Building works include construction and demolition activities, which are common in cities across ... more Building works include construction and demolition activities, which are common in cities across the world. Building-related activities contribute a considerable amount of the construction and demolition waste material worldwide. These activities have the potential to produce particulate matter (PM), including PM10 (≤10 μm), PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) and PM1 (≤1 μm), and airborne ultrafine particles (≤0.1 μm). Recent studies have indicated that the rate of building works undertaken each year is growing exponentially, to meet new urban design guidelines and respond to demand from the adoption of new building technologies, which highlights the importance of measuring the amounts of particle emissions from these sources. The principles of sustainable urban development are well established, but the extent of pollution due to construction and demolition activities is still unknown. Through laboratory and field studies, this thesis aims to comprehensively investigate the release of coarse (referred...
Environmental science. Processes & impacts, Jan 24, 2015
Construction activities are common across cities; however, the studies assessing their contributi... more Construction activities are common across cities; however, the studies assessing their contribution to airborne PM10 (≤10 μm) and PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) particles on the surrounding air quality are limited. Herein, we assessed the impact of PM10 and PM2.5 arising from construction works in and around London. Measurements were carried out at 17 different monitoring stations around three construction sites between January 2002 and December 2013. Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM 1400) and OSIRIS (2315) particle monitors were used to measure the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions in the 0.1-10 μm size range along with the ambient meteorological data. The data was analysed using bivariate concentration polar plots and k-means clustering techniques. Daily mean concentrations of PM10 were found to exceed the European Union target limit value of 50 μg m(-3) at 11 monitoring stations but remained within the allowable 35 exceedences per year, except at two monitoring stations. In general, constr...
Building activities generate coarse (PM10 ≤10 µm), fine (PM2.5 ≤2.5 µm) and ultrafine particles (... more Building activities generate coarse (PM10 ≤10 µm), fine (PM2.5 ≤2.5 µm) and ultrafine particles (<100 nm) making it necessary to understand both the exposure levels of operatives on site and the dispersion of ultrafine particles into the surrounding environment. This study investigates the release of particulate matter, including ultrafine particles, during the mixing of fresh concrete (incorporating Portland cement with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, GGBS or Pulverised Fuel Ash, PFA) and the subsequent drilling and cutting of hardened concrete. Particles were measured in the 5-10,000 nm size range using a GRIMM particle spectrometer and a fast response differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50). The mass concentrations of PM2.5-10 fraction contributed ~52-64% of total mass released. The ultrafine particles dominated the total particle number concentrations (PNCs); being 74, 82, 95 and 97% for mixing with GGBS, mixing with PFA, drilling and cutting, respectively. Peak value...
Nanotechnology is a science concerned with the design, construction and utilization of functional... more Nanotechnology is a science concerned with the design, construction and utilization of functional structures with at least one characteristic dimension measured in nanometres. Nanotechnology initially developed in the fields of physics and chemistry, and most fundamental developments still occur in these fields. Nanotechnology also needs to be applied in areas such as the engineering field. Obviously, the application of nanotechnology to science and engineering has increased in other fields over the years. One area which is one of the most active research areas in the field of nanotechnology is civil engineering. This paper presents a broad overview of the application of nanotechnology in the civil engineering.
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is currently a key area of research with both useful applications and env... more ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is currently a key area of research with both useful applications and environmental concerns. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate both the positive and negative aspects of applying nanotechnology within concrete materials and structures. The chapter begins with information on current applications of nanotechnology enabled products within the construction industry, followed by a summary of recent research and review articles related to the application of nanomaterials in concrete technology. The broader application of nanotechnology integrated products in the construction industry for the creation of lighter and stronger structural composites, low maintenance surface coatings, and enhancing the properties of cementitious materials are considered. The application of nanosensors in the construction industry is also discussed. The subsequent sections present an overview of the potential environmental impacts of nanotechnologies in terms of the release of particulate pollutants, including nanoparticles, during the construction, demolition and refurbishment activities. The chapter finally concludes by highlighting some areas for future work.
