To study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on ... more To study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran during 2012. Irrigation regimes were S1: 100% FC, as control, S2: 80% FC (moderate stress) and S3: 60% FC (severe stress) and application of organic fertilizers: N1: without fertilizer as control, N2: 40 t.ha-1 compost, N3: 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost were assigned to main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that N, P and K, as well as the amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased with increasing drought stress, but decreasing effects of fertilizers levels on traits were not high. Stress conditions and application of compost increased sodium percentage. By increasi...
Nowadays, transgenic plants are used as an attractive alternative to produce recombinant pharmace... more Nowadays, transgenic plants are used as an attractive alternative to produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Recombinant proteins such as vaccines and antibodies can be produced in plants via two systemes: stable genetic transformation and transient expression. Stable transformation is included of integrating a gene into the plant nuclear or chloroplast genome. The transient expression can be resulted by using plant viral technology. The use of biopharming technology to produce vaccines in plants overcomes some of the major problems of traditional vaccination. This technology eliminate hazard of contamination with animal pathogens and provide a cheaper and safer alternative method. However, there are some challeneges in biopharming such as purification and glycosylation. In this article, expression systemes of plant vaccines, antibody production in plants and its application, challenges in biopharming and future perspective are discussed.
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or a... more Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. i t is at the intersection of science and ethics. Technological developments are shaped by an ethical vision, which in turn is shaped by available technology. Biotechnology can produce unanticipated consequences that cause harm or people. The ethical assessment of new technologies, including biotechnology, requires a different approach to ethics. Changes are necessary because new technology can have a more profound impact on the world. Given the potential to profoundly change the future course of humanity, such questions require careful consideration. The power and potential of biotechnology demands caution to ensure ethical progress.
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen,Magnaporthegrisea (anamorph: Pyriculariagrisea) limits r... more Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen,Magnaporthegrisea (anamorph: Pyriculariagrisea) limits rice yield in all major rice-growing regions of the world.Conventional breeding for disease resistance is tedious, time consuming and mostly dependent on environment as compare to molecular breeding particularly marker assisted selection, which is easier, highly efficient and precise. Of the different types of molecular markers,microsatellites have been utilized most extensively, because they can be readily amplifiedby PCR and the large amount of allelic variation at each locus. Microsatellites are alsoknown as simple sequence repeats (SSR),These markers are abundant, distributed throughout the genome and are highlypolymorphic compared with other genetic markers.Recent advances in rice genomics have now made it possible to identify and map a number of genes through linkage to existing DNA markers. Among the more noteworthy examples of genes that have been tightly linked to molecular marke...
The late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein family obtains a group of stress-induced hyper-hydr... more The late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein family obtains a group of stress-induced hyper-hydrophilic proteins that accumulate in response to cellular dehydration. They are generally unstructured polypeptides without a well-defined three-dimensional structure and have been identified in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to higher plants. Herein, we made a phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis for LEA proteins in Poaceae. The full-length LEA protein sequences were acquired by performing the sequence search of sequenced hva1 against Poaceae species in the non-redundant protein database by a BlastX search tool. The sequences were aligned with the Clustal Omega tool. The MEME suite searched for conserved blocks among each LEA protein sequence. Also, the evolutionary relationship among the LEA protein sequences evaluates using the MEGA tool. The results display close sequence similarity not only into the species but also between species. The results demonstrated that LEA protein...
The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biologically active molecules produced by wide variety of o... more The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biologically active molecules produced by wide variety of organisms as an essential component of their innate immune response. Animals and plants have coexisted with microbes throughout their evolution, sometimes to their mutual benefit, often in open warfare. The cells of insects and animals produce various antimicrobial substances that act as endogenous antibiotics or disinfectants. The primary role of the AMPs is host defense by exerting cytotoxicity on the invading pathogenic microorganisms, and they also serve as immune modulators in higher organisms. Although hundreds of antimicrobial peptides have now been characterized as having widely diverse sequences, these peptides have been classified into relatively few conformational paradigms. In this article, attempts have been made to describe antimicrobial peptide's structure and diversity, types and characteristics of antimicrobial peptides, classify antimicrobial peptides according to th...
