I examine the social power and authority interactions of the members of the Peoples Temple and th... more I examine the social power and authority interactions of the members of the Peoples Temple and the Church Universal and Triumphant through the lenses of the powerful and dramatic events of â€oewhite night― and â€oeshelter night― respectively. I explore the relationships of the members through the concepts of kinship terms, socialism, membership identity, and external pressures. All of these concepts were significantly related to the events of â€oewhite night and shelter night― and through this process gain a greater understanding members’ worldviews. The improved understanding of these movements’ worldviews becomes extremely important when interaction with those outside of the movement is necessary.
Ferroelectric HfO 2-based thin films, which can exhibit ferroelectric properties down to sub-10 n... more Ferroelectric HfO 2-based thin films, which can exhibit ferroelectric properties down to sub-10 nm thicknesses, are a promising candidate for emerging high density memory technologies. As the ferroelectric thickness continues to shrink, the electrode-ferroelectric interface properties play an increasingly important role. We investigate the TaN interface properties on 10 nm thick Si-doped HfO 2 thin films fabricated in a TaN metal-ferroelectric-metal stack which exhibit highly asymmetric ferroelectric characteristics. To understand the asymmetric behavior of the ferroelectric characteristics of the Si-doped HfO 2 thin films, the chemical interface properties of sputtered TaN bottom and top electrodes are probed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ta-O bonds at the bottom electrode interface and a significant presence of Hf-N bonds at both electrode interfaces are identified. It is shown that the chemical heterogeneity of the bottom and top electrode interfaces gives rise to an internal electric field, which causes the as-grown ferroelectric domains to preferentially polarize to screen positively charged oxygen vacancies aggregated at the oxidized bottom electrode interface. Electric field cycling is shown to reduce the internal electric field with a concomitant increase in remanent polarization and decrease in relative permittivity. Through an analysis of pulsed transient switching currents, back-switching is observed in Si-doped HfO 2 thin films with pinched hysteresis loops and is shown to be influenced by the internal electric field.
The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, Jan 27, 2014
Due to controversy regarding the influence of apathy on quality of life (QoL), the authors examin... more Due to controversy regarding the influence of apathy on quality of life (QoL), the authors examined the independent influence of apathy, depression, and trait anxiety in a nondemented sample of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Participants (N=107) completed standard self-report measures of QoL and mood/motivation. Analyses investigated the contribution of these measures and empirically derived factor scores on QoL. QoL was predicted by trait anxiety, dysphoria, and decreased interest, with no independent contribution of apathy. Different patterns emerged with respect to domain-specific QoL, with trait anxiety being the strongest predictor across most domains. Anxiety was most widely related to QoL in PD, with minimal contribution of apathy. Future studies should examine different roles of PD mood/motivation symptoms on caregiver QoL.
Objective-Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in a wide variety of... more Objective-Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in a wide variety of symptoms. The current study examined the influence of apathy, depression and motor symptoms on quality of life (QoL) in PD patients. Information was drawn from an 18-month period.
We were able to replicate the results of Pascalis et al. (2002). The ability to discriminate unfa... more We were able to replicate the results of Pascalis et al. (2002). The ability to discriminate unfamiliar monkey faces is "narrowed" by 12-months of age. (using 20s fam. & 5s test) However, if familiarization and the time to visually compare the faces is doubled (40s familiarization & 10s test trials) 12month-olds show discrimination.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Vascular Diseases, 2010
Chapter 3 Angiogenic Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Retinopathies Jacob M. Jones, TrevorMcFarl... more Chapter 3 Angiogenic Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Retinopathies Jacob M. Jones, TrevorMcFarland, and J. Timothy Stout ... Often a host that lacks a particular functional gene is supplemented with a functional copy, such as in a recessively transmit-ted enzyme deficiency. ...
Introduction-The Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) is a common measure of health rela... more Introduction-The Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) is a common measure of health related quality of life (HRQoL) that is widely used with Parkinson disease (PD) patients. Previous evidence suggests that the PDQ-39 reflects at least 8 dimensions (i.e., Emotion, Cognitions, Mobility, etc). To date, little research has examined the external/convergent validity of the Cognitions and Emotional Well-being domains of the PDQ-39. Methods-A convenience sample of 303 PD patients underwent a comprehensive multi-domain neuropsychological evaluation, including tests of execution function, episodic verbal memory, processing speed, language and working memory, as well as completing measures of depression, apathy, state and trait anxiety and HRQoL (PDQ-39). Hierarchical regressions were conducted in order to examine the relationship between scores on neuropsychological tests and the Cognitions index, as well as mood measures and the Emotional Well-being index of the PDQ-39.
Anisotropy of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials is considered in order to determine th... more Anisotropy of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials is considered in order to determine the ideal directions and orientation relationships for which the maximum magnetoelectric response may be observed in a composite or heterostructure of these constituent materials. A formalism for the magnetoelectric effect is introduced that takes into account the independent anisotropy of the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases and their relative orientation. A maximum magnetoelectric effect is achieved in orientations that have not yet been achieved experimentally, suggesting a need for the development of new routes to synthesize and fabricate designed composite materials with enhanced magnetoelectric response.
