Bio data of authorDr Panhwar Farida, the ex-chairperson of Department of English language and literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, is working as assistant professor of English language and literature at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. Her interests of study are multilingualism, language transfer, language shift, code-switching, code mixing, borrowing, ELT and teachers’ training.Dr Panhwar FaridaAssistant professorInstitute of English Language and LiteratureUniversity of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan E.mail: fareeda.panhwar@usindh.edu.pk00923053053078
Journal of English Language, Literature and Education
Pakistan is home to several indigenous communities. However, life in cities is much more challeng... more Pakistan is home to several indigenous communities. However, life in cities is much more challenging than in under-developed areas. Due to social mobility, economic uplift, and better educational and health opportunities; communities migrate from their local towns to cities. Hence, each province reflects a diverse population and cultural groups speaking their mother tongues, practicing different religions, and following their cultural norms independently. Therefore, this study aims to explore the case of young migrant Kashmiri speakers who are residing in different urban parts of Karachi. As the focus is to identify the language use and identity patterns of young Kashmiri speakers in the presence of dominant languages and cultures. Consequently, the qualitative case study has been undertaken using purposive sampling to know about the scenario of young Kashmiris. For this purpose, data were collected from 05 participants using semi-structured interviews and the responses were analyze...
Journal of English Language, Literature and Education
Code switching is a significant language feature of the multilingual countries like Pakistan. The... more Code switching is a significant language feature of the multilingual countries like Pakistan. The term code switching refers to the shift from one language to another. The main objective of this research is to explore the communicative functions of code switching by multilingual Sindhi speaking wife and husband in an inbox chat on Facebook. Applying the qualitative methodology, the data of one year chat was collected and varieties of functions using code switching theory of Blom and Gumperz (1972) as the theoretical framework. The findings of the study elucidate that Sindhi educated multilingual heavily utilize code switching for various communicative purposes like indexing identity, quotation, rephrasing, selfcorrection, metalinguistic, reported speech, idiomatic expressions, translation, expressing anger, humour, and euphemistic expressions in order to achieve their communicative goals.
Due to the flux of so many words of English as a second language (ESL) in the local languages as ... more Due to the flux of so many words of English as a second language (ESL) in the local languages as media and information technology have crept in to our society, it is generally feared that the local languages or regional languages are at threat. This study was an attempt to investigate general trends of code switching and code mixing by educated classes in our society and its impact on first (Native) and second (English) languages. The visitors were invited to voluntarily provide their feedback regarding the code switching on the stall of “LINGUISTICS KAHKASHAN” set at Mehran University Jamshoro MUET Gala held in the month of May 2015. This study conducted through quantitative research method. The participants transcribed the given passages into Urdu and English languages, and they were provided questionnaires based on close ended questions. The number of the participants was 40. The population visiting the gala was mix i.e. graduate students, teachers and parents. This research p...
In the beginning of 20th century the prose fiction writers and dramatists were highly influenced ... more In the beginning of 20th century the prose fiction writers and dramatists were highly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s (1913) psycho-analysis theory ‘Oedipus complex’ that explains the child’s sexual desire or fixation with the parent of the opposite sex and the competition with the parent of same sex. D. H. Lawrence, a modern English literary writer and Sadaat Hasan Manto, the prose fiction writer of Urdu language, are bonded together on one plinth of literary art by employing Oedipus complex. This article critically analyses, compares and contrasts the use of theory of Oedipus complex in the short stories ‘The rocking horse winner’ of Lawrence and ‘Dhuha’ of Manto. This is probably the first research in Pakistan that is going to discuss a socially prohibited topic like Oedipus complex in a comparative study in the writings from East and West.
This critique is based on the critical analysis of the language and education policies in Pakista... more This critique is based on the critical analysis of the language and education policies in Pakistan and their impacts on the sociolinguistic situation in the region. The article is poised on the descriptive approach. To evaluate the policy making decision the historical, socio-political and linguistic scenario of Pakistan is analyzed in detail. It also shades light on the motives behind the decision to announce Urdu and English, the two foreign languages, as the official languages of the state, ignoring the indigenous regional languages of the newly created state. Focusing on the political decisions, which cause the socio-linguistic unrest in Pakistan, specially, in Sindh, the second largest province of Pakistan; the article highlights the dents caused to the ethnic and sociolinguistic stability due to the language politics.
Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either biling... more Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either bilingual or multilingual. A large population speaks local languages as their mother tongue; Urdu as the national language and educated Pakistanis also know English, which is language of academia. The multilingual speakers switch from one language to another to achieve communicative goals. The current paper takes a sociolinguistic approach to investigating the use of code-switching as a communicative strategy to achieve social goals including the construction of gender identity in informal interaction between multilingual educated Sindhi women students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, in Pakistan, in their daily interaction to construct the female gender identity. Drawing on the code-switching existing theories of code-switching, this article focuses on the on the meaning and interpret on shift in language as potential communicative tool. Using the qualitative methodology, the findings reveal...
The study of code-switching refers to the shift in a spoken language both across as well as withi... more The study of code-switching refers to the shift in a spoken language both across as well as within sentence boundaries. There are numerous linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic theories and approaches to elucidate the socio-cultural, cognitive and structural aspects to understanding the code-switching phenomenon. However, these theories and approaches are overlapping and create perplexity for researchers to distinguish them independently. The contribution of this paper is to explain and analyze various theories as well as re-locate them into the various schools of thought and put them under their respective umbrellas according to their approaches.
The study focuses on Sindhi speaking mothers’ attitudes towards their mother tongue (Sindhi) and ... more The study focuses on Sindhi speaking mothers’ attitudes towards their mother tongue (Sindhi) and the target languages Urdu and English in an urban multilingual setting in Karachi. Applying the qualitative methodology and using interpretive approach the open-ended questions are asked and interviews are recorded from the five educated mothers living in Karachi. The help is taken from different existing social and psychological theories to investigate some of the relevant important issues that need to be considered in such a context. The study focuses on critical evaluation of prestige and ideology connotations associated with Sindhi, Urdu and English in Karachi. The findings show that urban setting creates cognitive slaveries in the minds of the Sindhi mothers and in turn affects their language choices for their children.
Teaching and Testing form two dimensions of the learning spectrum. Researchers argue that tests a... more Teaching and Testing form two dimensions of the learning spectrum. Researchers argue that tests are powerful magnets to bring about improvement in the teaching- learning experience. The impact of testing on classroom practices is commonly known as wash back. Wash back is normally examined in relation to the extent to which it guides teaching and learning positively or negatively. The purpose of the present study is to investigate how Remedial English tests affect classroom teaching and learning at the University of Sindh. To study classroom practices interviews of teachers and learners were conducted. The findings were verified through observation of Remedial English classes towards the end of the semester. The study indicated clear signs of wash back on students learning behavior and instructional practices of the teachers. The study proved that wash back does exist within the context of UoSJP and it operates in a highly complex method affecting not just teachers and learners but t...
University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 2018
The present study highlights the ditransitive complementation between Pakistani English (PE) and ... more The present study highlights the ditransitive complementation between Pakistani English (PE) and British English (BE). The ditransitive verb complementation allows double objects in a sentence i.e. indirect object and direct object. Since the current study uses qualitative research methodology, a sample of 48 statements selected from these Pakistani Print Media sources: one newspaper, six daily magazines and two weekly magazines; eventually, 8 statements out of the 48 statements were only found suitable. Although, the findings of the present paper may be generalized as per the nature of study. Moreover, the retrieved data is analyzed in correspondence with the three patterns of ditransitive complementation of BE as introduced by Rahman (1990). Finally, the findings of the current study showed that PE utilizes infinitive phrase at the place of direct object; in view of second pattern PE leaves out indirect object and that clause remains the same between the two mentioned Englishes. H...
The Medium of Instruction (MOI) plays a significant role in any education system. The issue of ap... more The Medium of Instruction (MOI) plays a significant role in any education system. The issue of appropriate selection of MOI has been controversial among the educationists, policy makers, teachers and parents due to multiple reasons domestic, foreign, professional or economical. This problem becomes more severe in multilingual countries like Pakistan. Multiple research studies have been conducted all over the world to find out and highlight the impact of MOI (mother tongue, the national language, official language or foreign language) on the learning performance of the students at different levels. The careful perusal of the findings of these studies clearly reflects the significance of MOI in the academic circle. The present study has been conducted to have an analytical review of these researches on MOI. The findings of sixteen research studies conducted in different areas of the world have been elaborated for the guidance of policy makers, educationists, teachers and parents in Pa...
