Hightlight:Clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the viral copies number in the blood for AI... more Hightlight:Clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the viral copies number in the blood for AIDS/HIV were given antiretroviral therapy.The profile of CD4+ levels and plasma viral load in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapyThe lower CD4+ cell counts and higher viral loads happen in HIV-infected’s men. :Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is expected to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) morbidity and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients is given based on clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the number of viral copies in the blood. This study aimed to determine the profile of CD4+ levels and plasma viral load in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. This was a cross-sectional study conducted within six months at Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in Jayawijaya Hospital, Papua, Indonesia. The CD4+ levels were measured using CD4+ counter and viral plasma was checked using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for 90 patients. The re...
Indonesia is a country with high variability of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and fu... more Indonesia is a country with high variability of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Yeast isolates could be isolated from the honeycomb of Apis dorsata. Molecular approaches were used to identify yeast using ribosomal DNA gene sequences, called the ITS gene. The optimum condition for DNA extractions and amplifications are needed for the successfully of molecular identification. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the DNA extraction and amplification of several protocols to obtain good identification results. This study aimed to compare the effects of DNA extraction with various temperatures and different amplification protocols. LIPI reference DNA extraction protocol with the boiling method and variations in incubation time of 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 98° C. Meanwhile, for the amplification of yeast DNA using a variety of different amplification protocols. The results showed the optimal time of incubation was 10 minutes in K1 isolates with DNA ...
Household contact is a high-risk group for leprosy transmission. Household contact with a high ti... more Household contact is a high-risk group for leprosy transmission. Household contact with a high titer of Glycolipid-1 phenolic possesses a higher risk to develop into leprosy. This study was an observational study. The subject of the study consisted of 95 household contacts living at the house of leprosy patient in Brondong Subdistrict, Lamongan Regency, East Java, Indonesia whom anti-phenolic Glycolipid-1 and anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG antibody titers were measured. Measurement of anti-PGL-1 and anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG levels used the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The mean levels of anti-PGL-1 IgG in all subjects were 134.54 units / mL (± 295.15) while the levels of anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG were 408.61 units / mL. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of anti-PGL-1 IgG with anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG (r = 0.247, p = 0.016) in the household contacts of leprosy patient.
Background & Objective : Hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia generally observes early age group... more Background & Objective : Hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia generally observes early age group (infant) and still rarely observed in adolescence. Teenagers become very important because they will soon be married and have children. The purpose of this study was to determine hepatitis based on HBsAg by using Rapid test Material and Method : Analytical observational with cross sectional approach is done at Center for Health Studies Pondok Pesantren Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. The sample size was 54 adolescents using accidental sampling technique, with age between 19-20 years old . HbsAg examination using manual rapid test monotest. Result : The result of the research shows that the most respondents are female, 94.44% and male 5.56%. A manual rapid test monotest will show strips one for negative results and two for HbsAg positive results . Rapid test HBsAg Monotest showed negative results against 54 people . Conclusion : Based on the results of this study can be concluded t...
Deterjen merupakan salah satu hasil produk teknologi dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pengaktif per... more Deterjen merupakan salah satu hasil produk teknologi dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pengaktif permukaan (surfaktan) Alkyl Benzene Sulfonat (ABS) sebagai penghasil busa. ABS memiliki efek destruktif (buruk) terhadap lingkungan yakni sulit diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme, sehingga diganti dengan bahan aktif yang memiliki sifat lebih ramah lingkungan yaitu Linier Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS). Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh komplek Linier Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) dan logam kadmium (Cd) dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi terhadap absorbsi, akumulasi dan toksisitas logam kadmium (Cd) pada ikan mas (Cyprinus Carpio L). Sampel yang digunakan adalah ikan Cyprinus carpio L. dengan usia kurang lebih 3 bulan dengan asumsi bahwa ikan sudah berkembang secara seksual (mature). Cyprinus carpio L yang digunakan berkelamin jantan dengan panjang ±15cm dan berat badan ±100 gram. Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 variasi kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol, maka dengan rumus diatas...
