14 countries we studied is $17.7 billion, which is 1.1 percent of their total GDP. (Since these countries represent 90 percent of Africa’s GDP, they account for the vast majority of its iGDP as well. We estimate iGDP for the entire continent to be in the range of $18 billion to $18.5 billion ). Private consumption of Internet-related services and equipment, including smartphones, accounts for two-thirds of this total.
Public expenditure on the Internet, including digitization of education and health services, contributes only 11 percent to iGDP. Private investment in infrastructure and digitization accounts for a further 9 percent, while the remainder is a positive trade balance created by BPO services.
In the area of GDP, Africa’s iGDP (which measures the Internet’s contribution to overall GDP) remains low, at 1.1 percent—just over half the levels seen in other emerging economies. But there is significant variation among individual countries. Senegal and Kenya, though not the continent’s largest economies, have Africa’s highest iGDPs, and governments in both countries have made concerted efforts to stimulate Internet demand.
By 2025, Africa’s iGDP should grow to at least 5 to 6 percent, matching that of leading economies such as Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. However, if the Internet achieves the same kind of scale and impact as the spread of mobile phones in Africa, iGDP could account for as much as 10 percent, or $300 billion, of total GDP while producing a leap forward in economic and social development.
We also discussed mainly on policy and practices for African SMEs already dealing with digital technology to lay ground on their performance and turn-over. Three aspects are then developed: e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing.
The paper has some limits. It is not a study being carried out with hypotheses, but a sample of summarizing studies carried out worldwide by different authors in which Africa SMEs and Countries are just listed.
Keywords: McKinsey internet GDP index; Africa SMEs digital technology; e-marketing; e-business; e-commerce; small business; SMEs.
Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le programme gouvernemental (PNDP) et ses partenaires au développement souffraient de graves insuffisances dans leur durabilité. Ceux-ci sont généralement inexploitables à long terme, tombent facilement en panne, et dans certains cas avant même la période de retenue de garantie de 06 mois allouée.
Afin de permettre une durabilité des ouvrages que le gouvernement est appelé à construire dans les années avenir avec ses différents partenaires, il est souhaitable que de nouvelles pratiques qui s’appliquent sur une durabilité efficientes soient mise en œuvre. Car la question primordiale qui se pose est de savoir pourquoi les partenaires au développement remettent-il en cause les nouvelles pratiques de durabilité ? Ces pratiques anciennes justifient-elles le retour à un développement durable ou produisent-elles les anciennes erreurs des anciennes politiques de développement basées sur le top-down approach ? Ces erreurs peuvent-elles être corrigées ?
En se référant à ce questionnement, on se fixe pour objectif général de contribuer à l’amélioration de la gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés dans les communes d’Abong-Mbang, Dimako et Doumé dans la Région de l’Est-Cameroun afin d‟assurer la pérennité de ceux-ci dans l'intérêt collectif des populations.
La principale hypothèse à vérifier stipule que: « Le principe du moins disant en passation des marchés publics conditionne la qualité d’un ouvrage hydraulique ».
Key Words : Economie locale, Ouvrages hydrauliques, passation des marchés, Moins-disant, Projets hydrauliques
ABSTRACT
ENGLISH
We have come to realize most of the hydraulic projects funded by the State funding agency PNDP and its development partners were mostly not sustainable, easily break down, even before the retention guaranty period of six months is completed.
Aiming at revamping the sustainability of hydraulic structure funding by the Government in the coming years with its different partners, it is required-able to put in place new practices with new lines as far as sustainability is concerned.
The main question to be rely on is to know why development partners are not refusing to put in place new practices as far as sustainability practices are concerned. These old practices can they justify the coming back to sustainable development or Are they producing most used development errors based on the top-down approach? Can those errors be corrected?
Following this set of questions, we fix the main general objective as to ameliorate the management of hydraulic structures built in some council Abong-Mbang, Dimako and Doumé in the East-Region of Cameroon so that we can assure the sustainability in regards with the well-being and general interest of the population.
The main hypothesis to be verified is as follows: the principle of the Lesser Cost in public bidder procurement (OPA) is conditioning the quality of hydraulic infrastructures.
Keywords: water projects, management mechanisms, Lesser Cost in public bidder, durability of structures, community development, Abong-Mbang, Dimako, Doumé.
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view of the value of money. In one hand, we present the framework of the conception of this vision from the point of view of Karl Marx, and in the other one, we present it from the angle of the African economies that are tied up by the French system.
Thus, Karl Marx demonstrates that money has no value, because its value remains only on more market value, the holder of the money, does not make good use at the level of social mores. He becomes deviant.