The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speaker... more The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speakers to use it in the context of informal conversations among educated, multilingual Sindhi women at four colleges in Hyderabad and Kotri, Pakistan. Following on from such scholars as Blom and Gumperz (1972), Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993a), Poplack (1980), this study uses a qualitative methodology consisting of audio recordings of informal interactions, the questionnaires filled in by the participants, which reveal their demographic information and observation notes by the researcher during the audio recordings. The data is then analysed using an interpretive approach. The findings provide evidence that code-switching is employed as a language strategy to achieve particular social goals. Multilingual code-switching into Sindhi, Urdu and English and a few instances of Arabic and other local languages provide sufficient evidence of participants’ linguistic competence. The majority of p...
Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia
This literature review paper discusses the term ‘Objectivity’ in qualitative research, its import... more This literature review paper discusses the term ‘Objectivity’ in qualitative research, its importance in social research, and various issues related to establishing objectivity in social research. The paper aims to improve the skills of the novice social researchers and readers. Since more than five decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in academically developed countries (i.e. USA, UK, Germany, France etc.), and the use of qualitative research in institutions of developing countries has also been witnessed in recent past. Qualitative research explores several areas related to human behaviours and socio-cultural settings/environments. As human behaviours and nature of human interactions are ever changing, hence, the question of objective research arises and makes social research more subjective. Therefore, this study primarily aims to critically analyse the stance of social researchers on objectivity in social research and discuss the possible factors, which ma...
Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either biling... more Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either bilingual or multilingual. A large population speaks local languages as their mother tongue; Urdu as the national language and educated Pakistanis also know English, which is language of academia. The multilingual speakers switch from one language to another to achieve communicative goals. The current paper takes a sociolinguistic approach to investigating the use of code-switching as a communicative strategy to achieve social goals including the construction of gender identity in informal interaction between multilingual educated Sindhi women students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, in Pakistan, in their daily interaction to construct the female gender identity. Drawing on the code-switching existing theories of code-switching, this article focuses on the on the meaning and interpret on shift in language as potential communicative tool. Using the qualitative methodology, the findings reveal that majority of the students preferred English language to construct gender identity.
The article envisages the empirical-based-approach in ELT. It is a brief vignette of classroom re... more The article envisages the empirical-based-approach in ELT. It is a brief vignette of classroom research based on the evidences, which were collected during a class observation. This small research deems to reinforce the idea that whether ELT theories of feedback are practically implemented in the classrooms and give the same results as predicted by some linguistics. The observer focuses three main areas of feedback that 'when an error is made how repair is initiated and who repairs it: self or others, and how is it repaired? For data collection I have designed a chart based on two the theory of Allwright and Bailey (1991), which they adapted from Schegloff, et al (1977), and Chaudron (1988).
Journal of English Language, Literature and Education
Pakistan is home to several indigenous communities. However, life in cities is much more challeng... more Pakistan is home to several indigenous communities. However, life in cities is much more challenging than in under-developed areas. Due to social mobility, economic uplift, and better educational and health opportunities; communities migrate from their local towns to cities. Hence, each province reflects a diverse population and cultural groups speaking their mother tongues, practicing different religions, and following their cultural norms independently. Therefore, this study aims to explore the case of young migrant Kashmiri speakers who are residing in different urban parts of Karachi. As the focus is to identify the language use and identity patterns of young Kashmiri speakers in the presence of dominant languages and cultures. Consequently, the qualitative case study has been undertaken using purposive sampling to know about the scenario of young Kashmiris. For this purpose, data were collected from 05 participants using semi-structured interviews and the responses were analyze...
Journal of English Language, Literature and Education
Code switching is a significant language feature of the multilingual countries like Pakistan. The... more Code switching is a significant language feature of the multilingual countries like Pakistan. The term code switching refers to the shift from one language to another. The main objective of this research is to explore the communicative functions of code switching by multilingual Sindhi speaking wife and husband in an inbox chat on Facebook. Applying the qualitative methodology, the data of one year chat was collected and varieties of functions using code switching theory of Blom and Gumperz (1972) as the theoretical framework. The findings of the study elucidate that Sindhi educated multilingual heavily utilize code switching for various communicative purposes like indexing identity, quotation, rephrasing, selfcorrection, metalinguistic, reported speech, idiomatic expressions, translation, expressing anger, humour, and euphemistic expressions in order to achieve their communicative goals.
Due to the flux of so many words of English as a second language (ESL) in the local languages as ... more Due to the flux of so many words of English as a second language (ESL) in the local languages as media and information technology have crept in to our society, it is generally feared that the local languages or regional languages are at threat. This study was an attempt to investigate general trends of code switching and code mixing by educated classes in our society and its impact on first (Native) and second (English) languages. The visitors were invited to voluntarily provide their feedback regarding the code switching on the stall of “LINGUISTICS KAHKASHAN” set at Mehran University Jamshoro MUET Gala held in the month of May 2015. This study conducted through quantitative research method. The participants transcribed the given passages into Urdu and English languages, and they were provided questionnaires based on close ended questions. The number of the participants was 40. The population visiting the gala was mix i.e. graduate students, teachers and parents. This research p...
