Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive enteric pathogen known to cause a major public health problem c... more Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive enteric pathogen known to cause a major public health problem called cholera. The pathogen inhabits the aquatic environment while outside the human host, it is transmitted into the host easily through ingesting contaminated food and water containing the vibrios, thus causing diarrhoea and vomiting. V. cholerae must resist several layers of colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host or the gut commensals to successfully survive, grow, and colonize the distal intestinal epithelium, thus causing an infection. The colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host are not specific to V. cholerae but to all invading pathogens. However, some of the gut commensal-derived colonization resistance may be more specific to the pathogen, making it more challenging to overcome. Consequently, the pathogen has evolved well-coordinated mechanisms that sense and utilize the anti-colonization factors to modulate events that promote its survival and...
The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective reasons for hesitancy to receive COVID-19... more The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective reasons for hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccination and the sociodemographic factors associated with vaccination uptake. An online social media survey was conducted among the general Nigerian population using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression with crude and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p value of less than 0.05. A total of 576 participants with a mean age of 31.86 years participated in the study. 28% (n = 158) received one or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Teachers were significantly less likely than health professionals to be vaccinated (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.69). In addition, unemployed people (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.89) were less likely to be vaccinated than government employees, and those of intermediate socioeconomic status (AOR = 0.47 95% CI 0.26–0.88) were less likely to be vaccinated than were those of high socioeconomi...
BackgroundMedical and socio-economic uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have had a s... more BackgroundMedical and socio-economic uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have had a substantial impact on mental health. This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature reporting the prevalence of anxiety and depression among the general populace in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine associated risk factors.MethodsA systematic search of the following databases African Journal Online, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from database inception until 30th September 2021. Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety and/or depression among the general populace in African settings were considered for inclusion. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Meta-analyses on prevalence rates were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.ResultsSeventy-eight primary studies (62,380 participants) were identified from 2,325 studies via electron...
This study examined the association between COVID-19 and fear of contracting COVID-19 and reasons... more This study examined the association between COVID-19 and fear of contracting COVID-19 and reasons for vaccination refusal. A population-based online survey was conducted via social media in Nigeria using the Fear of COVID-19 scale and items related to vaccination refusal/hesitancy items. Individuals aged 13 years and older were invited to participate. Data were analysed using binary logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at a p-value of less than 0.05. The study enrolled 577 individuals with a mean age of 31.86 years, 70% of whom were male and 27.7% of whom had received at least one dose of the vaccine against COVID-19. None of the variables on the Fear of COVID-19 scale significantly predicted vaccine uptake in multivariate analysis. However, individuals who were fearful of COVID-19 were more likely to be vaccinated in bivariate analysis (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.06–2.63). The most significant factors among the vaccination refusal...
About one-third of the countries in the world are on the verge of a cholera outbreak placing over... more About one-third of the countries in the world are on the verge of a cholera outbreak placing over a billion individuals at risk. Water sanitation and health (WASH) programs together with vaccination are preventive measures to eradicate cholera by 2030. While WASH takes a long time to successfully implement, vaccinations can reduce the cholera burden. 2030 is in less than a decade and yet the current WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) failed to provide sufficient protective immunity to infants – the most affected age group in cholera outbreaks and cholera endemic regions, a shorter immunity in older children and adults, the requirement of multiple doses, and cold-chain for transport and storage are some of the limitations of OCVs and WHO recommends further research to provide better vaccines. DNA vaccine approach could be a potential approach in the future of cholera vaccines, providing ease of vaccine design and hence reducing production time, it is safer and cheaper, sta...
