Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that spans the center and east coast of South Ameri... more Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that spans the center and east coast of South America, encompassing distinct reliefs and biomes; as a result, a diversity of climatic regimes operate in its territory. This study investigated a regionalization of the Brazilian territory based on the similarity of the climatological behaviour of accumulated precipitation and average monthly temperature. Climatological normal observations from INMET stations were used, forming groups and subgroups according to the rainfall and temperature regime of the most recent climatological periods from 1961 to 1990 and 1991 to 2020. Secondly, an analysis of the variation of both variables was carried out at the granularity of station and region based on the grouping created here. Finally, the same analysis was carried out for a selection of coastal stations along the Brazilian coast, adding the variables of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and monthly temperature range for each climatological period. The result was the regionalization of the country into 4 large areas for accumulated precipitation and average temperature based on seasonality, with each area having 2 sub-regions according to intensity. With regard to precipitation, an increase in volume was detected in the Rio Grande do Sul and a decrease in the Northeast and Southeast of the country, as well as in the east of the Midwest. On average, the northeastern coast saw a 21% drop in April and a 12% increase in June, with locations registering peaks of -57% and +72%, respectively. Two stations in the Northeast showed a statistically significant reduction in rainfall. In the Southeast and Mid-West regions (and neighboring areas in the North, Northeast and South), there was a location that reached +16% in March and another -18% in October; despite the dry season (little rain), stations in the state of Tocantins recorded a proportional variation in the middle of the year, reaching +300% in May. In Rio Grande do Sul, with a greater average oscillation within the expected intensity throughout the year, there was +41% in April, followed by a drop of up to 21% in August and then a strong peak with an average of +50% in October; the state also had two locations with statistically significant rainfall variation. On the coast, the study suggested a drop in precipitation in the second half of the year in the North and Northeast, as opposed to an increase in precipitation in the first half in the Southeast and South. When it comes to temperature, more than 90% of the stations recorded an increase of at least 0.5 °C and there was an average increase of 0.8 °C in Brazil, with the months of December to April standing out with a variation between 0.8 °C and 0.9 °C on average. The area with the greatest difference in the annual median was the Center North, between the Northeast and the North of the country. This region showed a sinusoidal variation between 0.86 °C and 1.39 °C on average. As in layers, each region/group that moves away from the North Center, the increase in average temperature becomes smoother. The east coast (last layer) of Brazil and the south showed an average increase of 0.24 °C in July and a peak of 0.9 °C in April. The changes observed favor the occurrence of extreme scenarios: more periods of drought in areas with little rain, more rain in months and regions with more precipitation; colder in cold regions in winter and hotter in hot regions in summer.
Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that spans the center and east coast of South Ameri... more Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that spans the center and east coast of South America, encompassing distinct reliefs and biomes; as a result, a diversity of climatic regimes operate in its territory. This study investigated a regionalization of the Brazilian territory based on the similarity of the climatological behaviour of accumulated precipitation and average monthly temperature. Climatological normal observations from INMET stations were used, forming groups and subgroups according to the rainfall and temperature regime of the most recent climatological periods from 1961 to 1990 and 1991 to 2020. Secondly, an analysis of the variation of both variables was carried out at the granularity of station and region based on the grouping created here. Finally, the same analysis was carried out for a selection of coastal stations along the Brazilian coast, adding the variables of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and monthly temperature range for each climatological period. The result was the regionalization of the country into 4 large areas for accumulated precipitation and average temperature based on seasonality, with each area having 2 sub-regions according to intensity. With regard to precipitation, an increase in volume was detected in the Rio Grande do Sul and a decrease in the Northeast and Southeast of the country, as well as in the east of the Midwest. On average, the northeastern coast saw a 21% drop in April and a 12% increase in June, with locations registering peaks of -57% and +72%, respectively. Two stations in the Northeast showed a statistically significant reduction in rainfall. In the Southeast and Mid-West regions (and neighboring areas in the North, Northeast and South), there was a location that reached +16% in March and another -18% in October; despite the dry season (little rain), stations in the state of Tocantins recorded a proportional variation in the middle of the year, reaching +300% in May. In Rio Grande do Sul, with a greater average oscillation within the expected intensity throughout the year, there was +41% in April, followed by a drop of up to 21% in August and then a strong peak with an average of +50% in October; the state also had two locations with statistically significant rainfall variation. On the coast, the study suggested a drop in precipitation in the second half of the year in the North and Northeast, as opposed to an increase in precipitation in the first half in the Southeast and South. When it comes to temperature, more than 90% of the stations recorded an increase of at least 0.5 °C and there was an average increase of 0.8 °C in Brazil, with the months of December to April standing out with a variation between 0.8 °C and 0.9 °C on average. The area with the greatest difference in the annual median was the Center North, between the Northeast and the North of the country. This region showed a sinusoidal variation between 0.86 °C and 1.39 °C on average. As in layers, each region/group that moves away from the North Center, the increase in average temperature becomes smoother. The east coast (last layer) of Brazil and the south showed an average increase of 0.24 °C in July and a peak of 0.9 °C in April. The changes observed favor the occurrence of extreme scenarios: more periods of drought in areas with little rain, more rain in months and regions with more precipitation; colder in cold regions in winter and hotter in hot regions in summer.
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Thesis Chapters by Daniel A Domingues