Dipygus is a congenital duplication in the caudal region of the body. According to the extension ... more Dipygus is a congenital duplication in the caudal region of the body. According to the extension of the anomaly, duplicated cases are classified as monoceophalus tripus dibrachius, monocephalus tetrapus dibrachius and cephalothoracopagus. A newborn five-legged male kid was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. In ventrodorsal radiography, normal pelvic symphysis was not observed between middle and left or right limbs. Necropsy findings included duplication of the bony pelvic girdle, alimentary tract from the jejunum downward, bladder and urethra. We hereby describe the first report of monocephalus tripus dibrachius in a kid goat.
BACKGROUND Measuring the amount of opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report... more BACKGROUND Measuring the amount of opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report of amount of opium use at each consumption, widely used in the literature, usually fails to provide a good estimate. The purpose of this study is to systematically study the perceived weight units of reported opium use in Iran, and compare them to the standardized units of weight measurement. METHODS An exploratory descriptive study was conducted in six major cities of Iran. Study participants were interviewed and asked to use a Play-Doh-like material to demonstrate the amount of opium they use. To obtain an estimate of the weight of the material used, we multiplied the volume by the density of the opium product. We experimentally determined the density of the commonly used opium products. We used medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQRs) to report the typical amount of each unit. RESULTS A total of 108 individuals participated in this study. The most frequently reported unit was "g...
Background: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in Iran cannot be estimated because large varia... more Background: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in Iran cannot be estimated because large variations have been observed in the reported prevalences of alcohol consumption. The main aim of this study was to assess the methodological challenges in estimation of the life time prevalence of alcohol consumed in Iran. By the same token we provided a standard approach for future researches in this regard. Methods: Published articles were reviewed systematically. Using the risk of bias tool, 49 out of 600 articles met the eligibility criteria. Based on the population of alcohol consumers, the included studies were categorized into 5 groups: general populations, patients, school students, university students, and specific population (first relatives of opium addicts and women who were faced with epistemic violence). Results: There was a paucity of reliable information in about 40% of provinces. Almost all studies applied the direct size estimation methods, but 11 studies used face to face ...
Several epidemiological studies have reported that regular use of opium can be associated with an... more Several epidemiological studies have reported that regular use of opium can be associated with an increased risk of developing cancers, including oesophageal, laryngeal, bladder, lung, and gastric cancer. In this systematic review, we aimed at investigating whether experimental studies support this finding and, if yes, how opium consumption can cause cancer. Most of the articles that have studied opium or its derivatives have found it as a carcinogen. However, due to the complex composition, different forms, and various ways of opium use, further comprehensive experimental studies are required. Using modern genomic and epigenomic methods seems to help determine the molecular mechanisms underlying opium carcinogenicity.
Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estroge... more Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estrogen is primarily mediated by estrogen receptor alpha 1 (ESR1). In this study, we investigated the association between breast cancer risk and the frequency of alleles and genotypes for two ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. Methods: A total of 98 female patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 93 age-matched healthy female controls who were selected from the visitors of the general hospital were recruited in the study. Two ESR1 candidate polymorphisms; +2464 C/T (rs3020314) and -4576 A/C (rs1514348) were selected. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined using Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed for each pair of markers. Using logistic regression, genotype frequencies were estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was no significant...
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. While tobacco smoking is responsib... more Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. While tobacco smoking is responsible for more than half of the bladder cancer cases, occupational exposures is also an established risk factor of bladder cancer. Strong evidence of carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) have been provided in animal and human studies, but the target organ of occurring cancer in human including bladder cancer is still obscure. A wide range of NOCs sources surrounded us like diet, drinking water, cigarette smoking, workplace, and indoor air population. We conducted a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between NOCs in drinking water and food source and bladder cancer risk. Ten articles were included after removing the duplicates and irrelevant articles. The majority studies of our meta-analysis was done on women, maybe because of cigarette smoking as a main risk factor among men which is more common among men than women. Although the number of articles was limited our meta-ana...