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major environmental constraints to crop production in acidic... more Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major environmental constraints to crop production in acidic soils. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits associated with tolerance to Al in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A recombinant inbred line population of wheat was evaluated under conditions of 800 µm aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCL3.6H2O) at tillering, stem-elongation and flowering stages. Single-locus analysis showed that 22 of 79 QTLs identified were putative. These QTLs explained 4.38–12.24% of the total variation of traits in two growing seasons. Based on two-locus analysis, 71 additive and 11 epistatic QTLs were identified, of which 34 additive and three epistatic QTLs had significant interaction with environmental effects. The greatest number of stable QTLs was related to the A genome. Stable QTLs associated with days to heading and grain yield, with no additive × environment interactions, were co-located with Al concentrati...
The aim of the study was to analyze impact of irradiated brain volume V57 Gy (volume receiving 57... more The aim of the study was to analyze impact of irradiated brain volume V57 Gy (volume receiving 57 Gy and more) on time to progression and survival of patients with glioblastoma. Dosimetric analysis of treatment plan data has been performed on 70 patients with glioblastoma, treated with postoperative radiochemotherapy with temozolomide, followed by adjuvant temozolomide. Patients were treated with 2 different methods of definition of treatment volumes and prescription of radiation dose. First group of patients has been treated with one treatment volume receiving 60 Gy in 2 Gy daily fraction (31 patients) and second group of the patients has been treated with "cone-down" technique, which consisted of two phases of treatment: the first phase of 46 Gy in 2 Gy fraction followed by "cone-down" boost of 14 Gy in 2 Gy fraction (39 patients). Quantification of V57 Gy and ratio brain volume/V57Gy has been done. Average values of both parameters have been taken as a thresho...
RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing ... more RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense–counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if o...
Koochakpour, Z., M. Solouki, B. Fakheri, R. Aghnoum, N. Mahdi Nezhadand M. Jabbari. 2021. Identif... more Koochakpour, Z., M. Solouki, B. Fakheri, R. Aghnoum, N. Mahdi Nezhadand M. Jabbari. 2021. Identification of genomic loci controlling phenologic and morphologic traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes using association analysis. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 22(4): 291-304. (In Persian). Association mapping is a technique with high resolution for QTL mapping based on linkage disequilibrium and has shown more promising for describing genetically complex traits. In addition, it is a powerful tool for describing complex agronomic traits and identifying alleles that can contribute to enhance the desired traits. In this study, whole genome association mapping was used in a set of 148 spring barley cultivars. Phenotypic evaluation was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station, Iran, using alpha-lattice design with two replications, for two croppinhg cycle (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). Traits such as days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, grain filling period, fla...
In the current century, agriculture sustainability and the reduction of environmental pressure ar... more In the current century, agriculture sustainability and the reduction of environmental pressure are two main objectives of the management of agro-ecosystems that is challenged by energy inefficiency. In this respect, the present study assessed one of the most important planting systems in Sistan Region by emergy analysis approach. It analyzed all inputs of greenhouse cucumber production system in Sistan including renewable inputs (sunlight, wind, rain), non-renewable inputs (net topsoil loss), and purchased inputs (machinery, fossil fuels, electricity, plastic, utility, labor, N, K, P and micro fertilizers, and chemical herbicides) and services. In this study, an emergy analysis was performed on greenhouse cucumber production system of Sistan using the data collected from a 3000-m2 greenhouse in Zahak Agricultural Research Station (as an average representative of agricultural lands in Sistan Region). The results revealed that total emergy of greenhouse cucumber system was 1.094 × 101...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant mint family (Lamiaceae) which contains cyclic comp... more Basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant mint family (Lamiaceae) which contains cyclic compounds and essential oil, and it has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. From Long ago, Basil has been used for treatment of headache, cough, diarrhea and fever, inflammation of the throat and stomach pain in Iran. Basil essential oil is mainly containing phenylpropanoids compounds, the biosynthesis path of these compounds are of course passed from the pathway of shikimate and the most important compounds of them, that can be cited, are chavicol and methyl chavicol. The role of salicylic acid is known as a bio- stimulant to improve the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in many plants. In this study, the effect of salicylic acid on gene expression CVOMT and the amount of methyl chavicol was studied. Therefore, basil was treated with 2 mM solution of salicylic acid before flowering stage, and respectively the samples were harvested 1, 2, 3 and 5 days after treatment. Gene expression CVOMT which was under influence of salicylic acid, compared with controls, showed the highest activity of gene expression CVOMT. So, on the third day after treatment was reached to highest level and on the fifth day after treatment was reduced. Essential oil analysis also showed that the methyl chavicol influenced by
All Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Iran, have been so far... more All Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Iran, have been so far identified via classical taxonomy. In this study classification of two genus of brown algae (Dictyotaceae) including Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum have been investigated. We combined the cytoplasmic DNA sequences data of plastid rbcL and psbA with morphological information. Based on the constructed phylogenetic trees on the sequences data of these two genes the collected specimens from the Iranian coastlines made two distinct clades which were grouped with two species Stoechospermum polypodioides and Spatoglossum crassum with high to full bootstrap values. So we approved the presence of Stoechospermum polypodioides and Spatoglossum crassum as new record for the algal flora of Persian Gulf in Iranian coastlines.