Aspartame is safe for consumption according to the prescribed ADI, but this artificial sweetener ... more Aspartame is safe for consumption according to the prescribed ADI, but this artificial sweetener is not nutritious or does not contain calories so it is not recommended to be consumed during pregnancy. This study was to analyze cariometric effect of aspartame doses in the development of fetal mice (Mus muculus L.). The type of research used was experimental laboratory research on 24 adult mice with 4 treatment groups, control, aspartame dose 13 mg / Kg BB, 39 mg / Kg BB and 78 mg / Kg BB. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16 with one way ANOVA. Based on the results of the study there were changes in the number and weight of the fetus due to aspartame doses, there was no change in fetal length due of aspartame dose variations. Consumption of aspartame during pregnancy should be avoided because it can cause teratogenic effects. For further research, it is necessary to observe the morphology and histology of the fetus which is expressed by aspartame to determine the types of congenital abn...
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 RNA transmission in wastewater has a risk of fecal transmission ofSARS-C... more Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 RNA transmission in wastewater has a risk of fecal transmission ofSARS-CoV-2 to humans and the environment. Despite the increasing number of cases in almostall areas in Indonesia, the study to review and evaluate waste management resulted from medicalfacilities is still limited and less explored. This literature review aims to analyze the applicabilityof WHO guidelines on wastewater management to be implemented in Indonesia. Scientific paperswere collected from several electronic databases such as PubMed, PLoS, Researchgate, WHO,Elsevier, Science, SARS-CoV-2, Covid19, and wastewater. The articles were selected based on theinclusion criteria that use SARS-CoV-2, Covid19, and wastewater as the main variables observed.The articles published before 2013 were excluded from this review. Discussion: Wastewatermonitoring of SARS-CoV-2 within medical and health facilities is implemented to identify thevirus’s presence as the causative agent of Covid19 disease, which ...
Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2019
Cervical cancer and breast cancer are two types of cancer that often occur in women and contribut... more Cervical cancer and breast cancer are two types of cancer that often occur in women and contribute to a high mortality rate. However, there are still many people who do not know about the early detection of cervical cancer and breast cancer to prevent diseases. This community service aims to make people aware of the dangers of breast and cervical cancer. The subjects of this community service program assistance were women in Arjasa sub-district, Kangean Islands, Sumenep Regency. The method used in community service is Community-based Research (CBR) to develop early detection programs for non-communicable diseases of breast cancer and cervical cancer. Research findings showed 91.1% of respondents did not know about early detection of IVA test. The results of the IVA screening test on 90 respondents, there is one respondent with a definite IVA pre-cancerous lesion. SRIKANDI (Sadar Kanker Sejak Dini) Cadre was formed to increase public awareness. Srikandi's cadre provisioned with k...
Upaya pembangunan kesehatan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah, sektor swasta, maupun masyarakat... more Upaya pembangunan kesehatan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah, sektor swasta, maupun masyarakat. Teori dasar yang dikemukakan oleh Hendrik L. Blum (1974) menyebutkan bahwa status kesehatan seseorang ditentukan oleh genetik, sistem pelayanan kesehatan, perilaku, dan lingkungan. Pada konteks peran pemerintah hanya merupakan bagian kecil saja. Bagian terbesar justru ada pada sisi masyarakat, yaitu perilaku kesehatan dan lingkungan yang melingkupi kehidupan seseorang. Perubahan perilaku kesehatan merupakan tantangan yang cukup berat, yang membutuhkan perhatian secara intens, kontinyu dan membutuhkan waktu yang panjang. Perubahan perilaku dimulai dari keadaan tidak sadar menjadi sadar kemudian termotivasi untuk mencoba sesuatu yang baru, dilanjutkan dengan mengadopsi perilaku baru, mempertahankan, menghayati perilaku baru sehingga menjadi bagian dari perilaku dan kebiasaan sehari-hari.