Background: Burden of cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in the low and middle income cou... more Background: Burden of cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in the low and middle income countries (LMICs), including Iran. Several reports have been published about cancer statistics in Iran, although they had shortcomings and provided variable results. We reported the most valid cancer statistics about Iran. Methods: We used Globocan database and reported age standardize incidence rate (ASR), mortality rate (ASMR), and five-year prevalence of cancer in Iran in 2012, and compared it with the results of 2008. We also provided the projection of cancer incidence for 2035 and estimated the life time cancer risks by age 75. Results: ASRs per 100,000 were 134.7 for men and 120.1 for women. The most common cancers were breast (ASR 28.1), colorectal (ASR 10.5), stomach (ASR 9.7) cancers in women and stomach (ASR 20.6), bladder (ASR 13.2), prostate (ASR 12.6) cancers in men. The ASR was about 19% higher in 2012 (127.7/100,000) compared to 2008 (107.3/100,000). ASR of all cancer sites w...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of outer dense fiber 4 (ODF4), mela... more Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of outer dense fiber 4 (ODF4), melanomaassociated antigen A3 (MAGEA3), and MAGEAB4 mRNAs in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), using a small amount of cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on urinary exfoliated cells. Methods: We recruited a total of 105 suspected TCC patients and 54 sexand age-matched non-TCC controls. The candidates’ genetic expression patterns were investigated with RT-PCR, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR was applied to quantify and compare each mRNA level between cases and control groups. Results: The sensitivity of ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR was 54.8%, 63%, and 53.4%, whereas the specificity was 73.7%, 86%, and 94.7%, respectively. Combining ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR offered a relatively higher sensitivity (83.6%). Conclusion: RT-PCR with ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 on urinary exfoliated cells could provide clinicians with a promising method to improve ...
Background A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) ... more Background A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and risk of breast cancer (BC) among women in Middle Eastern countries. We studied the associations between carbohydrate quality index and the risk of BC in overall and by menopausal status. Methods In this case-control study, dietary intake of 461 women with pathologically confirmed BC within the past year were examined. The same information were collected for 495 apparently healthy controls using a 168-item validated FFQ. Carbohydrate quality was determined by considering four criteria including: ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, dietary fiber intake, GI and the ratio of whole grains to total grains. Results Mean GI and GL of participants were totally 57.5 ± 7.2 and 245.7 ± 64.7, respectively. A trend toward significant association was seen between GI and odds of BC in the whole population; such that after stratifying analysis by menopausal status, premenopausal wome...
Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of angiogenesis and as a ... more Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of angiogenesis and as a result acts in tumor invasion. In this study, we investigate the frequency of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes for three VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in female breast cancer patients and healthy control group. Methods: We performed a case–control study including 214 female patients with pathologically proven breast cancer and 220 female age-matched healthy control subjects. We selected three VEGF candidate polymorphisms -634C/G (rs2010963), -460C/T (rs833061) and -1154A/G (rs1570360). Frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined by TaqMan real-time PCR allelic discrimination assay. Results: There was not a significant difference in genotype and allele distributions of the VEGF -460T/C and VEGF -1154A/G between patients and controls. For -634C/G SNP, the frequency of -634G allele was significantly higher in patients than control group ( P =0.0003). However the frequenc...
Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that may lead to a variety of manifestations. ... more Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that may lead to a variety of manifestations. In Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has a high prevalence. There are many treatment modalities for CL. The use of oral terbinafine in the treatment of CL has recently been considered. The aim of this study was to compare combination of oral terbinafine plus cryotherapy versus systemic meglumine antimoniate plus cryotherapy in CL. Methods: Patients with proven direct smear for CL were divided randomly in 2 groups of 40 cases. For the first group systemic glucantime prescribed (IM, 15 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. For the second group oral terbinafine as two folds of usual dose in the treatment of fungal diseases prescribed [125 mg/day for body weight (BW) <20 kg, 250 mg/day for BW 20–40 kg, 500 mg/day for BW>40 kg] for 4 weeks. Both groups received cryotherapy every 2 weeks for 4 weeks. The patients were followed monthly for 3 months after the treatment. Results: Partial (HR= 0.55, CI 9...
Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estroge... more Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estrogen is primarily mediated by estrogen receptor alpha 1 (ESR1). In this study, we investigated the association between breast cancer risk and the frequency of alleles and genotypes for two ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. Methods: A total of 98 female patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 93 age-matched healthy female controls who were selected from the visitors of the general hospital were recruited in the study. Two ESR1 candidate polymorphisms; +2464 C/T (rs3020314) and -4576 A/C (rs1514348) were selected. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined using Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed for each pair of markers. Using logistic regression, genotype frequencies were estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was no significant...
Previous studies assessed the link between plant based diet and breast cancer risk rather than he... more Previous studies assessed the link between plant based diet and breast cancer risk rather than healthy and unhealthy plant based diet. This study examined the relation between plant-based dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women. This hospital-based case–control study was conducted among 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 456 apparently healthy controls. Dietary data were collected using a validated and reliable 168-item FFQ. We created three patterns including overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The risk of breast cancer was compared across quartiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI. we did not find significant association between adherence to PDI and uPDI score and odds of breast cancer among women. However, a greater score of hPDI was inversely associated to the risk of breast cancer (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43–0.93, P = 0.01), in the crude model. After adjustment for age and energy, we saw stronger association between breast cancer risk and higher hPDI score (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37–0.82, P = 0.002). After stratified by menopausal status, we did not find significant association between PDI and uPDI score and risk of breast cancer. However, pre- and postmenopausal women in the highest quartile of hPDI score had lower risk of breast cancer than those in the lowest quartile. we found an inverse significant association between hPDI and odds of breast cancer in the whole population of study. After stratifying by menopausal status, this correlation was also seen both in pre and postmenopausal women.
Dipygus is a congenital duplication in the caudal region of the body. According to the extension ... more Dipygus is a congenital duplication in the caudal region of the body. According to the extension of the anomaly, duplicated cases are classified as monoceophalus tripus dibrachius, monocephalus tetrapus dibrachius and cephalothoracopagus. A newborn five-legged male kid was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. In ventrodorsal radiography, normal pelvic symphysis was not observed between middle and left or right limbs. Necropsy findings included duplication of the bony pelvic girdle, alimentary tract from the jejunum downward, bladder and urethra. We hereby describe the first report of monocephalus tripus dibrachius in a kid goat.
BACKGROUND Measuring the amount of opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report... more BACKGROUND Measuring the amount of opium use is a challenge in epidemiologic studies. Self-report of amount of opium use at each consumption, widely used in the literature, usually fails to provide a good estimate. The purpose of this study is to systematically study the perceived weight units of reported opium use in Iran, and compare them to the standardized units of weight measurement. METHODS An exploratory descriptive study was conducted in six major cities of Iran. Study participants were interviewed and asked to use a Play-Doh-like material to demonstrate the amount of opium they use. To obtain an estimate of the weight of the material used, we multiplied the volume by the density of the opium product. We experimentally determined the density of the commonly used opium products. We used medians and inter-quartile ranges (IQRs) to report the typical amount of each unit. RESULTS A total of 108 individuals participated in this study. The most frequently reported unit was "g...
Background: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in Iran cannot be estimated because large varia... more Background: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in Iran cannot be estimated because large variations have been observed in the reported prevalences of alcohol consumption. The main aim of this study was to assess the methodological challenges in estimation of the life time prevalence of alcohol consumed in Iran. By the same token we provided a standard approach for future researches in this regard. Methods: Published articles were reviewed systematically. Using the risk of bias tool, 49 out of 600 articles met the eligibility criteria. Based on the population of alcohol consumers, the included studies were categorized into 5 groups: general populations, patients, school students, university students, and specific population (first relatives of opium addicts and women who were faced with epistemic violence). Results: There was a paucity of reliable information in about 40% of provinces. Almost all studies applied the direct size estimation methods, but 11 studies used face to face ...