Background and aims: Over the recent decades, the infections caused by the opportunistic fungus i... more Background and aims: Over the recent decades, the infections caused by the opportunistic fungus including the Candida albicans (C. albicans) have increased, thereby causing the high rate of diseases. With respect to the limitations of the treatment of the fungal infections and expensive antifungal drugs, researchers have been increasingly interested in finding anti-fungal drugs. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effects of the extracts of the shallots and artichokes on C. albicans. Methods: In this experimental research, the extracts of the shallot and artichoke were prepared using a rotary device. The inhibitory concentration against C. albicans was determined using incubation in media. Results: The results of the study showed that increased concentration of the extract increased the antifungal effects. The extract of the artichoke had higher inhibitory effect compared to the extract of the shallot. Moreover, as the extract was decreased the size of the fungi colony was...
To study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on ... more To study the effects of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizers (compost and vermicompost) on mucilage percentage and some quality characteristics of borago (Borago officinalis) a field experiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran during 2012. Irrigation regimes were S1: 100% FC, as control, S2: 80% FC (moderate stress) and S3: 60% FC (severe stress) and application of organic fertilizers: N1: without fertilizer as control, N2: 40 t.ha-1 compost, N3: 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost were assigned to main plots and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that N, P and K, as well as the amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased with increasing drought stress, but decreasing effects of fertilizers levels on traits were not high. Stress conditions and application of compost increased sodium percentage. By increasi...
Nowadays, transgenic plants are used as an attractive alternative to produce recombinant pharmace... more Nowadays, transgenic plants are used as an attractive alternative to produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Recombinant proteins such as vaccines and antibodies can be produced in plants via two systemes: stable genetic transformation and transient expression. Stable transformation is included of integrating a gene into the plant nuclear or chloroplast genome. The transient expression can be resulted by using plant viral technology. The use of biopharming technology to produce vaccines in plants overcomes some of the major problems of traditional vaccination. This technology eliminate hazard of contamination with animal pathogens and provide a cheaper and safer alternative method. However, there are some challeneges in biopharming such as purification and glycosylation. In this article, expression systemes of plant vaccines, antibody production in plants and its application, challenges in biopharming and future perspective are discussed.
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or a... more Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. i t is at the intersection of science and ethics. Technological developments are shaped by an ethical vision, which in turn is shaped by available technology. Biotechnology can produce unanticipated consequences that cause harm or people. The ethical assessment of new technologies, including biotechnology, requires a different approach to ethics. Changes are necessary because new technology can have a more profound impact on the world. Given the potential to profoundly change the future course of humanity, such questions require careful consideration. The power and potential of biotechnology demands caution to ensure ethical progress.
