Herman Musahara is a Rwandan national holding a B.A. First Class and MA Economics from University of Dar es Salaam and PhD in Development Studies from University of Western Cape in South Africa. He is currently an Associate Professor in the School of Economics and Director of Consultancy Services at the University of Rwanda. He was till 2016 the Acting Executive Director of (the Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. OSSREA is based in Ethiopia catering for Chapters in 23 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. From 2011 to April 2014, before the University of Rwanda was formed , he was the Acting Vice Rector Academics and Research of the former National University of Rwanda. Besides teaching Development Economics, Poverty Analysis and Research Methodology at post graduate level he has researched, consulted and published in several fields of the social sciences including poverty analysis, human development, environment, land and land use, governance, post conflict transitions including Post Genocide, entrepreneurship, SMEs, value chains and agricultural development
Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most rural people in East Africa. Farming i... more Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most rural people in East Africa. Farming is dominated by smallholders, of whom the majority are women. Their tenure and access to land is important for reducing rural poverty, enhancing food security and stimulating agricultural development. Secure tenure represents one of the most critical challenges to the development of sustainable agriculture in the region. In an effort to understand the land question and its variation across the region, this book analyses the land reforms, their context and dynamics. The book presents recent studies on the dynamics of land tenure and land tenure reforms in East Africa with a focus on Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. By selecting these five countries, the book is able to show the changing practices and variations in the land tenure dynamics and explain how they relate to historical and more contemporary issues. The chapters are written by researchers, policy makers and activists with a diverse background and experience/expertise in relation to the land question. Their contributions offer a multiperspective basis for critical rethinking and reflection on the future of the land question in East Africa.The book is based on presentations at two workshops: one in Tanzania in May 2013 (in cooperation with REPOA, Policy Research for Development, Dar es Salaam, and Sokoine University of Agriculture) and the other in Kampala, Uganda, in October of the same year.CONTENTS: Preface / Kjell Havnevik. -- Acknowledgement. -- 1. Introduction / Opira Otto. -- 2. When customary land tenure meets land markets : Sustainability of customary land tenure in Tanzania / Aida C. Isinika, Yefred Myenzi and Elibariki Msuya. -- 3. Securing peasants’ land rights through dispossession of the landed rich in Uganda / Fredrick Kisekka-Ntale. -- 4. Land matters in South Sudan / Ole Frahm. -- 5. Effects of large-scale land acquisitions by local elites on small-holder farmers’ access in Tanzania / Hosea Mpogol. -- 6. From male to joint land ownership: The effect on women’s possibilities of using land titles as collateral in Rwanda / Jeannette Bayisenge. -- 7. The benefits for women from land commodification – a critical reflection / Mary Ssonko Nabacwa. -- 8. Is agriculture a generational problem?: The dynamics of youth engagement in agriculture in northern Uganda / David Ross Olanya. -- 9. Legal pluralism and urban poverty in peri-urban Kisumu, Kenya / Leah Onyango. -- 10. Crossroads at the Rural–Urban Interface : The Dilemma of Tenure Types and Land Use Controls in Housing provision and Urban Development in Kenyan Cities / Jack Abuya. -- 11. Our Inheritance: Impacts of Land Distribution on Geita Communities in Tanzania / Godfrey T. Walalaze. -- 12. Land use consolidation and water use in Rwanda: Qualitative reflections on environmental sustainability and inclusion / by Theophile Niyonzima, Birasa Nyamulinda, Claude Bizimana and Herman Musahara. -- Index.</p
In this paper we argue that in the last 5 decades Rwanda has had a unique migration system which ... more In this paper we argue that in the last 5 decades Rwanda has had a unique migration system which defies the conventional and received wisdom of the rural to urban unidirectional movement. Firstly rural to urban migration has been a residue of the rural to rural movement either regulated by the government or as an automatic relief of population pressure in Rwanda. Secondly the rural to urban movement of population in Rwanda after 1990s has been shaped by the recent events and the legacy of conflict. Thirdly despite the anomalous nature of migration in Rwanda its socio economic implications to urbanization and development have not been analyzed. There has been a lack of clear and detailed policy on urbanization that can mitigate negative consequences of rural to urban migration. Urbanization has been regarded as a desirable development process for development in Rwanda. While analysis should generally show that to be true, the social justice and inequality implications of the process ...