2020 2nd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCIS)
Water pricing and freshwater scarcity is an emerging global issue, a topic of debate among resear... more Water pricing and freshwater scarcity is an emerging global issue, a topic of debate among researchers, households and water utility managers. This is due to the fact that, the process can provide early warning signs as well as assisting water utility managers to make proper decisions on control and management of the scarce water resources through implementing water pricing policies, ensuring proper water allocation, water-use restriction as well as water production. In this paper, we presented a two-step methodology coupled stacked LSTM+GRU models while analyzing their relative performance to our reference models i.e. stacked LSTM and GRU for long term water price Prediction. It is thought that, the coupled Stacked LSTM and GRU models to exploit building of higher level of representation of the input sequence data while creating a higher level of abstraction on the final results. The GRU on the other hand assists in solving the vanishing gradient problems. The experimental results obtained from this research work indicates our coupled (Stacked LSTM+GRU) with supervised learning to significantly outperform our reference models for water price Prediction.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by raised levels of blood glucose, which ov... more Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by raised levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. α-amylase Plays a major role in the digestion of starch and glycogen. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme delay the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine, thereby diminishing postprandial blood glucose in the diabetic patient. In this study, a DPPH radical scavenging activity and computational approaches were employed to uncover the potential of Aframomum Melegueta phytochemicals against type two diabetes mellitus mainly by molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, MMPBSA and ADMET analysis. The results show that it has high antioxidant properties. Molecular docking indicates that laurifolin, genkwanin and gulunalactone have good binding scores of -9.9 kcal/mol, -8.9 kcal/mol and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. And have interacted with at least two of the catalytic triads of α-amylase; Asp...
Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 2022
The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (BSAT) is one of the most important decision problems in mathe... more The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (BSAT) is one of the most important decision problems in mathematical logic and computational sciences for determining whether or not a solution to a Boolean formula.. Hopfield neural network (HNN) is one of the major type artificial neural network (NN) popularly known for it used in solving various optimization and decision problems based on its energy minimization machinism. The existing models that incorporate standalone network projected non-versatile framework as fundamental Hopfield type of neural network (HNN) employs random search in its training stages and sometimes get trapped at local optimal solution. In this study, Ants Colony Optimzation Algorithm (ACO) as a novel variant of probabilistic metaheuristic algorithm (MA) inspired by the behavior of real Ants, has been incorporated in the training phase of Hopfield types of the neural network (HNN) to accelerate the training process for Random Boolean kSatisfiability reverse analysis (RANk...
Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2019
In various research fields such as medicine, science, marketing, engineering and military. Artifi... more In various research fields such as medicine, science, marketing, engineering and military. Artificial intelligence approaches have been applied, mainly due to their powerful reasoning capability, flexibility, modeling and forecasting capacity. In this paper, an attempt to review urban water demand forecasting using various artificial intelligence based approaches such as fuzzy logic systems, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, ANN and an ARIMA as well as hybrid models which consist of an integration of two or more artificial intelligence approaches are applied. The paper illustrates how the different artificial intelligence approaches plays a vital role in urban water demand forecasting while recommending some future research directions.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (ISLAMIC STUDIES SECTION) FACULTY OF EDUCATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZA... more DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (ISLAMIC STUDIES SECTION) FACULTY OF EDUCATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA.
This paper presents a decentralised model predictive control (DMPC) for two-input and two-output ... more This paper presents a decentralised model predictive control (DMPC) for two-input and two-output (TITO) processes. To reduce the computational load, shifted input sequence is used to cater for loop interactions. The proposed scheme is applied to a coupled system to demonstrate the performance the DMPC. Model predictive control (MPC) and decentralised PID (PI) were also applied for comparison purposes.
Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2019
Forecasting streamflow discharge have economic impact as well as reducing the effects of floods i... more Forecasting streamflow discharge have economic impact as well as reducing the effects of floods in flood prone regimes by presenting early warning. To minimize it’s effects in these regimes, a powerful class of machine learning algorithms called long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRU) models, which have become popular in time series forecasting, because they are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problems is applied. LSTM and GRU models have also demonstrated their capacity in sequence modelling, speech recognition and streamflow forecasting. In this paper we proposed a hybrid model for streamflow forecasting using 35 consecutive years Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) data set of ten basins having different basin characteristics from different climatic regions in United States. The proposed hybrid model’s performance is compared to the conventional LSTM and GRU models. Our experiments on the 10 MOPEX’s river basins demonstrate that, although the proposed hybrid model outperforms conventional LSTM with respect to streamflow forecasting, but the performance is almost same with GRU and is therefore highly recommended as an efficient and reliable approach in hydrological fields.
