BACKGROUND: The comprehension of the molecular, cellular, and biological mechanisms that underlie... more BACKGROUND: The comprehension of the molecular, cellular, and biological mechanisms that underlie the management of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as the effects of circadian disruption on health and illness, has made significant strides. METHOD: An extensive literature review was done from the standard databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed using standard keywords “Circadian rhythm”, and “sleep disorders”. In this section, we examined circadian biology and provided adetailed description of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the most typical Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) seen in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the central circadian rhythm mechanism may be altered, or the intrinsic circadian clock and the environment may not be in sync, to produce circadian rhythm sleep disorders. As a consequence, we must focus on modifying our way of life in a constructive and healthy way. Even while the lifestyle is ba...
Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, Oct 28, 2015
Lupeol, a triterpene found in white cabbage, green pepper, strawberry, olive, mangoes and grapes ... more Lupeol, a triterpene found in white cabbage, green pepper, strawberry, olive, mangoes and grapes was reported to possess beneficial effects as a therapeutic and preventive agent for a range of disorders. Last 15 years have seen tremendous efforts by researchers worldwide to develop this wonderful molecule for its clinical use for the treatment of variety of disorders. Natural products and herbal remedies used in traditional folklore medicine have been the source of many medically beneficial drugs because they elicit fewer side effects, relatively cheap, affordable and claimed to be effective. However, in order to make these remedies acceptable to modern medicine, there is a need to scientifically evaluate them to identify the active principles and to understand their mechanism of action. Calotropis gigantea commonly known as milk weed or swallow-wort, is a medicinal plant widely used as a folk medicine in India. It exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities including wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid was extracted for the first time from the latex of C. gigantea and characterized by spectral studies. The presence of lupeol in the latex in appreciable amounts may account for its various biological activities.
Current psychiatry research and review, Mar 1, 2022
Background: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) th... more Background: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that was earlier intended to treat only patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), but researchers have found DBT to treat several psychological disorders, including depression. Aim: The article aims to review the clinical shreds of evidence regarding the use of DBT to treat depression. Methods: PubMed literature search was done by applying the year filter range, 2010 to 2021. Another filter applied was “Randomized controlled trial”, so that the strength of evidence could be enhanced. The keywords used were “Dialectical Behavior Therapy” AND “Depression”. Results: 33 articles were found, out of which only 20 relevant articles were reviewed. DBT was found to alleviate depressive symptoms associated with different psychological disorders like bipolar disorder and BPD but the number of studies that validated the aforementioned were less than those studies which showed that DBT had no significant effect on the patients with depressive difficulties. The long-term effect of DBT for treating depression is under suspect, as studies showed that DBT got ineffective during the follow-ups. Conclusion: DBT shows benefits in depression, but further studies are still required to validate this concretely as DBT did not show a significant effect when compared to its control counterparts. There is much need for future studies which can evaluate the long-term efficacy of DBT in depression, which is another challenging area because follow-up data did not favor DBT.
Background: Tanning nowadays due to pollution, stress, UV rays, and lifestyle has become a major ... more Background: Tanning nowadays due to pollution, stress, UV rays, and lifestyle has become a major skincare problem. Synthesis of a poly-herbal anti-tan formulation has been performed in this work, and it is evaluated on various parameters. Objective: The present work is aimed at the synthesis of herb-based anti-tan medicine and the evaluation of its various parameters for its efficiency as well as stability. Materials & Methods: The herbal preparation was prepared in-house according to the proposed composition, using all the natural contents. The dye was evaluated for its different standards. Results: The values of various parameters certified the quality standards of the formulation. The parameters were found to be ample enough for the standardization of herbal medicinal formulation. Conclusion: The prepared herbal pack was found to be appropriate according to all standards and can serve as a better alternative for treating tanning.