In the beginning of 20th century the prose fiction writers and dramatists were highly influenced ... more In the beginning of 20th century the prose fiction writers and dramatists were highly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s (1913) psycho-analysis theory ‘Oedipus complex’ that explains the child’s sexual desire or fixation with the parent of the opposite sex and the competition with the parent of same sex. D. H. Lawrence, a modern English literary writer and Sadaat Hasan Manto, the prose fiction writer of Urdu language, are bonded together on one plinth of literary art by employing Oedipus complex. This article critically analyses, compares and contrasts the use of theory of Oedipus complex in the short stories ‘The rocking horse winner’ of Lawrence and ‘Dhuha’ of Manto. This is probably the first research in Pakistan that is going to discuss a socially prohibited topic like Oedipus complex in a comparative study in the writings from East and West.
This critique is based on the critical analysis of the language and education policies in Pakista... more This critique is based on the critical analysis of the language and education policies in Pakistan and their impacts on the sociolinguistic situation in the region. The article is poised on the descriptive approach. To evaluate the policy making decision the historical, socio-political and linguistic scenario of Pakistan is analyzed in detail. It also shades light on the motives behind the decision to announce Urdu and English, the two foreign languages, as the official languages of the state, ignoring the indigenous regional languages of the newly created state. Focusing on the political decisions, which cause the socio-linguistic unrest in Pakistan, specially, in Sindh, the second largest province of Pakistan; the article highlights the dents caused to the ethnic and sociolinguistic stability due to the language politics.
Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either biling... more Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either bilingual or multilingual. A large population speaks local languages as their mother tongue; Urdu as the national language and educated Pakistanis also know English, which is language of academia. The multilingual speakers switch from one language to another to achieve communicative goals. The current paper takes a sociolinguistic approach to investigating the use of code-switching as a communicative strategy to achieve social goals including the construction of gender identity in informal interaction between multilingual educated Sindhi women students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, in Pakistan, in their daily interaction to construct the female gender identity. Drawing on the code-switching existing theories of code-switching, this article focuses on the on the meaning and interpret on shift in language as potential communicative tool. Using the qualitative methodology, the findings reveal...
The study of code-switching refers to the shift in a spoken language both across as well as withi... more The study of code-switching refers to the shift in a spoken language both across as well as within sentence boundaries. There are numerous linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic theories and approaches to elucidate the socio-cultural, cognitive and structural aspects to understanding the code-switching phenomenon. However, these theories and approaches are overlapping and create perplexity for researchers to distinguish them independently. The contribution of this paper is to explain and analyze various theories as well as re-locate them into the various schools of thought and put them under their respective umbrellas according to their approaches.
The study focuses on Sindhi speaking mothers’ attitudes towards their mother tongue (Sindhi) and ... more The study focuses on Sindhi speaking mothers’ attitudes towards their mother tongue (Sindhi) and the target languages Urdu and English in an urban multilingual setting in Karachi. Applying the qualitative methodology and using interpretive approach the open-ended questions are asked and interviews are recorded from the five educated mothers living in Karachi. The help is taken from different existing social and psychological theories to investigate some of the relevant important issues that need to be considered in such a context. The study focuses on critical evaluation of prestige and ideology connotations associated with Sindhi, Urdu and English in Karachi. The findings show that urban setting creates cognitive slaveries in the minds of the Sindhi mothers and in turn affects their language choices for their children.
Teaching and Testing form two dimensions of the learning spectrum. Researchers argue that tests a... more Teaching and Testing form two dimensions of the learning spectrum. Researchers argue that tests are powerful magnets to bring about improvement in the teaching- learning experience. The impact of testing on classroom practices is commonly known as wash back. Wash back is normally examined in relation to the extent to which it guides teaching and learning positively or negatively. The purpose of the present study is to investigate how Remedial English tests affect classroom teaching and learning at the University of Sindh. To study classroom practices interviews of teachers and learners were conducted. The findings were verified through observation of Remedial English classes towards the end of the semester. The study indicated clear signs of wash back on students learning behavior and instructional practices of the teachers. The study proved that wash back does exist within the context of UoSJP and it operates in a highly complex method affecting not just teachers and learners but t...