Malaria control relies on first-line treatments that use artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT).... more Malaria control relies on first-line treatments that use artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT). Unfortunately, mutations in the plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene result in delayed parasite clearance. Research on what is causing ACT failure is non-existent in northwestern Nigeria. Thus, the presence of mutations in kelch13 in P. falciparum isolates from Kano, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Microscopic examination of 154 blood samples obtained from patients revealed a high prevalence of P. falciparum infection (114 positive individuals, slide positivity rate = 74.03%). The 114 patients were administered Cartef® (ACT) and out of the 50 patients that returned for the 14-day follow up, 11 were positive for P. falciparum (slide positivity rate = 22%). On day 0, 80 samples out of 114 and 11 samples on day 14 (91 out of 125 microscopy-positive samples) were positive with Plasmodium according to the PCR of cytochrome oxidase I, which corresponds to 72.8%. A fragment of the kelch1...
An experiment to remove lead (II) ions through adsorption from its aqueous solution using Sugar... more An experiment to remove lead (II) ions through adsorption from its aqueous solution using Sugarcane Bagasse Activated carbon (SBAC) was carried out. As one of the ways employ to reduce the high cost of treatment of industrial effluents. Agricultural wastes could be considered as suitable material for the production of Activated Carbon due it high carbon contents, environmentally friendly and low cost of production. In this work, activated carbon was produced by chemical activation with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) of sugarcane bagasse materials. It was then coated with magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4) prepared by chemical precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ salt from aqueous solution and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbent for the removal of Lead(II) ion from aqueous solution .The surface morphology, structural and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Shift and disappearance of some adso...
This study is aimed at investigating and comparing the in vitro antioxidant effects of ethanolic ... more This study is aimed at investigating and comparing the in vitro antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava stem bark and Telfairia occidentalis leaf using 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were used as standards in this study. The results obtained showed that Telfairia occidentalis leaf contained a significantly high amount of vitamin C, total flavonoids and phenolics than Psidium guajava stem bark, which were 0.17 ± 0.05%, 0.05 ± 0.01%; 0.84 ± 0.32 g/100 g, 0.43 ± 0.05 g/100 g; 8.21 ± 0.20 g/100 g, 1.15 ± 0.12 g/100 g, respectively. Telfairia occidentalis leaf inhibited more free radicals than Psidium guajava stem bark, with maximum inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL, which were 81% and 75%, respectively. This study showed that Telfairia occidentalis leaf had higher antioxidant activity compared to Psidium guajava stem bark, which were both lower than those of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol which were used as ...
Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive enteric pathogen known to cause a major public health problem c... more Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive enteric pathogen known to cause a major public health problem called cholera. The pathogen inhabits the aquatic environment while outside the human host, it is transmitted into the host easily through ingesting contaminated food and water containing the vibrios, thus causing diarrhoea and vomiting. V. cholerae must resist several layers of colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host or the gut commensals to successfully survive, grow, and colonize the distal intestinal epithelium, thus causing an infection. The colonization resistance mechanisms derived from the host are not specific to V. cholerae but to all invading pathogens. However, some of the gut commensal-derived colonization resistance may be more specific to the pathogen, making it more challenging to overcome. Consequently, the pathogen has evolved well-coordinated mechanisms that sense and utilize the anti-colonization factors to modulate events that promote its survival and...
The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective reasons for hesitancy to receive COVID-19... more The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective reasons for hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccination and the sociodemographic factors associated with vaccination uptake. An online social media survey was conducted among the general Nigerian population using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression with crude and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p value of less than 0.05. A total of 576 participants with a mean age of 31.86 years participated in the study. 28% (n = 158) received one or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Teachers were significantly less likely than health professionals to be vaccinated (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.69). In addition, unemployed people (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.89) were less likely to be vaccinated than government employees, and those of intermediate socioeconomic status (AOR = 0.47 95% CI 0.26–0.88) were less likely to be vaccinated than were those of high socioeconomi...
BackgroundMedical and socio-economic uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have had a s... more BackgroundMedical and socio-economic uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have had a substantial impact on mental health. This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature reporting the prevalence of anxiety and depression among the general populace in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine associated risk factors.MethodsA systematic search of the following databases African Journal Online, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from database inception until 30th September 2021. Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety and/or depression among the general populace in African settings were considered for inclusion. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Meta-analyses on prevalence rates were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.ResultsSeventy-eight primary studies (62,380 participants) were identified from 2,325 studies via electron...