Background:Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has a serious impact on maternal health as well as... more Background:Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has a serious impact on maternal health as well as on the health of the infant. This is also very closely related to adverse outcomes in pregnancy. A mother suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has high incidences of showing significant risks to the fetus health, growth and development. As the incidences of GDM are increasing day by day, therefore, maternal health, age and obesity parameters are of major concern for reflecting GDM during their pregnancy conditions. It has been studied and investigated that IR (Insulin Resistance) is a common pathway in GDM and T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus).Objective:To explore the effect of Cajanus cajan in treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Wistar rats.Methods:The study was conducted on 30 female rats which were caged along with male rats. We obtained 26 pregnant rats which were weighed. The pregnant rats in the control group, intervention group, and GDM group were equally randomized. When the pregnancy was verified, the Intervention and the GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) group were given 45 mg/kg streptozotocin by the peritoneal injection for inducing GDM while the control group was given an equal volume of the citrate buffer. When the model was established accurately then the intervention group was administered orally with the extracts of leaves of Cajanus cajan chloroform extract (270mg/kg), Methanol extract (270mg/kg) and Ethyl acetate extract (270mg/kg). Whereas the other groups were administered with water and diet. The blood samples were collected and the fetal rats along with placental weight were recorded on the 19th day of the pregnancy. The serum glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and lipid levels were recorded in pregnant rats before the delivery.Results:The rats were weighed before and after delivery, fetal weight was recorded, placental weight of the GDM group was found to be lower than the control group as well as the intervention groups. Treating with (Chloroform extract, Methanol extract, Ethyl acetate extract (270mg/kg) different extracts of Cajanus cajan leaf in the intervention groups the lipid levels of the intervention group significantly increased in case of the Methanolic extract whereas the other extracts were also effective. The levels of antioxidant enzymes of the GDM group in pancreas and liver tissue were lower in intervention groups as compared to control and GDM group whereas the antioxidant enzyme levels in the liver and pancreas were equivalent to the control group.:The results showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the Cajanus cajan leaves might have bioactive and hypoglycemic nature. Further research is required for the complete evaluation of the active compound in various animal models to justify the nature of the compound.Conclusion:Cajanus cajan leaf extract suppresses oxidative stress and insulin resistance, therefore, improves the blood glucose levels in GDM rats.
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology, Apr 28, 2010
Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora... more Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora have revolutionised the therapeutic strategies for the management of periodontal disease progression. The rationale for use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy is based on the concept that bacteria are the primary cause of periodontal diseases and thus treatment should be directed towards controlling the bacterial flora. The effectiveness of mechanical debridement of plaque and repeated topical and systemic administration of antibacterial agents are limited due to the lack of accessibility to periodontopathic organisms in the periodontal pocket. Systemic administration of drugs leads to therapeutic concentrations at the site of infection, but for short periods of time, forcing repeated dosing for longer periods. Local delivery of antimicrobials has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of conventional therapy. The use of sustained release formulations to deliver antibacterials to the site of infection (periodontal pocket) has recently gained interest. This review summarises the recent developments in the field of intra-pocket drug delivery systems and identifies areas where further research may lead to a clinically effective intra-pocket delivery system.
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Jul 12, 2023
: Biotin, a vitamin that is water-soluble, is part of the vitamin B complex and is required by al... more : Biotin, a vitamin that is water-soluble, is part of the vitamin B complex and is required by all living things, including humans. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are a prosthetic group of enzymes, and biotin catalyzes essential processes in the production of fatty acids, the breakdown of amino acids, and gluconeogenesis in eukaryotic cells. The role of biotin as the prosthetic group of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases is well understood in higher animals. Based on the roles of these carboxylases in metabolism, it was discovered that biotin is required for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Biotin appears to play a role in cell function and has a spermatogenic impact. Biotin has been found to have a direct impact on the transcription of important enzymes in glucose metabolism. Glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are glycolytic enzymes that biotin controls (PEPCK). Biotin appears to be involved in gene control, which may explain some of its functions regarding fetal development and cellular biology. According to investigations using microarrays as well as other types of gene expression, biotin appears to affect the transcription of genes encoding cytokines and their receptors, glucose metabolism genes, and genes involved in cellular biotin homeostasis. A biotin shortage has a considerable effect on gene expression in numerous tissues and cells, according to a microarray study. Biotin supplementation affects the expression of several genes depending on the tissue, demonstrating that gene expression differences reflect tissue function. Biotin affects energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism, according to metabolite research, which has improved our understanding of the biotin metabolic pathway. Using microarray and transcriptome analysis, this research investigates the effect of biotin on gene expression.
Background: Diabetes is a metabolic, endocrine disorder which is featured by hyperglycemia and gl... more Background: Diabetes is a metabolic, endocrine disorder which is featured by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, primarily due to beta cell destruction, with Insulin Resistance playing a secondary role. It is treated with the help of many chemical based drugs as well as natural derivatives. Objective: There is urgent need to develop new efficacious, cheaper and more available drugs to face this growing public health challenge. Many anti-diabetic drugs are often often associated with many adverse effects. Materials & Methods: Literature was reviewed in a narrative manner in order to pertain the information about active phytoactives present in the different plants. Anti-diabetic drugs are often loaded with side effects; therefore, review is being done for the selection of effective natural therapeutic moieties with less or no adverse effects. Results: In this review article, we described the detailed review of recently detected bioactive compounds present in different natural substances; which can be used effectively for diabetes related adversities. Conclusion: Natural products based bioactive molecules have been proven to improve insulin resistance and other related complications through suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways.