Mr. Monga, makes us browse the lack of value of the money of the African economies confiscated in the accounts of operations of the French treasury, because this money is not productive because of the investments that it does to the detriment of the beneficiaries.
Key Words – Value of money – Indebtedness – Alienation – Bank excess liquidity.
RESUME
La présente publication analyse deux situations l’une précédent l’autre, il s’agit de la vision opposée sur la valeur de l’argent. D’un coté, nous présentons le cadre de la conception de cette vision sous l’angle de Karl Marx, de l’autre nous la présentons sous l’angle des économies africaines du système franc.
Ainsi, Karl Marx démontre que l’argent n’a pas de valeur, parce sa valeur ne reste qu’une valeur marchande de plus, le détenteur de l’argent, ne fait pas bon usage au niveau des mœurs sociales. Il devient déviant.
Monsieur Monga, nous fait parcourir l’absence de valeur de l’argent des économies africaines confisquées dans les comptes d’opérations du trésor français, parce que cet argent n’est pas productif à cause des placements que ce dernier fait au détriment des bénéficiaires.
Mots clés : Valeur de l’argent – Aliénation – Endettement public – Surliquidité des banques.
The focus of this publication relies on e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing’s contribution to global GDP (iGDP) of 14 African countries in six sectors: financial services, education, health, retail, agriculture, and government. Results proved that Technology-related productivity gains in these sectors could reach $148 billion to $318 billion by 2025, and large populations stand to benefit as a result. Their contributions are as follows:
Financial services. The Internet will reduce transaction costs and bring financial services to people who may live far from the nearest bank branch or ATM. With digital technology, more than 60 percent of Africans could have access to banking services by 2025, with more than 90 percent using mobile wallets for daily transactions and remittances.
Education. Many schools that currently lack sufficient textbooks could soon access the world’s best educational content on affordable tablets or e books; teachers, too, will benefit from more effective training. The technology-related productivity gains in education could reach $30 billion to almost $70 billion—enabling governments to achieve more with their education budgets and providing millions of students with the foundation for a better future.
Health. Today, Africa has only 1.1 doctors and 2.7 nurses per 1,000 people, and many people travel long distances for care. But the Internet is enabling greater use of remote
diagnosis, treatment, and education. Technology-related benefits in health care could range from $84 billion to $188 billion by 2025—and the broader social and economic impact of improved health outcomes will be far greater.
Retail. E commerce will open up a new shopping experience for Africa’s growing middle class. By 2025, it could account for 10 percent of retail sales in the continent’s largest economies, which will translate into some $75 billion in annual revenue.
Agriculture. Farmers can access expertise and information on everything from weather, crop selection, and pest control to management and finance. It can also improve access to markets, generating better prices for produce.
Government. The Internet is a powerful tool to improve transparency, streamline service delivery, and automate revenue collection, delivering productivity gains of $10 billion to $25 billion.
But alongside these opportunities, there are problems associated with the dynamics of this new interactive media. This has a real impact on small to medium enterprises (SMEs), particularly e-commerce, e-marketing and e-business implementation.
The paper is also answering the question how can African SMEs scope with E-marketing (EM) as one of the key drivers in sustaining an organization’s competitive advantage? The paper is also reviewing a summarizing methodology ways of estimating Internet GDP (iDGP) contribution’s to global GDP of an economy.
The iGDP for the 14 countries we studied is $17.7 billion, which is 1.1 percent of their total GDP. (Since these countries represent 90 percent of Africa’s GDP, they account for the vast majority of its iGDP as well. We estimate iGDP for the entire continent to be in the range of $18 billion to $18.5 billion ). Private consumption of Internet-related services and equipment, including smartphones, accounts for two-thirds of this total.
Public expenditure on the Internet, including digitization of education and health services, contributes only 11 percent to iGDP. Private investment in infrastructure and digitization accounts for a further 9 percent, while the remainder is a positive trade balance created by BPO services.
In the area of GDP, Africa’s iGDP (which measures the Internet’s contribution to overall GDP) remains low, at 1.1 percent—just over half the levels seen in other emerging economies. But there is significant variation among individual countries. Senegal and Kenya, though not the continent’s largest economies, have Africa’s highest iGDPs, and governments in both countries have made concerted efforts to stimulate Internet demand.
By 2025, Africa’s iGDP should grow to at least 5 to 6 percent, matching that of leading economies such as Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. However, if the Internet achieves the same kind of scale and impact as the spread of mobile phones in Africa, iGDP could account for as much as 10 percent, or $300 billion, of total GDP while producing a leap forward in economic and social development.