There has been a vibrant policy framework for capacity building interventions to improve investme... more There has been a vibrant policy framework for capacity building interventions to improve investment climate and business environment in Rwanda. This has affected the promotion of SMEs and entrepreneurship in Rwanda. But the effect and magnitude of capacity building interventions has not been studied. A survey of 414 SMEs in Rwanda indicates a considerable need large need (by more than 50 per cent f all SMEs) for capacity building interventions. More than 72 per cent of SMEs still tend to cluster in commerce and business. Finance and financial services tops the list of most binding capacity need (binding to 80.7 per cent of the firms) followed by training. Barriers to entrepreneurship and starting new business is risk by 20.3 per cent, financial constraints by 51.4 per cent, education 4 per cent and market conditions 10.4 per cent. Multiple institutions are involved in capacity building interventions but need to be better coordinated for better promotion of SMEs and entrepreneurship....
African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2021
This research examines 145 key papers from 1979 to 2020 in order to gain a better sense of how to... more This research examines 145 key papers from 1979 to 2020 in order to gain a better sense of how tourism demand forecasting techniques have changed over time. The three types of forecasting models are econometric, time series, and artificial intelligence (AI) models. Econometric and time series models that were already popular in 2005 maintained their popularity, and were increasingly used as benchmark models for forecasting performance assessment and comparison with new models. In the last decade, AI models have advanced at an incredible rate, with hybrid AI models emerging as a new trend. In addition, some new developments in the three categories of models, such as mixed frequency, spatial regression, and combination and hybrid models have been introduced. The main conclusions drawn from historical comparisons forecasting methods are that forecasting models have become more diverse, that these models have been merged, and that forecasting accuracy has improved. Given the complexitie...
ISBN 9966-41-128-3 The production of this publication was sponsored by the United States Agency f... more ISBN 9966-41-128-3 The production of this publication was sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development’s Regional Economic Development and Services Office (USAID/REDSO, Nairobi, Kenya). However, the contents are wholly attributable to the authors. No part of the content reflects the opinions of the donor or any institution related to ACTS.
Development Some analyses of conflict have drawn attention to the role that contested access to r... more Development Some analyses of conflict have drawn attention to the role that contested access to resources such as valuable timber, water or minerals plays in relation to wider conflict. Less has been said about access to land, but in some contexts it has undoubtedly been important. This paper reviews evidence from Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of the Congo to draw out the main roles that access to land has played in initiating, fuelling or perpetuating conflict, and to draw out policy conclusions. CONFLICT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION – HOW IS IT LINKED WITH LAND AND MIGRATION? Chris Huggins, Herman Musahara, Prisca Mbura Kamungi, Johnstone Summit Oketch and Koen Vlassenroot
Between 2000 and 2002, the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), in collaboration with th... more Between 2000 and 2002, the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), in collaboration with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), conducted research to identify the extent to which environmental factors have contributed to political conflicts in Rwanda. This work was published in 2002 as a chapter in Scarcity and surfeit: The ecology of Africa’s conflicts.2 It identified a number of ways in which the political economy of land contributed to socio-political tensions, conflict and genocide. These include the role of resource capture by elite groups and landlessness in the economic collapse prior to 1994, as well as the historical significance of land in patron-client relations which became increasingly rigidified in the late 19th century, and which meant that “land became a factor of differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi”. All of these factors must be seen in the context of structural land scarcity: the country is the most densely populated on the African continent. The averag...
Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for... more Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for six Eastern African countries (Burundi, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique) for which enough data were available to take a broad enough view of well-being. Correspondence analysis is implemented to aggregate variables in each domain of well-being while overall well-being is derived through efficiency analysis. The chapter compares the findings concerning overall well-being with those based on its narrow view, one whose focus is only on material well-being. It appears that the two main determinants of material well-being are the educational level of the individual and his/her area of residence. For the measure of overall well-being the findings were less clear-cut.
Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most rural people in East Africa. Farming i... more Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most rural people in East Africa. Farming is dominated by smallholders, of whom the majority are women. Their tenure and access to land is important for reducing rural poverty, enhancing food security and stimulating agricultural development. Secure tenure represents one of the most critical challenges to the development of sustainable agriculture in the region. In an effort to understand the land question and its variation across the region, this book analyses the land reforms, their context and dynamics. The book presents recent studies on the dynamics of land tenure and land tenure reforms in East Africa with a focus on Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. By selecting these five countries, the book is able to show the changing practices and variations in the land tenure dynamics and explain how they relate to historical and more contemporary issues. The chapters are written by researchers, policy makers and activists with a diverse background and experience/expertise in relation to the land question. Their contributions offer a multiperspective basis for critical rethinking and reflection on the future of the land question in East Africa.The book is based on presentations at two workshops: one in Tanzania in May 2013 (in cooperation with REPOA, Policy Research for Development, Dar es Salaam, and Sokoine University of Agriculture) and the other in Kampala, Uganda, in October of the same year.CONTENTS: Preface / Kjell Havnevik. -- Acknowledgement. -- 1. Introduction / Opira Otto. -- 2. When customary land tenure meets land markets : Sustainability of customary land tenure in Tanzania / Aida C. Isinika, Yefred Myenzi and Elibariki Msuya. -- 3. Securing peasants’ land rights through dispossession of the landed rich in Uganda / Fredrick Kisekka-Ntale. -- 4. Land matters in South Sudan / Ole Frahm. -- 5. Effects of large-scale land acquisitions by local elites on small-holder farmers’ access in Tanzania / Hosea Mpogol. -- 6. From male to joint land ownership: The effect on women’s possibilities of using land titles as collateral in Rwanda / Jeannette Bayisenge. -- 7. The benefits for women from land commodification – a critical reflection / Mary Ssonko Nabacwa. -- 8. Is agriculture a generational problem?: The dynamics of youth engagement in agriculture in northern Uganda / David Ross Olanya. -- 9. Legal pluralism and urban poverty in peri-urban Kisumu, Kenya / Leah Onyango. -- 10. Crossroads at the Rural–Urban Interface : The Dilemma of Tenure Types and Land Use Controls in Housing provision and Urban Development in Kenyan Cities / Jack Abuya. -- 11. Our Inheritance: Impacts of Land Distribution on Geita Communities in Tanzania / Godfrey T. Walalaze. -- 12. Land use consolidation and water use in Rwanda: Qualitative reflections on environmental sustainability and inclusion / by Theophile Niyonzima, Birasa Nyamulinda, Claude Bizimana and Herman Musahara. -- Index.</p
In this paper we argue that in the last 5 decades Rwanda has had a unique migration system which ... more In this paper we argue that in the last 5 decades Rwanda has had a unique migration system which defies the conventional and received wisdom of the rural to urban unidirectional movement. Firstly rural to urban migration has been a residue of the rural to rural movement either regulated by the government or as an automatic relief of population pressure in Rwanda. Secondly the rural to urban movement of population in Rwanda after 1990s has been shaped by the recent events and the legacy of conflict. Thirdly despite the anomalous nature of migration in Rwanda its socio economic implications to urbanization and development have not been analyzed. There has been a lack of clear and detailed policy on urbanization that can mitigate negative consequences of rural to urban migration. Urbanization has been regarded as a desirable development process for development in Rwanda. While analysis should generally show that to be true, the social justice and inequality implications of the process ...