Several epidemiological studies have reported that regular use of opium can be associated with an... more Several epidemiological studies have reported that regular use of opium can be associated with an increased risk of developing cancers, including oesophageal, laryngeal, bladder, lung, and gastric cancer. In this systematic review, we aimed at investigating whether experimental studies support this finding and, if yes, how opium consumption can cause cancer. Most of the articles that have studied opium or its derivatives have found it as a carcinogen. However, due to the complex composition, different forms, and various ways of opium use, further comprehensive experimental studies are required. Using modern genomic and epigenomic methods seems to help determine the molecular mechanisms underlying opium carcinogenicity.
Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estroge... more Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estrogen is primarily mediated by estrogen receptor alpha 1 (ESR1). In this study, we investigated the association between breast cancer risk and the frequency of alleles and genotypes for two ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. Methods: A total of 98 female patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 93 age-matched healthy female controls who were selected from the visitors of the general hospital were recruited in the study. Two ESR1 candidate polymorphisms; +2464 C/T (rs3020314) and -4576 A/C (rs1514348) were selected. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined using Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed for each pair of markers. Using logistic regression, genotype frequencies were estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was no significant...
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. While tobacco smoking is responsib... more Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. While tobacco smoking is responsible for more than half of the bladder cancer cases, occupational exposures is also an established risk factor of bladder cancer. Strong evidence of carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) have been provided in animal and human studies, but the target organ of occurring cancer in human including bladder cancer is still obscure. A wide range of NOCs sources surrounded us like diet, drinking water, cigarette smoking, workplace, and indoor air population. We conducted a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between NOCs in drinking water and food source and bladder cancer risk. Ten articles were included after removing the duplicates and irrelevant articles. The majority studies of our meta-analysis was done on women, maybe because of cigarette smoking as a main risk factor among men which is more common among men than women. Although the number of articles was limited our meta-ana...
Background: Burden of cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in the low and middle income cou... more Background: Burden of cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in the low and middle income countries (LMICs), including Iran. Several reports have been published about cancer statistics in Iran, although they had shortcomings and provided variable results. We reported the most valid cancer statistics about Iran. Methods: We used Globocan database and reported age standardize incidence rate (ASR), mortality rate (ASMR), and five-year prevalence of cancer in Iran in 2012, and compared it with the results of 2008. We also provided the projection of cancer incidence for 2035 and estimated the life time cancer risks by age 75. Results: ASRs per 100,000 were 134.7 for men and 120.1 for women. The most common cancers were breast (ASR 28.1), colorectal (ASR 10.5), stomach (ASR 9.7) cancers in women and stomach (ASR 20.6), bladder (ASR 13.2), prostate (ASR 12.6) cancers in men. The ASR was about 19% higher in 2012 (127.7/100,000) compared to 2008 (107.3/100,000). ASR of all cancer sites w...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of outer dense fiber 4 (ODF4), mela... more Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of outer dense fiber 4 (ODF4), melanomaassociated antigen A3 (MAGEA3), and MAGEAB4 mRNAs in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), using a small amount of cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on urinary exfoliated cells. Methods: We recruited a total of 105 suspected TCC patients and 54 sexand age-matched non-TCC controls. The candidates’ genetic expression patterns were investigated with RT-PCR, while reverse transcription quantitative PCR was applied to quantify and compare each mRNA level between cases and control groups. Results: The sensitivity of ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR was 54.8%, 63%, and 53.4%, whereas the specificity was 73.7%, 86%, and 94.7%, respectively. Combining ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 RT-PCR offered a relatively higher sensitivity (83.6%). Conclusion: RT-PCR with ODF4, MAGEA3, and MAGEAB4 on urinary exfoliated cells could provide clinicians with a promising method to improve ...