HIV dan AIDS merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Ke... more HIV dan AIDS merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Kesehatan RI sampai dengan maret 2017, sebanyak 407 kota/kabupaten dari 507 kota/kabupaten dan lebih dari 87 ribu orang mengidap AIDS. Berbeda apabila dibandingkan dengan provinsi-provinsi lainnya, Papua mengalami epidemi HIV meluas tingkat rendah dengan prevalensi HIV sebesar 2.3 %. Jumlah penderita HIV lebih banyak terjadi pada perempuan usia reproduktif dibandingkan pada laki-laki. Meskipun HIV tersebar meluas di kelompok populasi umum baik untuk laki-laki maupun perempuan, kegiatan seks komersial memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap epidemi di semua wilayah Papua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis karakteristik demografi ODHA Di Papua Sebagai Baseline Data Di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga wilayah di Papua yaitu Kabupaten Nabire, Kab./Kota Jayapura, dan Kab. Jayawijaya dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 264 orang. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan has...
A Virus is an individual that cannot be described as an animal or a plant. If animals and plants ... more A Virus is an individual that cannot be described as an animal or a plant. If animals and plants contain two nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), on the contrary, the virus only has one of them. These nucleic acids can stimulate a complete virus replication cycle. The virus can only replicate and live on a living host if the host is finally dead, then the virus will move on the cells that are still alive. The virus has genetic material which is a protective protein coat called a capsid. Viruses can infect various varieties of organisms, both eukaryotes (animals, plants, protists, and fungi) and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea). The Virus infects bacteria known as bacteriophage (phage). The Virus can cause serious diseases for humans such as AIDS, HIV, rabies, etc. Dogs belonging to Canidae family are the sibling of wolves, foxes and raccoon dogs. Among all members of Canidae, dogs have the most closely related to wolves which are the ancestors of dogs. The Canidae family generally has a s...
Aspartame has a lower calorie rating than other sweeteners. for example, cyclamate, lactose, sacc... more Aspartame has a lower calorie rating than other sweeteners. for example, cyclamate, lactose, saccharin, fructose and maltosa. Although it has low calorie, aspartame have 60 times sweeter than sugar (sucrose). Induction of aspartame can cause elevated levels of blood glucose and damage to the pancreatic β cells of mice. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dosing of aspartame levels; 13 mg/Kg body weight, 39 mg/Kg and 78 mg/Kg and those effect to the levels of glucose, cholesterol and haemoglobin of female mice (Mus musculus). The methode of research laboratory experiments using a complete randomized design (RAL). This study was using 24 mice with 4 treatment groups. Mice were given aspartame during surgical treatment, mice were made to perform measurement of Hb levels, glucose levels and cholesterol levels of neonatal mice. Data analysis using the Kruskal Wallis because Gaussian data but not homogeneous. The results showed an increase in the levels of glucose and cholesterol...
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019
BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with th... more BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with the most risk factors are heterosexuals. AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with HIV disease progression include host and viral factors. METHODS: Eighty-four subjects recruited in Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) VCT’s laboratory, interviewed with questionnaires and also did laboratory examinations. HIV-1 subtypes were identified using RT-PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Then, CD4+ data is checked using PIMA Analyzer. Demographic and clinical data obtained from the patient's medical record. After collected, data were analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The results showed two factors that influence the progression of HIV disease were HIV subtypes (p = 0.002) and Body Mass Index (p = 0.033). The HIV-1 subtype also correlated with CD4+ levels with a value of p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 subtype correlates with HIV progression, so it is necessary to develop ...
BackgroundThe body mass index (BMI) may contribute somewhat to drug metabolism, thus affecting th... more BackgroundThe body mass index (BMI) may contribute somewhat to drug metabolism, thus affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). CD4+ counts in people infected with HIV are essential in determining the stage of the disease, initiation of antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections and evaluating treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the association of BMI and clinical stage with CD4+ counts in HIV patients seeking treatment using first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsAn analytic study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted involving 251 HIV/AIDS patients who had received first-line antiretrovirals over six months. BMI, clinical staging according to WHO and CD4 + were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between BMI, clinical stage and CD4+.ResultsAmong the enrolled patients, the median age was 36 years, 135 (55%) of the patients was female, 102 (40.6%) was overweight/obese, 161 (64.1%) was...