American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery, Oct 30, 2013
Increasing numbers of experimental investigations and recently also of clinical trials strongly s... more Increasing numbers of experimental investigations and recently also of clinical trials strongly suggest an integral involvement of the endothelin (ET) system in the pathophysiology of a variety of disease states, mainly of the cardiovascular system.Ambrisentan (LU 208075)approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007, a selective ETA-receptor antagonist, is an orally active diphenyl propionic acid derivative that was recently approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with World Health Organization class II or III symptoms.. It has been shown to have a very promising efficacy to safety ratio in the initial clinical trials. Phase II and Phase III trials with ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension have been performed. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease of the pulmonary arterial circulation that is characterized by a progressive rise in pulmonary vascular resistance, eventually leading to right-heart failure and death. Endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor with mitogenic, hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory properties. Therefore, blockade of ET receptors has been suggested as an attractive target in a number of acute and chronic cardiovascular indications, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), systemic hypertension, and heart failure. In Phase III clinical trials in patients with PAH, ambrisentan (2.5–10 mg orally once-daily) improved exercise capacity, time to clinical worsening, WHO functional class, and quality of life compared with placebo. This review discusses the endothelin family of proteins and receptors and their role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertensive diseases.
: Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic synd... more : Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic syndrome. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood stops flowing to the cardiac tissue or myocardium and the heart muscle gets damaged due to poor perfusion and reduced oxygen supply. Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Oxidative metabolism is the function of mitochondria within the cell. Cardiac cells being highly oxidative tissue generates about 90% of their energy through oxidative metabolism. In this review, we focused on the role of mitochondria in energy generation in myocytes as well as its consequences on heart cells causing cell damage. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, and anaerobic production of lactate as a failure of oxidative metabolism are also discussed
BACKGROUND: The comprehension of the molecular, cellular, and biological mechanisms that underlie... more BACKGROUND: The comprehension of the molecular, cellular, and biological mechanisms that underlie the management of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as the effects of circadian disruption on health and illness, has made significant strides. METHOD: An extensive literature review was done from the standard databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed using standard keywords “Circadian rhythm”, and “sleep disorders”. In this section, we examined circadian biology and provided adetailed description of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the most typical Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) seen in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the central circadian rhythm mechanism may be altered, or the intrinsic circadian clock and the environment may not be in sync, to produce circadian rhythm sleep disorders. As a consequence, we must focus on modifying our way of life in a constructive and healthy way. Even while the lifestyle is ba...
Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, Oct 28, 2015
Lupeol, a triterpene found in white cabbage, green pepper, strawberry, olive, mangoes and grapes ... more Lupeol, a triterpene found in white cabbage, green pepper, strawberry, olive, mangoes and grapes was reported to possess beneficial effects as a therapeutic and preventive agent for a range of disorders. Last 15 years have seen tremendous efforts by researchers worldwide to develop this wonderful molecule for its clinical use for the treatment of variety of disorders. Natural products and herbal remedies used in traditional folklore medicine have been the source of many medically beneficial drugs because they elicit fewer side effects, relatively cheap, affordable and claimed to be effective. However, in order to make these remedies acceptable to modern medicine, there is a need to scientifically evaluate them to identify the active principles and to understand their mechanism of action. Calotropis gigantea commonly known as milk weed or swallow-wort, is a medicinal plant widely used as a folk medicine in India. It exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities including wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid was extracted for the first time from the latex of C. gigantea and characterized by spectral studies. The presence of lupeol in the latex in appreciable amounts may account for its various biological activities.