Background A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) ... more Background A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and risk of breast cancer (BC) among women in Middle Eastern countries. We studied the associations between carbohydrate quality index and the risk of BC in overall and by menopausal status. Methods In this case-control study, dietary intake of 461 women with pathologically confirmed BC within the past year were examined. The same information were collected for 495 apparently healthy controls using a 168-item validated FFQ. Carbohydrate quality was determined by considering four criteria including: ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, dietary fiber intake, GI and the ratio of whole grains to total grains. Results Mean GI and GL of participants were totally 57.5 ± 7.2 and 245.7 ± 64.7, respectively. A trend toward significant association was seen between GI and odds of BC in the whole population; such that after stratifying analysis by menopausal status, premenopausal wome...
Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of angiogenesis and as a ... more Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of angiogenesis and as a result acts in tumor invasion. In this study, we investigate the frequency of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes for three VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in female breast cancer patients and healthy control group. Methods: We performed a case–control study including 214 female patients with pathologically proven breast cancer and 220 female age-matched healthy control subjects. We selected three VEGF candidate polymorphisms -634C/G (rs2010963), -460C/T (rs833061) and -1154A/G (rs1570360). Frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined by TaqMan real-time PCR allelic discrimination assay. Results: There was not a significant difference in genotype and allele distributions of the VEGF -460T/C and VEGF -1154A/G between patients and controls. For -634C/G SNP, the frequency of -634G allele was significantly higher in patients than control group ( P =0.0003). However the frequenc...
Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that may lead to a variety of manifestations. ... more Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that may lead to a variety of manifestations. In Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has a high prevalence. There are many treatment modalities for CL. The use of oral terbinafine in the treatment of CL has recently been considered. The aim of this study was to compare combination of oral terbinafine plus cryotherapy versus systemic meglumine antimoniate plus cryotherapy in CL. Methods: Patients with proven direct smear for CL were divided randomly in 2 groups of 40 cases. For the first group systemic glucantime prescribed (IM, 15 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. For the second group oral terbinafine as two folds of usual dose in the treatment of fungal diseases prescribed [125 mg/day for body weight (BW) <20 kg, 250 mg/day for BW 20–40 kg, 500 mg/day for BW>40 kg] for 4 weeks. Both groups received cryotherapy every 2 weeks for 4 weeks. The patients were followed monthly for 3 months after the treatment. Results: Partial (HR= 0.55, CI 9...
Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estroge... more Background: Estrogen is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The effect of estrogen is primarily mediated by estrogen receptor alpha 1 (ESR1). In this study, we investigated the association between breast cancer risk and the frequency of alleles and genotypes for two ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. Methods: A total of 98 female patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer and 93 age-matched healthy female controls who were selected from the visitors of the general hospital were recruited in the study. Two ESR1 candidate polymorphisms; +2464 C/T (rs3020314) and -4576 A/C (rs1514348) were selected. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was determined using Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed for each pair of markers. Using logistic regression, genotype frequencies were estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was no significant...
Previous studies assessed the link between plant based diet and breast cancer risk rather than he... more Previous studies assessed the link between plant based diet and breast cancer risk rather than healthy and unhealthy plant based diet. This study examined the relation between plant-based dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women. This hospital-based case–control study was conducted among 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 456 apparently healthy controls. Dietary data were collected using a validated and reliable 168-item FFQ. We created three patterns including overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), and an unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). The risk of breast cancer was compared across quartiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI. we did not find significant association between adherence to PDI and uPDI score and odds of breast cancer among women. However, a greater score of hPDI was inversely associated to the risk of breast cancer (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43–0.93, P = 0.01), in the crude model. After adjustment for age and energy, we saw stronger association between breast cancer risk and higher hPDI score (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37–0.82, P = 0.002). After stratified by menopausal status, we did not find significant association between PDI and uPDI score and risk of breast cancer. However, pre- and postmenopausal women in the highest quartile of hPDI score had lower risk of breast cancer than those in the lowest quartile. we found an inverse significant association between hPDI and odds of breast cancer in the whole population of study. After stratifying by menopausal status, this correlation was also seen both in pre and postmenopausal women.
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