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen,Magnaporthegrisea (anamorph: Pyriculariagrisea) limits r... more Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen,Magnaporthegrisea (anamorph: Pyriculariagrisea) limits rice yield in all major rice-growing regions of the world.Conventional breeding for disease resistance is tedious, time consuming and mostly dependent on environment as compare to molecular breeding particularly marker assisted selection, which is easier, highly efficient and precise. Of the different types of molecular markers,microsatellites have been utilized most extensively, because they can be readily amplifiedby PCR and the large amount of allelic variation at each locus. Microsatellites are alsoknown as simple sequence repeats (SSR),These markers are abundant, distributed throughout the genome and are highlypolymorphic compared with other genetic markers.Recent advances in rice genomics have now made it possible to identify and map a number of genes through linkage to existing DNA markers. Among the more noteworthy examples of genes that have been tightly linked to molecular marke...
The late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein family obtains a group of stress-induced hyper-hydr... more The late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein family obtains a group of stress-induced hyper-hydrophilic proteins that accumulate in response to cellular dehydration. They are generally unstructured polypeptides without a well-defined three-dimensional structure and have been identified in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to higher plants. Herein, we made a phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis for LEA proteins in Poaceae. The full-length LEA protein sequences were acquired by performing the sequence search of sequenced hva1 against Poaceae species in the non-redundant protein database by a BlastX search tool. The sequences were aligned with the Clustal Omega tool. The MEME suite searched for conserved blocks among each LEA protein sequence. Also, the evolutionary relationship among the LEA protein sequences evaluates using the MEGA tool. The results display close sequence similarity not only into the species but also between species. The results demonstrated that LEA protein...
The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biologically active molecules produced by wide variety of o... more The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biologically active molecules produced by wide variety of organisms as an essential component of their innate immune response. Animals and plants have coexisted with microbes throughout their evolution, sometimes to their mutual benefit, often in open warfare. The cells of insects and animals produce various antimicrobial substances that act as endogenous antibiotics or disinfectants. The primary role of the AMPs is host defense by exerting cytotoxicity on the invading pathogenic microorganisms, and they also serve as immune modulators in higher organisms. Although hundreds of antimicrobial peptides have now been characterized as having widely diverse sequences, these peptides have been classified into relatively few conformational paradigms. In this article, attempts have been made to describe antimicrobial peptide's structure and diversity, types and characteristics of antimicrobial peptides, classify antimicrobial peptides according to th...
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major environmental constraints to crop production in acidic... more Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major environmental constraints to crop production in acidic soils. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits associated with tolerance to Al in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A recombinant inbred line population of wheat was evaluated under conditions of 800 µm aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCL3.6H2O) at tillering, stem-elongation and flowering stages. Single-locus analysis showed that 22 of 79 QTLs identified were putative. These QTLs explained 4.38–12.24% of the total variation of traits in two growing seasons. Based on two-locus analysis, 71 additive and 11 epistatic QTLs were identified, of which 34 additive and three epistatic QTLs had significant interaction with environmental effects. The greatest number of stable QTLs was related to the A genome. Stable QTLs associated with days to heading and grain yield, with no additive × environment interactions, were co-located with Al concentrati...
The aim of the study was to analyze impact of irradiated brain volume V57 Gy (volume receiving 57... more The aim of the study was to analyze impact of irradiated brain volume V57 Gy (volume receiving 57 Gy and more) on time to progression and survival of patients with glioblastoma. Dosimetric analysis of treatment plan data has been performed on 70 patients with glioblastoma, treated with postoperative radiochemotherapy with temozolomide, followed by adjuvant temozolomide. Patients were treated with 2 different methods of definition of treatment volumes and prescription of radiation dose. First group of patients has been treated with one treatment volume receiving 60 Gy in 2 Gy daily fraction (31 patients) and second group of the patients has been treated with "cone-down" technique, which consisted of two phases of treatment: the first phase of 46 Gy in 2 Gy fraction followed by "cone-down" boost of 14 Gy in 2 Gy fraction (39 patients). Quantification of V57 Gy and ratio brain volume/V57Gy has been done. Average values of both parameters have been taken as a thresho...
RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing ... more RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense–counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if o...