The domain orientation distributions around the loaded crack tip in a poled piezoelectric ceramic... more The domain orientation distributions around the loaded crack tip in a poled piezoelectric ceramic were measured in situ by using a high-energy synchrotron X-ray source. The results show the dynamic domain switching behavior around the switching zone. The relationship between the stress intensity factor and switching zone is revealed. During mechanical loading, the domain switching zone significantly enlarges with an increase in the stress intensity factor. Moreover, the mechanical depoling effect generated by the stress around the crack tip is detected.
Background: Effective target regions for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD)... more Background: Effective target regions for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been well characterized. We sought to study whether the measured Cartesian coordinates of an implanted DBS lead are predictive of motor outcome(s). We tested the hypothesis that the position and trajectory of the DBS lead relative to the midcommissural point (MCP) are significant predictors of clinical outcomes. We expected that due to neuroanatomical variation among individuals, a simple measure of the position of the DBS lead relative to MCP (commonly used in clinical practice) may not be a reliable predictor of clinical outcomes when utilized alone. Methods: 55 PD subjects implanted with subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and 41 subjects implanted with globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS were included. Lead locations in AC-PC space (x, y, z coordinates of the active contact and sagittal and coronal entry angles) measured on high-resolution CT-MRI fused images, and motor outcomes (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) were analyzed to confirm or refute a correlation between coordinate-based lead locations and DBS motor outcomes. Results: Coordinate-based lead locations were not a significant predictor of change in UPDRS III motor scores when comparing pre-versus post-operative values. The only potentially significant individual predictor of change in UPDRS motor scores was the antero-posterior coordinate of the GPi lead (more anterior lead locations resulted in a worse outcome), but this was only a statistical trend (p,.082). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that a simple measure of the position of the DBS lead relative to the MCP is not significantly correlated with PD motor outcomes, presumably because this method fails to account for individual neuroanatomical variability. However, there is broad agreement that motor outcomes depend strongly on lead location. The results suggest the need for more detailed identification of stimulation location relative to anatomical targets.
Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 2012
The objective of this study is to compare a computerized deep brain stimulation (DBS) screening m... more The objective of this study is to compare a computerized deep brain stimulation (DBS) screening module (Comparing Private Practice vs. Academic Centers in Selection of DBS Candidates [COMPRESS], NeuroTrax Corp., Bellaire, TX, USA) with traditional triage by a movement disorders specialized neurologist as the gold standard. Methods: The COMPRESS consists of a combination of the Florida Surgical Questionnaire for Parkinson disease (FLASQ-PD), a cognitive assessment battery provided by MindStreams® (NeuroTrax Corp.), and the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Zung Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale. COMPRESS resulted in the classification of patients into three categories: "optimal candidate, " "probable candidate, " and "not a good candidate. " Similar categorical ratings made by a referring private practice neurologist and by a trained movement disorders specialist were compared with the ratings generated by COMPRESS. Results: A total of 19 subjects with Parkinson's disease were enrolled from five private neurological practices. The clinical impressions of the private practice neurologist vs. those of the movement disorders specialist were in agreement approximately half the time (10/19 cases). The movement disorders specialist and COMPRESS agreed on 15/19 cases. A further comparison between outcomes from the entire COMPRESS module and the FLASQ-PD questionnaire by itself resulted in high agreement (18/19 cases in agreement). Conclusions: The COMPRESS agreed with an in-person evaluation by a movement disorders neurologist approximately 80% of the time. The computerized COMPRESS did not provide any screening advantage over the short FLASQ-PD paper questionnaire. Larger studies will be needed to assess the utility and cost effectiveness of this computerized triage method for DBS.
Using intermittent X-ray diffraction, an understanding of the time dependence of phase evolution ... more Using intermittent X-ray diffraction, an understanding of the time dependence of phase evolution in the electrode materials during lithium extraction can be determined. Phase evolution in both coated and uncoated nano-scale LiFePO 4 samples upon chemical delithiation has been investigated by this technique. Different kinetic behaviors are observed in the two samples and the technique helps to understand the delithiation mechanism in the nano-scale LiFePO 4 and is able to resolve phase evolution in seconds' resolution.