This study examined the association between COVID-19 and fear of contracting COVID-19 and reasons... more This study examined the association between COVID-19 and fear of contracting COVID-19 and reasons for vaccination refusal. A population-based online survey was conducted via social media in Nigeria using the Fear of COVID-19 scale and items related to vaccination refusal/hesitancy items. Individuals aged 13 years and older were invited to participate. Data were analysed using binary logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at a p-value of less than 0.05. The study enrolled 577 individuals with a mean age of 31.86 years, 70% of whom were male and 27.7% of whom had received at least one dose of the vaccine against COVID-19. None of the variables on the Fear of COVID-19 scale significantly predicted vaccine uptake in multivariate analysis. However, individuals who were fearful of COVID-19 were more likely to be vaccinated in bivariate analysis (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.06–2.63). The most significant factors among the vaccination refusal...
About one-third of the countries in the world are on the verge of a cholera outbreak placing over... more About one-third of the countries in the world are on the verge of a cholera outbreak placing over a billion individuals at risk. Water sanitation and health (WASH) programs together with vaccination are preventive measures to eradicate cholera by 2030. While WASH takes a long time to successfully implement, vaccinations can reduce the cholera burden. 2030 is in less than a decade and yet the current WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) failed to provide sufficient protective immunity to infants – the most affected age group in cholera outbreaks and cholera endemic regions, a shorter immunity in older children and adults, the requirement of multiple doses, and cold-chain for transport and storage are some of the limitations of OCVs and WHO recommends further research to provide better vaccines. DNA vaccine approach could be a potential approach in the future of cholera vaccines, providing ease of vaccine design and hence reducing production time, it is safer and cheaper, sta...
2020 2nd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCIS)
Water pricing and freshwater scarcity is an emerging global issue, a topic of debate among resear... more Water pricing and freshwater scarcity is an emerging global issue, a topic of debate among researchers, households and water utility managers. This is due to the fact that, the process can provide early warning signs as well as assisting water utility managers to make proper decisions on control and management of the scarce water resources through implementing water pricing policies, ensuring proper water allocation, water-use restriction as well as water production. In this paper, we presented a two-step methodology coupled stacked LSTM+GRU models while analyzing their relative performance to our reference models i.e. stacked LSTM and GRU for long term water price Prediction. It is thought that, the coupled Stacked LSTM and GRU models to exploit building of higher level of representation of the input sequence data while creating a higher level of abstraction on the final results. The GRU on the other hand assists in solving the vanishing gradient problems. The experimental results obtained from this research work indicates our coupled (Stacked LSTM+GRU) with supervised learning to significantly outperform our reference models for water price Prediction.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by raised levels of blood glucose, which ov... more Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by raised levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. α-amylase Plays a major role in the digestion of starch and glycogen. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme delay the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine, thereby diminishing postprandial blood glucose in the diabetic patient. In this study, a DPPH radical scavenging activity and computational approaches were employed to uncover the potential of Aframomum Melegueta phytochemicals against type two diabetes mellitus mainly by molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, MMPBSA and ADMET analysis. The results show that it has high antioxidant properties. Molecular docking indicates that laurifolin, genkwanin and gulunalactone have good binding scores of -9.9 kcal/mol, -8.9 kcal/mol and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. And have interacted with at least two of the catalytic triads of α-amylase; Asp...
Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 2022
The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (BSAT) is one of the most important decision problems in mathe... more The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (BSAT) is one of the most important decision problems in mathematical logic and computational sciences for determining whether or not a solution to a Boolean formula.. Hopfield neural network (HNN) is one of the major type artificial neural network (NN) popularly known for it used in solving various optimization and decision problems based on its energy minimization machinism. The existing models that incorporate standalone network projected non-versatile framework as fundamental Hopfield type of neural network (HNN) employs random search in its training stages and sometimes get trapped at local optimal solution. In this study, Ants Colony Optimzation Algorithm (ACO) as a novel variant of probabilistic metaheuristic algorithm (MA) inspired by the behavior of real Ants, has been incorporated in the training phase of Hopfield types of the neural network (HNN) to accelerate the training process for Random Boolean kSatisfiability reverse analysis (RANk...
Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2019
In various research fields such as medicine, science, marketing, engineering and military. Artifi... more In various research fields such as medicine, science, marketing, engineering and military. Artificial intelligence approaches have been applied, mainly due to their powerful reasoning capability, flexibility, modeling and forecasting capacity. In this paper, an attempt to review urban water demand forecasting using various artificial intelligence based approaches such as fuzzy logic systems, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, ANN and an ARIMA as well as hybrid models which consist of an integration of two or more artificial intelligence approaches are applied. The paper illustrates how the different artificial intelligence approaches plays a vital role in urban water demand forecasting while recommending some future research directions.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (ISLAMIC STUDIES SECTION) FACULTY OF EDUCATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZA... more DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (ISLAMIC STUDIES SECTION) FACULTY OF EDUCATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA.
This paper presents a decentralised model predictive control (DMPC) for two-input and two-output ... more This paper presents a decentralised model predictive control (DMPC) for two-input and two-output (TITO) processes. To reduce the computational load, shifted input sequence is used to cater for loop interactions. The proposed scheme is applied to a coupled system to demonstrate the performance the DMPC. Model predictive control (MPC) and decentralised PID (PI) were also applied for comparison purposes.
Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 2019
Forecasting streamflow discharge have economic impact as well as reducing the effects of floods i... more Forecasting streamflow discharge have economic impact as well as reducing the effects of floods in flood prone regimes by presenting early warning. To minimize it’s effects in these regimes, a powerful class of machine learning algorithms called long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRU) models, which have become popular in time series forecasting, because they are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problems is applied. LSTM and GRU models have also demonstrated their capacity in sequence modelling, speech recognition and streamflow forecasting. In this paper we proposed a hybrid model for streamflow forecasting using 35 consecutive years Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) data set of ten basins having different basin characteristics from different climatic regions in United States. The proposed hybrid model’s performance is compared to the conventional LSTM and GRU models. Our experiments on the 10 MOPEX’s river basins demonstrate that, although the proposed hybrid model outperforms conventional LSTM with respect to streamflow forecasting, but the performance is almost same with GRU and is therefore highly recommended as an efficient and reliable approach in hydrological fields.
Malaria control relies on first-line treatments that use artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT).... more Malaria control relies on first-line treatments that use artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT). Unfortunately, mutations in the plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene result in delayed parasite clearance. Research on what is causing ACT failure is non-existent in northwestern Nigeria. Thus, the presence of mutations in kelch13 in P. falciparum isolates from Kano, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Microscopic examination of 154 blood samples obtained from patients revealed a high prevalence of P. falciparum infection (114 positive individuals, slide positivity rate = 74.03%). The 114 patients were administered Cartef® (ACT) and out of the 50 patients that returned for the 14-day follow up, 11 were positive for P. falciparum (slide positivity rate = 22%). On day 0, 80 samples out of 114 and 11 samples on day 14 (91 out of 125 microscopy-positive samples) were positive with Plasmodium according to the PCR of cytochrome oxidase I, which corresponds to 72.8%. A fragment of the kelch1...
An experiment to remove lead (II) ions through adsorption from its aqueous solution using Sugar... more An experiment to remove lead (II) ions through adsorption from its aqueous solution using Sugarcane Bagasse Activated carbon (SBAC) was carried out. As one of the ways employ to reduce the high cost of treatment of industrial effluents. Agricultural wastes could be considered as suitable material for the production of Activated Carbon due it high carbon contents, environmentally friendly and low cost of production. In this work, activated carbon was produced by chemical activation with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) of sugarcane bagasse materials. It was then coated with magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4) prepared by chemical precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ salt from aqueous solution and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbent for the removal of Lead(II) ion from aqueous solution .The surface morphology, structural and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Shift and disappearance of some adso...
This study is aimed at investigating and comparing the in vitro antioxidant effects of ethanolic ... more This study is aimed at investigating and comparing the in vitro antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava stem bark and Telfairia occidentalis leaf using 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were used as standards in this study. The results obtained showed that Telfairia occidentalis leaf contained a significantly high amount of vitamin C, total flavonoids and phenolics than Psidium guajava stem bark, which were 0.17 ± 0.05%, 0.05 ± 0.01%; 0.84 ± 0.32 g/100 g, 0.43 ± 0.05 g/100 g; 8.21 ± 0.20 g/100 g, 1.15 ± 0.12 g/100 g, respectively. Telfairia occidentalis leaf inhibited more free radicals than Psidium guajava stem bark, with maximum inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL, which were 81% and 75%, respectively. This study showed that Telfairia occidentalis leaf had higher antioxidant activity compared to Psidium guajava stem bark, which were both lower than those of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol which were used as ...
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