Koochakpour, Z., M. Solouki, B. Fakheri, R. Aghnoum, N. Mahdi Nezhadand M. Jabbari. 2021. Identif... more Koochakpour, Z., M. Solouki, B. Fakheri, R. Aghnoum, N. Mahdi Nezhadand M. Jabbari. 2021. Identification of genomic loci controlling phenologic and morphologic traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes using association analysis. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 22(4): 291-304. (In Persian). Association mapping is a technique with high resolution for QTL mapping based on linkage disequilibrium and has shown more promising for describing genetically complex traits. In addition, it is a powerful tool for describing complex agronomic traits and identifying alleles that can contribute to enhance the desired traits. In this study, whole genome association mapping was used in a set of 148 spring barley cultivars. Phenotypic evaluation was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station, Iran, using alpha-lattice design with two replications, for two croppinhg cycle (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). Traits such as days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, grain filling period, fla...
In the current century, agriculture sustainability and the reduction of environmental pressure ar... more In the current century, agriculture sustainability and the reduction of environmental pressure are two main objectives of the management of agro-ecosystems that is challenged by energy inefficiency. In this respect, the present study assessed one of the most important planting systems in Sistan Region by emergy analysis approach. It analyzed all inputs of greenhouse cucumber production system in Sistan including renewable inputs (sunlight, wind, rain), non-renewable inputs (net topsoil loss), and purchased inputs (machinery, fossil fuels, electricity, plastic, utility, labor, N, K, P and micro fertilizers, and chemical herbicides) and services. In this study, an emergy analysis was performed on greenhouse cucumber production system of Sistan using the data collected from a 3000-m2 greenhouse in Zahak Agricultural Research Station (as an average representative of agricultural lands in Sistan Region). The results revealed that total emergy of greenhouse cucumber system was 1.094 × 101...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant mint family (Lamiaceae) which contains cyclic comp... more Basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant mint family (Lamiaceae) which contains cyclic compounds and essential oil, and it has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. From Long ago, Basil has been used for treatment of headache, cough, diarrhea and fever, inflammation of the throat and stomach pain in Iran. Basil essential oil is mainly containing phenylpropanoids compounds, the biosynthesis path of these compounds are of course passed from the pathway of shikimate and the most important compounds of them, that can be cited, are chavicol and methyl chavicol. The role of salicylic acid is known as a bio- stimulant to improve the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in many plants. In this study, the effect of salicylic acid on gene expression CVOMT and the amount of methyl chavicol was studied. Therefore, basil was treated with 2 mM solution of salicylic acid before flowering stage, and respectively the samples were harvested 1, 2, 3 and 5 days after treatment. Gene expression CVOMT which was under influence of salicylic acid, compared with controls, showed the highest activity of gene expression CVOMT. So, on the third day after treatment was reached to highest level and on the fifth day after treatment was reduced. Essential oil analysis also showed that the methyl chavicol influenced by
All Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Iran, have been so far... more All Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Iran, have been so far identified via classical taxonomy. In this study classification of two genus of brown algae (Dictyotaceae) including Spatoglossum and Stoechospermum have been investigated. We combined the cytoplasmic DNA sequences data of plastid rbcL and psbA with morphological information. Based on the constructed phylogenetic trees on the sequences data of these two genes the collected specimens from the Iranian coastlines made two distinct clades which were grouped with two species Stoechospermum polypodioides and Spatoglossum crassum with high to full bootstrap values. So we approved the presence of Stoechospermum polypodioides and Spatoglossum crassum as new record for the algal flora of Persian Gulf in Iranian coastlines.
Background and aims: Over the recent decades, the infections caused by the opportunistic fungus i... more Background and aims: Over the recent decades, the infections caused by the opportunistic fungus including the Candida albicans (C. albicans) have increased, thereby causing the high rate of diseases. With respect to the limitations of the treatment of the fungal infections and expensive antifungal drugs, researchers have been increasingly interested in finding anti-fungal drugs. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effects of the extracts of the shallots and artichokes on C. albicans. Methods: In this experimental research, the extracts of the shallot and artichoke were prepared using a rotary device. The inhibitory concentration against C. albicans was determined using incubation in media. Results: The results of the study showed that increased concentration of the extract increased the antifungal effects. The extract of the artichoke had higher inhibitory effect compared to the extract of the shallot. Moreover, as the extract was decreased the size of the fungi colony was...
Uploads
Papers by barat ali fakheri