Current psychiatry research and review, Mar 1, 2022
Background: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) th... more Background: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that was earlier intended to treat only patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), but researchers have found DBT to treat several psychological disorders, including depression. Aim: The article aims to review the clinical shreds of evidence regarding the use of DBT to treat depression. Methods: PubMed literature search was done by applying the year filter range, 2010 to 2021. Another filter applied was “Randomized controlled trial”, so that the strength of evidence could be enhanced. The keywords used were “Dialectical Behavior Therapy” AND “Depression”. Results: 33 articles were found, out of which only 20 relevant articles were reviewed. DBT was found to alleviate depressive symptoms associated with different psychological disorders like bipolar disorder and BPD but the number of studies that validated the aforementioned were less than those studies which showed that DBT had no significant effect on the patients with depressive difficulties. The long-term effect of DBT for treating depression is under suspect, as studies showed that DBT got ineffective during the follow-ups. Conclusion: DBT shows benefits in depression, but further studies are still required to validate this concretely as DBT did not show a significant effect when compared to its control counterparts. There is much need for future studies which can evaluate the long-term efficacy of DBT in depression, which is another challenging area because follow-up data did not favor DBT.
Background: Tanning nowadays due to pollution, stress, UV rays, and lifestyle has become a major ... more Background: Tanning nowadays due to pollution, stress, UV rays, and lifestyle has become a major skincare problem. Synthesis of a poly-herbal anti-tan formulation has been performed in this work, and it is evaluated on various parameters. Objective: The present work is aimed at the synthesis of herb-based anti-tan medicine and the evaluation of its various parameters for its efficiency as well as stability. Materials & Methods: The herbal preparation was prepared in-house according to the proposed composition, using all the natural contents. The dye was evaluated for its different standards. Results: The values of various parameters certified the quality standards of the formulation. The parameters were found to be ample enough for the standardization of herbal medicinal formulation. Conclusion: The prepared herbal pack was found to be appropriate according to all standards and can serve as a better alternative for treating tanning.
Background:Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has a serious impact on maternal health as well as... more Background:Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has a serious impact on maternal health as well as on the health of the infant. This is also very closely related to adverse outcomes in pregnancy. A mother suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has high incidences of showing significant risks to the fetus health, growth and development. As the incidences of GDM are increasing day by day, therefore, maternal health, age and obesity parameters are of major concern for reflecting GDM during their pregnancy conditions. It has been studied and investigated that IR (Insulin Resistance) is a common pathway in GDM and T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus).Objective:To explore the effect of Cajanus cajan in treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Wistar rats.Methods:The study was conducted on 30 female rats which were caged along with male rats. We obtained 26 pregnant rats which were weighed. The pregnant rats in the control group, intervention group, and GDM group were equally randomized. When the pregnancy was verified, the Intervention and the GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) group were given 45 mg/kg streptozotocin by the peritoneal injection for inducing GDM while the control group was given an equal volume of the citrate buffer. When the model was established accurately then the intervention group was administered orally with the extracts of leaves of Cajanus cajan chloroform extract (270mg/kg), Methanol extract (270mg/kg) and Ethyl acetate extract (270mg/kg). Whereas the other groups were administered with water and diet. The blood samples were collected and the fetal rats along with placental weight were recorded on the 19th day of the pregnancy. The serum glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and lipid levels were recorded in pregnant rats before the delivery.Results:The rats were weighed before and after delivery, fetal weight was recorded, placental weight of the GDM group was found to be lower than the control group as well as the intervention groups. Treating with (Chloroform extract, Methanol extract, Ethyl acetate extract (270mg/kg) different extracts of Cajanus cajan leaf in the intervention groups the lipid levels of the intervention group significantly increased in case of the Methanolic extract whereas the other extracts were also effective. The levels of antioxidant enzymes of the GDM group in pancreas and liver tissue were lower in intervention groups as compared to control and GDM group whereas the antioxidant enzyme levels in the liver and pancreas were equivalent to the control group.:The results showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the Cajanus cajan leaves might have bioactive and hypoglycemic nature. Further research is required for the complete evaluation of the active compound in various animal models to justify the nature of the compound.Conclusion:Cajanus cajan leaf extract suppresses oxidative stress and insulin resistance, therefore, improves the blood glucose levels in GDM rats.
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology, Apr 28, 2010
Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora... more Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora have revolutionised the therapeutic strategies for the management of periodontal disease progression. The rationale for use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy is based on the concept that bacteria are the primary cause of periodontal diseases and thus treatment should be directed towards controlling the bacterial flora. The effectiveness of mechanical debridement of plaque and repeated topical and systemic administration of antibacterial agents are limited due to the lack of accessibility to periodontopathic organisms in the periodontal pocket. Systemic administration of drugs leads to therapeutic concentrations at the site of infection, but for short periods of time, forcing repeated dosing for longer periods. Local delivery of antimicrobials has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of conventional therapy. The use of sustained release formulations to deliver antibacterials to the site of infection (periodontal pocket) has recently gained interest. This review summarises the recent developments in the field of intra-pocket drug delivery systems and identifies areas where further research may lead to a clinically effective intra-pocket delivery system.