We also discussed mainly on policy and practices for African SMEs already dealing with digital technology to lay ground on their performance and turn-over. Three aspects are then developed: e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing.
The paper has some limits. It is not a study being carried out with hypotheses, but a sample of summarizing studies carried out worldwide by different authors in which Africa SMEs and Countries are just listed.
Keywords: McKinsey internet GDP index; Africa SMEs digital technology; e-marketing; e-business; e-commerce; small business; SMEs.
Nous sommes partis du constat selon lequel, les ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés par le programme gouvernemental (PNDP) et ses partenaires au développement souffraient de graves insuffisances dans leur durabilité. Ceux-ci sont généralement inexploitables à long terme, tombent facilement en panne, et dans certains cas avant même la période de retenue de garantie de 06 mois allouée.
Afin de permettre une durabilité des ouvrages que le gouvernement est appelé à construire dans les années avenir avec ses différents partenaires, il est souhaitable que de nouvelles pratiques qui s’appliquent sur une durabilité efficientes soient mise en œuvre. Car la question primordiale qui se pose est de savoir pourquoi les partenaires au développement remettent-il en cause les nouvelles pratiques de durabilité ? Ces pratiques anciennes justifient-elles le retour à un développement durable ou produisent-elles les anciennes erreurs des anciennes politiques de développement basées sur le top-down approach ? Ces erreurs peuvent-elles être corrigées ?
En se référant à ce questionnement, on se fixe pour objectif général de contribuer à l’amélioration de la gestion des ouvrages hydrauliques réalisés dans les communes d’Abong-Mbang, Dimako et Doumé dans la Région de l’Est-Cameroun afin d‟assurer la pérennité de ceux-ci dans l'intérêt collectif des populations.
La principale hypothèse à vérifier stipule que: « Le principe du moins disant en passation des marchés publics conditionne la qualité d’un ouvrage hydraulique ».
Key Words : Economie locale, Ouvrages hydrauliques, passation des marchés, Moins-disant, Projets hydrauliques
ABSTRACT
ENGLISH
We have come to realize most of the hydraulic projects funded by the State funding agency PNDP and its development partners were mostly not sustainable, easily break down, even before the retention guaranty period of six months is completed.
Aiming at revamping the sustainability of hydraulic structure funding by the Government in the coming years with its different partners, it is required-able to put in place new practices with new lines as far as sustainability is concerned.
The main question to be rely on is to know why development partners are not refusing to put in place new practices as far as sustainability practices are concerned. These old practices can they justify the coming back to sustainable development or Are they producing most used development errors based on the top-down approach? Can those errors be corrected?
Following this set of questions, we fix the main general objective as to ameliorate the management of hydraulic structures built in some council Abong-Mbang, Dimako and Doumé in the East-Region of Cameroon so that we can assure the sustainability in regards with the well-being and general interest of the population.
The main hypothesis to be verified is as follows: the principle of the Lesser Cost in public bidder procurement (OPA) is conditioning the quality of hydraulic infrastructures.
Keywords: water projects, management mechanisms, Lesser Cost in public bidder, durability of structures, community development, Abong-Mbang, Dimako, Doumé.
This publication analyzes two situations, one precedent to the other, the opposite view of the value of money. In one hand, we present the framework of the conception of this vision from the point of view of Karl Marx, and in the other one, we present it from the angle of the African economies that are tied up by the French system.
Thus, Karl Marx demonstrates that money has no value, because its value remains only on more market value, the holder of the money, does not make good use at the level of social mores. He becomes deviant.
Mr. Monga, makes us browse the lack of value of the money of the African economies confiscated in the accounts of operations of the French treasury, because this money is not productive because of the investments that it does to the detriment of the beneficiaries.
Key Words – Value of money – Indebtedness – Alienation – Bank excess liquidity.
RESUME
La présente publication analyse deux situations l’une précédent l’autre, il s’agit de la vision opposée sur la valeur de l’argent. D’un coté, nous présentons le cadre de la conception de cette vision sous l’angle de Karl Marx, de l’autre nous la présentons sous l’angle des économies africaines du système franc.
Ainsi, Karl Marx démontre que l’argent n’a pas de valeur, parce sa valeur ne reste qu’une valeur marchande de plus, le détenteur de l’argent, ne fait pas bon usage au niveau des mœurs sociales. Il devient déviant.
Monsieur Monga, nous fait parcourir l’absence de valeur de l’argent des économies africaines confisquées dans les comptes d’opérations du trésor français, parce que cet argent n’est pas productif à cause des placements que ce dernier fait au détriment des bénéficiaires.
Mots clés : Valeur de l’argent – Aliénation – Endettement public – Surliquidité des banques.