University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 2018
The present study highlights the ditransitive complementation between Pakistani English (PE) and ... more The present study highlights the ditransitive complementation between Pakistani English (PE) and British English (BE). The ditransitive verb complementation allows double objects in a sentence i.e. indirect object and direct object. Since the current study uses qualitative research methodology, a sample of 48 statements selected from these Pakistani Print Media sources: one newspaper, six daily magazines and two weekly magazines; eventually, 8 statements out of the 48 statements were only found suitable. Although, the findings of the present paper may be generalized as per the nature of study. Moreover, the retrieved data is analyzed in correspondence with the three patterns of ditransitive complementation of BE as introduced by Rahman (1990). Finally, the findings of the current study showed that PE utilizes infinitive phrase at the place of direct object; in view of second pattern PE leaves out indirect object and that clause remains the same between the two mentioned Englishes. H...
The Medium of Instruction (MOI) plays a significant role in any education system. The issue of ap... more The Medium of Instruction (MOI) plays a significant role in any education system. The issue of appropriate selection of MOI has been controversial among the educationists, policy makers, teachers and parents due to multiple reasons domestic, foreign, professional or economical. This problem becomes more severe in multilingual countries like Pakistan. Multiple research studies have been conducted all over the world to find out and highlight the impact of MOI (mother tongue, the national language, official language or foreign language) on the learning performance of the students at different levels. The careful perusal of the findings of these studies clearly reflects the significance of MOI in the academic circle. The present study has been conducted to have an analytical review of these researches on MOI. The findings of sixteen research studies conducted in different areas of the world have been elaborated for the guidance of policy makers, educationists, teachers and parents in Pa...
The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speaker... more The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speakers to use it in the context of informal conversations among educated, multilingual Sindhi women at four colleges in Hyderabad and Kotri, Pakistan. Following on from such scholars as Blom and Gumperz (1972), Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993a), Poplack (1980), this study uses a qualitative methodology consisting of audio recordings of informal interactions, the questionnaires filled in by the participants, which reveal their demographic information and observation notes by the researcher during the audio recordings. The data is then analysed using an interpretive approach. The findings provide evidence that code-switching is employed as a language strategy to achieve particular social goals. Multilingual code-switching into Sindhi, Urdu and English and a few instances of Arabic and other local languages provide sufficient evidence of participants’ linguistic competence. The majority of p...
Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia
This literature review paper discusses the term ‘Objectivity’ in qualitative research, its import... more This literature review paper discusses the term ‘Objectivity’ in qualitative research, its importance in social research, and various issues related to establishing objectivity in social research. The paper aims to improve the skills of the novice social researchers and readers. Since more than five decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in academically developed countries (i.e. USA, UK, Germany, France etc.), and the use of qualitative research in institutions of developing countries has also been witnessed in recent past. Qualitative research explores several areas related to human behaviours and socio-cultural settings/environments. As human behaviours and nature of human interactions are ever changing, hence, the question of objective research arises and makes social research more subjective. Therefore, this study primarily aims to critically analyse the stance of social researchers on objectivity in social research and discuss the possible factors, which ma...
Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either biling... more Pakistan is a socially close-knit, multilingual society where a major population is either bilingual or multilingual. A large population speaks local languages as their mother tongue; Urdu as the national language and educated Pakistanis also know English, which is language of academia. The multilingual speakers switch from one language to another to achieve communicative goals. The current paper takes a sociolinguistic approach to investigating the use of code-switching as a communicative strategy to achieve social goals including the construction of gender identity in informal interaction between multilingual educated Sindhi women students of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, in Pakistan, in their daily interaction to construct the female gender identity. Drawing on the code-switching existing theories of code-switching, this article focuses on the on the meaning and interpret on shift in language as potential communicative tool. Using the qualitative methodology, the findings reveal that majority of the students preferred English language to construct gender identity.
The article envisages the empirical-based-approach in ELT. It is a brief vignette of classroom re... more The article envisages the empirical-based-approach in ELT. It is a brief vignette of classroom research based on the evidences, which were collected during a class observation. This small research deems to reinforce the idea that whether ELT theories of feedback are practically implemented in the classrooms and give the same results as predicted by some linguistics. The observer focuses three main areas of feedback that 'when an error is made how repair is initiated and who repairs it: self or others, and how is it repaired? For data collection I have designed a chart based on two the theory of Allwright and Bailey (1991), which they adapted from Schegloff, et al (1977), and Chaudron (1988).
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