There has been a vibrant policy framework for capacity building interventions to improve investme... more There has been a vibrant policy framework for capacity building interventions to improve investment climate and business environment in Rwanda. This has affected the promotion of SMEs and entrepreneurship in Rwanda. But the effect and magnitude of capacity building interventions has not been studied. A survey of 414 SMEs in Rwanda indicates a considerable need large need (by more than 50 per cent f all SMEs) for capacity building interventions. More than 72 per cent of SMEs still tend to cluster in commerce and business. Finance and financial services tops the list of most binding capacity need (binding to 80.7 per cent of the firms) followed by training. Barriers to entrepreneurship and starting new business is risk by 20.3 per cent, financial constraints by 51.4 per cent, education 4 per cent and market conditions 10.4 per cent. Multiple institutions are involved in capacity building interventions but need to be better coordinated for better promotion of SMEs and entrepreneurship....
African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2021
This research examines 145 key papers from 1979 to 2020 in order to gain a better sense of how to... more This research examines 145 key papers from 1979 to 2020 in order to gain a better sense of how tourism demand forecasting techniques have changed over time. The three types of forecasting models are econometric, time series, and artificial intelligence (AI) models. Econometric and time series models that were already popular in 2005 maintained their popularity, and were increasingly used as benchmark models for forecasting performance assessment and comparison with new models. In the last decade, AI models have advanced at an incredible rate, with hybrid AI models emerging as a new trend. In addition, some new developments in the three categories of models, such as mixed frequency, spatial regression, and combination and hybrid models have been introduced. The main conclusions drawn from historical comparisons forecasting methods are that forecasting models have become more diverse, that these models have been merged, and that forecasting accuracy has improved. Given the complexitie...
ISBN 9966-41-128-3 The production of this publication was sponsored by the United States Agency f... more ISBN 9966-41-128-3 The production of this publication was sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development’s Regional Economic Development and Services Office (USAID/REDSO, Nairobi, Kenya). However, the contents are wholly attributable to the authors. No part of the content reflects the opinions of the donor or any institution related to ACTS.
Development Some analyses of conflict have drawn attention to the role that contested access to r... more Development Some analyses of conflict have drawn attention to the role that contested access to resources such as valuable timber, water or minerals plays in relation to wider conflict. Less has been said about access to land, but in some contexts it has undoubtedly been important. This paper reviews evidence from Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of the Congo to draw out the main roles that access to land has played in initiating, fuelling or perpetuating conflict, and to draw out policy conclusions. CONFLICT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION – HOW IS IT LINKED WITH LAND AND MIGRATION? Chris Huggins, Herman Musahara, Prisca Mbura Kamungi, Johnstone Summit Oketch and Koen Vlassenroot
Between 2000 and 2002, the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), in collaboration with th... more Between 2000 and 2002, the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), in collaboration with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), conducted research to identify the extent to which environmental factors have contributed to political conflicts in Rwanda. This work was published in 2002 as a chapter in Scarcity and surfeit: The ecology of Africa’s conflicts.2 It identified a number of ways in which the political economy of land contributed to socio-political tensions, conflict and genocide. These include the role of resource capture by elite groups and landlessness in the economic collapse prior to 1994, as well as the historical significance of land in patron-client relations which became increasingly rigidified in the late 19th century, and which meant that “land became a factor of differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi”. All of these factors must be seen in the context of structural land scarcity: the country is the most densely populated on the African continent. The averag...
Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for... more Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for six Eastern African countries (Burundi, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique) for which enough data were available to take a broad enough view of well-being. Correspondence analysis is implemented to aggregate variables in each domain of well-being while overall well-being is derived through efficiency analysis. The chapter compares the findings concerning overall well-being with those based on its narrow view, one whose focus is only on material well-being. It appears that the two main determinants of material well-being are the educational level of the individual and his/her area of residence. For the measure of overall well-being the findings were less clear-cut.
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