Hightlight:Clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the viral copies number in the blood for AI... more Hightlight:Clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the viral copies number in the blood for AIDS/HIV were given antiretroviral therapy.The profile of CD4+ levels and plasma viral load in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapyThe lower CD4+ cell counts and higher viral loads happen in HIV-infected’s men. :Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is expected to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) morbidity and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients is given based on clinical conditions, CD4+ cell counts, and the number of viral copies in the blood. This study aimed to determine the profile of CD4+ levels and plasma viral load in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. This was a cross-sectional study conducted within six months at Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in Jayawijaya Hospital, Papua, Indonesia. The CD4+ levels were measured using CD4+ counter and viral plasma was checked using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for 90 patients. The re...
Indonesia is a country with high variability of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and fu... more Indonesia is a country with high variability of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Yeast isolates could be isolated from the honeycomb of Apis dorsata. Molecular approaches were used to identify yeast using ribosomal DNA gene sequences, called the ITS gene. The optimum condition for DNA extractions and amplifications are needed for the successfully of molecular identification. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the DNA extraction and amplification of several protocols to obtain good identification results. This study aimed to compare the effects of DNA extraction with various temperatures and different amplification protocols. LIPI reference DNA extraction protocol with the boiling method and variations in incubation time of 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 98° C. Meanwhile, for the amplification of yeast DNA using a variety of different amplification protocols. The results showed the optimal time of incubation was 10 minutes in K1 isolates with DNA ...
Household contact is a high-risk group for leprosy transmission. Household contact with a high ti... more Household contact is a high-risk group for leprosy transmission. Household contact with a high titer of Glycolipid-1 phenolic possesses a higher risk to develop into leprosy. This study was an observational study. The subject of the study consisted of 95 household contacts living at the house of leprosy patient in Brondong Subdistrict, Lamongan Regency, East Java, Indonesia whom anti-phenolic Glycolipid-1 and anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG antibody titers were measured. Measurement of anti-PGL-1 and anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG levels used the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The mean levels of anti-PGL-1 IgG in all subjects were 134.54 units / mL (± 295.15) while the levels of anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG were 408.61 units / mL. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of anti-PGL-1 IgG with anti-IDALLE L-ESAT 6 IgG (r = 0.247, p = 0.016) in the household contacts of leprosy patient.
Background & Objective : Hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia generally observes early age group... more Background & Objective : Hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia generally observes early age group (infant) and still rarely observed in adolescence. Teenagers become very important because they will soon be married and have children. The purpose of this study was to determine hepatitis based on HBsAg by using Rapid test Material and Method : Analytical observational with cross sectional approach is done at Center for Health Studies Pondok Pesantren Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. The sample size was 54 adolescents using accidental sampling technique, with age between 19-20 years old . HbsAg examination using manual rapid test monotest. Result : The result of the research shows that the most respondents are female, 94.44% and male 5.56%. A manual rapid test monotest will show strips one for negative results and two for HbsAg positive results . Rapid test HBsAg Monotest showed negative results against 54 people . Conclusion : Based on the results of this study can be concluded t...
Deterjen merupakan salah satu hasil produk teknologi dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pengaktif per... more Deterjen merupakan salah satu hasil produk teknologi dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pengaktif permukaan (surfaktan) Alkyl Benzene Sulfonat (ABS) sebagai penghasil busa. ABS memiliki efek destruktif (buruk) terhadap lingkungan yakni sulit diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme, sehingga diganti dengan bahan aktif yang memiliki sifat lebih ramah lingkungan yaitu Linier Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS). Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh komplek Linier Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) dan logam kadmium (Cd) dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi terhadap absorbsi, akumulasi dan toksisitas logam kadmium (Cd) pada ikan mas (Cyprinus Carpio L). Sampel yang digunakan adalah ikan Cyprinus carpio L. dengan usia kurang lebih 3 bulan dengan asumsi bahwa ikan sudah berkembang secara seksual (mature). Cyprinus carpio L yang digunakan berkelamin jantan dengan panjang ±15cm dan berat badan ±100 gram. Penelitian ini menggunakan 6 variasi kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol, maka dengan rumus diatas...