Building works include construction and demolition activities, which are common in cities across ... more Building works include construction and demolition activities, which are common in cities across the world. Building-related activities contribute a considerable amount of the construction and demolition waste material worldwide. These activities have the potential to produce particulate matter (PM), including PM10 (≤10 μm), PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) and PM1 (≤1 μm), and airborne ultrafine particles (≤0.1 μm). Recent studies have indicated that the rate of building works undertaken each year is growing exponentially, to meet new urban design guidelines and respond to demand from the adoption of new building technologies, which highlights the importance of measuring the amounts of particle emissions from these sources. The principles of sustainable urban development are well established, but the extent of pollution due to construction and demolition activities is still unknown. Through laboratory and field studies, this thesis aims to comprehensively investigate the release of coarse (referred...
Environmental science. Processes & impacts, Jan 24, 2015
Construction activities are common across cities; however, the studies assessing their contributi... more Construction activities are common across cities; however, the studies assessing their contribution to airborne PM10 (≤10 μm) and PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm) particles on the surrounding air quality are limited. Herein, we assessed the impact of PM10 and PM2.5 arising from construction works in and around London. Measurements were carried out at 17 different monitoring stations around three construction sites between January 2002 and December 2013. Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM 1400) and OSIRIS (2315) particle monitors were used to measure the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions in the 0.1-10 μm size range along with the ambient meteorological data. The data was analysed using bivariate concentration polar plots and k-means clustering techniques. Daily mean concentrations of PM10 were found to exceed the European Union target limit value of 50 μg m(-3) at 11 monitoring stations but remained within the allowable 35 exceedences per year, except at two monitoring stations. In general, constr...
Building activities generate coarse (PM10 ≤10 µm), fine (PM2.5 ≤2.5 µm) and ultrafine particles (... more Building activities generate coarse (PM10 ≤10 µm), fine (PM2.5 ≤2.5 µm) and ultrafine particles (<100 nm) making it necessary to understand both the exposure levels of operatives on site and the dispersion of ultrafine particles into the surrounding environment. This study investigates the release of particulate matter, including ultrafine particles, during the mixing of fresh concrete (incorporating Portland cement with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag, GGBS or Pulverised Fuel Ash, PFA) and the subsequent drilling and cutting of hardened concrete. Particles were measured in the 5-10,000 nm size range using a GRIMM particle spectrometer and a fast response differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50). The mass concentrations of PM2.5-10 fraction contributed ~52-64% of total mass released. The ultrafine particles dominated the total particle number concentrations (PNCs); being 74, 82, 95 and 97% for mixing with GGBS, mixing with PFA, drilling and cutting, respectively. Peak value...
Nanotechnology is a science concerned with the design, construction and utilization of functional... more Nanotechnology is a science concerned with the design, construction and utilization of functional structures with at least one characteristic dimension measured in nanometres. Nanotechnology initially developed in the fields of physics and chemistry, and most fundamental developments still occur in these fields. Nanotechnology also needs to be applied in areas such as the engineering field. Obviously, the application of nanotechnology to science and engineering has increased in other fields over the years. One area which is one of the most active research areas in the field of nanotechnology is civil engineering. This paper presents a broad overview of the application of nanotechnology in the civil engineering.
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is currently a key area of research with both useful applications and env... more ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is currently a key area of research with both useful applications and environmental concerns. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate both the positive and negative aspects of applying nanotechnology within concrete materials and structures. The chapter begins with information on current applications of nanotechnology enabled products within the construction industry, followed by a summary of recent research and review articles related to the application of nanomaterials in concrete technology. The broader application of nanotechnology integrated products in the construction industry for the creation of lighter and stronger structural composites, low maintenance surface coatings, and enhancing the properties of cementitious materials are considered. The application of nanosensors in the construction industry is also discussed. The subsequent sections present an overview of the potential environmental impacts of nanotechnologies in terms of the release of particulate pollutants, including nanoparticles, during the construction, demolition and refurbishment activities. The chapter finally concludes by highlighting some areas for future work.
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