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Jul 12, 2023
: Biotin, a vitamin that is water-soluble, is part of the vitamin B complex and is required by al... more : Biotin, a vitamin that is water-soluble, is part of the vitamin B complex and is required by all living things, including humans. Biotin-dependent carboxylases are a prosthetic group of enzymes, and biotin catalyzes essential processes in the production of fatty acids, the breakdown of amino acids, and gluconeogenesis in eukaryotic cells. The role of biotin as the prosthetic group of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases is well understood in higher animals. Based on the roles of these carboxylases in metabolism, it was discovered that biotin is required for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Biotin appears to play a role in cell function and has a spermatogenic impact. Biotin has been found to have a direct impact on the transcription of important enzymes in glucose metabolism. Glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are glycolytic enzymes that biotin controls (PEPCK). Biotin appears to be involved in gene control, which may explain some of its functions regarding fetal development and cellular biology. According to investigations using microarrays as well as other types of gene expression, biotin appears to affect the transcription of genes encoding cytokines and their receptors, glucose metabolism genes, and genes involved in cellular biotin homeostasis. A biotin shortage has a considerable effect on gene expression in numerous tissues and cells, according to a microarray study. Biotin supplementation affects the expression of several genes depending on the tissue, demonstrating that gene expression differences reflect tissue function. Biotin affects energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism, according to metabolite research, which has improved our understanding of the biotin metabolic pathway. Using microarray and transcriptome analysis, this research investigates the effect of biotin on gene expression.
Background: Diabetes is a metabolic, endocrine disorder which is featured by hyperglycemia and gl... more Background: Diabetes is a metabolic, endocrine disorder which is featured by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, primarily due to beta cell destruction, with Insulin Resistance playing a secondary role. It is treated with the help of many chemical based drugs as well as natural derivatives. Objective: There is urgent need to develop new efficacious, cheaper and more available drugs to face this growing public health challenge. Many anti-diabetic drugs are often often associated with many adverse effects. Materials & Methods: Literature was reviewed in a narrative manner in order to pertain the information about active phytoactives present in the different plants. Anti-diabetic drugs are often loaded with side effects; therefore, review is being done for the selection of effective natural therapeutic moieties with less or no adverse effects. Results: In this review article, we described the detailed review of recently detected bioactive compounds present in different natural substances; which can be used effectively for diabetes related adversities. Conclusion: Natural products based bioactive molecules have been proven to improve insulin resistance and other related complications through suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways.
American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery, Oct 30, 2013
Increasing numbers of experimental investigations and recently also of clinical trials strongly s... more Increasing numbers of experimental investigations and recently also of clinical trials strongly suggest an integral involvement of the endothelin (ET) system in the pathophysiology of a variety of disease states, mainly of the cardiovascular system.Ambrisentan (LU 208075)approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007, a selective ETA-receptor antagonist, is an orally active diphenyl propionic acid derivative that was recently approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with World Health Organization class II or III symptoms.. It has been shown to have a very promising efficacy to safety ratio in the initial clinical trials. Phase II and Phase III trials with ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension have been performed. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease of the pulmonary arterial circulation that is characterized by a progressive rise in pulmonary vascular resistance, eventually leading to right-heart failure and death. Endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor with mitogenic, hypertrophic and pro-inflammatory properties. Therefore, blockade of ET receptors has been suggested as an attractive target in a number of acute and chronic cardiovascular indications, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), systemic hypertension, and heart failure. In Phase III clinical trials in patients with PAH, ambrisentan (2.5–10 mg orally once-daily) improved exercise capacity, time to clinical worsening, WHO functional class, and quality of life compared with placebo. This review discusses the endothelin family of proteins and receptors and their role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertensive diseases.
: Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic synd... more : Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic syndrome. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood stops flowing to the cardiac tissue or myocardium and the heart muscle gets damaged due to poor perfusion and reduced oxygen supply. Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Oxidative metabolism is the function of mitochondria within the cell. Cardiac cells being highly oxidative tissue generates about 90% of their energy through oxidative metabolism. In this review, we focused on the role of mitochondria in energy generation in myocytes as well as its consequences on heart cells causing cell damage. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, and anaerobic production of lactate as a failure of oxidative metabolism are also discussed
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