Aspartame is safe for consumption according to the prescribed ADI, but this artificial sweetener ... more Aspartame is safe for consumption according to the prescribed ADI, but this artificial sweetener is not nutritious or does not contain calories so it is not recommended to be consumed during pregnancy. This study was to analyze cariometric effect of aspartame doses in the development of fetal mice (Mus muculus L.). The type of research used was experimental laboratory research on 24 adult mice with 4 treatment groups, control, aspartame dose 13 mg / Kg BB, 39 mg / Kg BB and 78 mg / Kg BB. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16 with one way ANOVA. Based on the results of the study there were changes in the number and weight of the fetus due to aspartame doses, there was no change in fetal length due of aspartame dose variations. Consumption of aspartame during pregnancy should be avoided because it can cause teratogenic effects. For further research, it is necessary to observe the morphology and histology of the fetus which is expressed by aspartame to determine the types of congenital abn...
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 RNA transmission in wastewater has a risk of fecal transmission ofSARS-C... more Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 RNA transmission in wastewater has a risk of fecal transmission ofSARS-CoV-2 to humans and the environment. Despite the increasing number of cases in almostall areas in Indonesia, the study to review and evaluate waste management resulted from medicalfacilities is still limited and less explored. This literature review aims to analyze the applicabilityof WHO guidelines on wastewater management to be implemented in Indonesia. Scientific paperswere collected from several electronic databases such as PubMed, PLoS, Researchgate, WHO,Elsevier, Science, SARS-CoV-2, Covid19, and wastewater. The articles were selected based on theinclusion criteria that use SARS-CoV-2, Covid19, and wastewater as the main variables observed.The articles published before 2013 were excluded from this review. Discussion: Wastewatermonitoring of SARS-CoV-2 within medical and health facilities is implemented to identify thevirus’s presence as the causative agent of Covid19 disease, which ...
Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2019
Cervical cancer and breast cancer are two types of cancer that often occur in women and contribut... more Cervical cancer and breast cancer are two types of cancer that often occur in women and contribute to a high mortality rate. However, there are still many people who do not know about the early detection of cervical cancer and breast cancer to prevent diseases. This community service aims to make people aware of the dangers of breast and cervical cancer. The subjects of this community service program assistance were women in Arjasa sub-district, Kangean Islands, Sumenep Regency. The method used in community service is Community-based Research (CBR) to develop early detection programs for non-communicable diseases of breast cancer and cervical cancer. Research findings showed 91.1% of respondents did not know about early detection of IVA test. The results of the IVA screening test on 90 respondents, there is one respondent with a definite IVA pre-cancerous lesion. SRIKANDI (Sadar Kanker Sejak Dini) Cadre was formed to increase public awareness. Srikandi's cadre provisioned with k...
Upaya pembangunan kesehatan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah, sektor swasta, maupun masyarakat... more Upaya pembangunan kesehatan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah, sektor swasta, maupun masyarakat. Teori dasar yang dikemukakan oleh Hendrik L. Blum (1974) menyebutkan bahwa status kesehatan seseorang ditentukan oleh genetik, sistem pelayanan kesehatan, perilaku, dan lingkungan. Pada konteks peran pemerintah hanya merupakan bagian kecil saja. Bagian terbesar justru ada pada sisi masyarakat, yaitu perilaku kesehatan dan lingkungan yang melingkupi kehidupan seseorang. Perubahan perilaku kesehatan merupakan tantangan yang cukup berat, yang membutuhkan perhatian secara intens, kontinyu dan membutuhkan waktu yang panjang. Perubahan perilaku dimulai dari keadaan tidak sadar menjadi sadar kemudian termotivasi untuk mencoba sesuatu yang baru, dilanjutkan dengan mengadopsi perilaku baru, mempertahankan, menghayati perilaku baru sehingga menjadi bagian dari perilaku dan kebiasaan sehari-hari.
HIV dan AIDS merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Ke... more HIV dan AIDS merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Kesehatan RI sampai dengan maret 2017, sebanyak 407 kota/kabupaten dari 507 kota/kabupaten dan lebih dari 87 ribu orang mengidap AIDS. Berbeda apabila dibandingkan dengan provinsi-provinsi lainnya, Papua mengalami epidemi HIV meluas tingkat rendah dengan prevalensi HIV sebesar 2.3 %. Jumlah penderita HIV lebih banyak terjadi pada perempuan usia reproduktif dibandingkan pada laki-laki. Meskipun HIV tersebar meluas di kelompok populasi umum baik untuk laki-laki maupun perempuan, kegiatan seks komersial memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap epidemi di semua wilayah Papua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis karakteristik demografi ODHA Di Papua Sebagai Baseline Data Di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga wilayah di Papua yaitu Kabupaten Nabire, Kab./Kota Jayapura, dan Kab. Jayawijaya dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 264 orang. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan has...
A Virus is an individual that cannot be described as an animal or a plant. If animals and plants ... more A Virus is an individual that cannot be described as an animal or a plant. If animals and plants contain two nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), on the contrary, the virus only has one of them. These nucleic acids can stimulate a complete virus replication cycle. The virus can only replicate and live on a living host if the host is finally dead, then the virus will move on the cells that are still alive. The virus has genetic material which is a protective protein coat called a capsid. Viruses can infect various varieties of organisms, both eukaryotes (animals, plants, protists, and fungi) and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea). The Virus infects bacteria known as bacteriophage (phage). The Virus can cause serious diseases for humans such as AIDS, HIV, rabies, etc. Dogs belonging to Canidae family are the sibling of wolves, foxes and raccoon dogs. Among all members of Canidae, dogs have the most closely related to wolves which are the ancestors of dogs. The Canidae family generally has a s...
Aspartame has a lower calorie rating than other sweeteners. for example, cyclamate, lactose, sacc... more Aspartame has a lower calorie rating than other sweeteners. for example, cyclamate, lactose, saccharin, fructose and maltosa. Although it has low calorie, aspartame have 60 times sweeter than sugar (sucrose). Induction of aspartame can cause elevated levels of blood glucose and damage to the pancreatic β cells of mice. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dosing of aspartame levels; 13 mg/Kg body weight, 39 mg/Kg and 78 mg/Kg and those effect to the levels of glucose, cholesterol and haemoglobin of female mice (Mus musculus). The methode of research laboratory experiments using a complete randomized design (RAL). This study was using 24 mice with 4 treatment groups. Mice were given aspartame during surgical treatment, mice were made to perform measurement of Hb levels, glucose levels and cholesterol levels of neonatal mice. Data analysis using the Kruskal Wallis because Gaussian data but not homogeneous. The results showed an increase in the levels of glucose and cholesterol...
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019
BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with th... more BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with the most risk factors are heterosexuals. AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with HIV disease progression include host and viral factors. METHODS: Eighty-four subjects recruited in Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) VCT’s laboratory, interviewed with questionnaires and also did laboratory examinations. HIV-1 subtypes were identified using RT-PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Then, CD4+ data is checked using PIMA Analyzer. Demographic and clinical data obtained from the patient's medical record. After collected, data were analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The results showed two factors that influence the progression of HIV disease were HIV subtypes (p = 0.002) and Body Mass Index (p = 0.033). The HIV-1 subtype also correlated with CD4+ levels with a value of p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 subtype correlates with HIV progression, so it is necessary to develop ...
BackgroundThe body mass index (BMI) may contribute somewhat to drug metabolism, thus affecting th... more BackgroundThe body mass index (BMI) may contribute somewhat to drug metabolism, thus affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). CD4+ counts in people infected with HIV are essential in determining the stage of the disease, initiation of antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections and evaluating treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the association of BMI and clinical stage with CD4+ counts in HIV patients seeking treatment using first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsAn analytic study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted involving 251 HIV/AIDS patients who had received first-line antiretrovirals over six months. BMI, clinical staging according to WHO and CD4 + were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between BMI, clinical stage and CD4+.ResultsAmong the enrolled patients, the median age was 36 years, 135 (55%) of the patients was female, 102 (40.6%) was overweight/obese, 161 (64.1%) was...
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