The effect of heterovalent B-site doping on ergodicity of relaxor ferroelectrics is studied using... more The effect of heterovalent B-site doping on ergodicity of relaxor ferroelectrics is studied using (1 À y)(0.81Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 TiO 3-0.19Bi 1/2 K 1/2 TiO 3)-yBiZn 1/2 Ti 1/2 O 3 (BNT-BKT-BZT) with y ¼ {0.02;0.03;0.04} as a model system. Both the large-and small-signal parameters are studied as a function of electric field. The crystal structure is assessed by means of neutron diffraction in the initial state and after exposure to a high electric field. In order to measure ferroelastic domain textures, diffraction patterns of the poled samples are collected as a function of sample rotation angle. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is employed to probe the microstructure for polar regions at a nanoscopic scale. For low electric fields E < 2 kVÁmm À1 , large-and small-signal constitutive behavior do not change with composition. At high electric fields, however, drastic differences are observed due to a field-induced phase transition into a long-range ordered state. It is hypothesized that increasing BZT content decreases the degree of non-ergodicity; thus, the formation of long-range order is impeded. It is suggested that frozen and dynamic polar nano regions exist to a different degree, depending on the BZT content. This image is supported by PFM measurements. Moreover, PFM measurements suggest that the relaxation mechanism after removal of the bias field is influenced by surface charges. V
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2012
ABSTRACT Ferroelectric oxides are used in many modern technologies including sensors, actuators, ... more ABSTRACT Ferroelectric oxides are used in many modern technologies including sensors, actuators, thin-film memories and energy harvesting. Ferroelectrics of similar composition often show wide variations in their characteristic properties. Such variations in properties can be largely attributed to differences in the structural arrangements of domains and distributions of defects within a multidomain/polycrystalline material. Recent developments in characterization techniques and first-principle calculations have significantly advanced our understanding of how ferroelectric domains interact with material defects, and thereby influence the properties of a material. This review provides a broad outlook of the contributions from different experimental and computational studies that have clarified the structure of domains, domain walls and defects in perovskite ferroelectric oxides, and the evolution of these structures under the application of electric fields. It is intended that an integrated viewpoint of these issues, as provided here, will further motivate synergistic activities between the various research groups and industries towards the development and characterization of ferroelectric oxides.
Six-month-olds reliably discriminate different monkey and human faces whereas 9-month-olds only d... more Six-month-olds reliably discriminate different monkey and human faces whereas 9-month-olds only discriminate different human faces. It is often falsely assumed that perceptual narrowing reflects a permanent change in perceptual abilities. In 3 experiments, ninety-six 12-month-olds' discrimination of unfamiliar monkey faces was examined. Following 20 s of familiarization, and two 5-s visual-paired comparison test trials, 12-montholds failed to show discrimination. However, following 40 s of familiarization and two 10-s test trials, 12-month-olds showed reliable discrimination of novel monkey faces. A final experiment was performed demonstrating 12-month-olds' discrimination of the monkey face was due to the increased familiarization rather than increased time of visual comparison. Results are discussed in the context of perceptual narrowing, in particular the flexible nature of perceptual narrowing.
I examine the social power and authority interactions of the members of the Peoples Temple and th... more I examine the social power and authority interactions of the members of the Peoples Temple and the Church Universal and Triumphant through the lenses of the powerful and dramatic events of â€oewhite night― and â€oeshelter night― respectively. I explore the relationships of the members through the concepts of kinship terms, socialism, membership identity, and external pressures. All of these concepts were significantly related to the events of â€oewhite night and shelter night― and through this process gain a greater understanding members’ worldviews. The improved understanding of these movements’ worldviews becomes extremely important when interaction with those outside of the movement is necessary.
Ferroelectric HfO 2-based thin films, which can exhibit ferroelectric properties down to sub-10 n... more Ferroelectric HfO 2-based thin films, which can exhibit ferroelectric properties down to sub-10 nm thicknesses, are a promising candidate for emerging high density memory technologies. As the ferroelectric thickness continues to shrink, the electrode-ferroelectric interface properties play an increasingly important role. We investigate the TaN interface properties on 10 nm thick Si-doped HfO 2 thin films fabricated in a TaN metal-ferroelectric-metal stack which exhibit highly asymmetric ferroelectric characteristics. To understand the asymmetric behavior of the ferroelectric characteristics of the Si-doped HfO 2 thin films, the chemical interface properties of sputtered TaN bottom and top electrodes are probed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ta-O bonds at the bottom electrode interface and a significant presence of Hf-N bonds at both electrode interfaces are identified. It is shown that the chemical heterogeneity of the bottom and top electrode interfaces gives rise to an internal electric field, which causes the as-grown ferroelectric domains to preferentially polarize to screen positively charged oxygen vacancies aggregated at the oxidized bottom electrode interface. Electric field cycling is shown to reduce the internal electric field with a concomitant increase in remanent polarization and decrease in relative permittivity. Through an analysis of pulsed transient switching currents, back-switching is observed in Si-doped HfO 2 thin films with pinched hysteresis loops and is shown to be influenced by the internal electric field.
The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, Jan 27, 2014
Due to controversy regarding the influence of apathy on quality of life (QoL), the authors examin... more Due to controversy regarding the influence of apathy on quality of life (QoL), the authors examined the independent influence of apathy, depression, and trait anxiety in a nondemented sample of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Participants (N=107) completed standard self-report measures of QoL and mood/motivation. Analyses investigated the contribution of these measures and empirically derived factor scores on QoL. QoL was predicted by trait anxiety, dysphoria, and decreased interest, with no independent contribution of apathy. Different patterns emerged with respect to domain-specific QoL, with trait anxiety being the strongest predictor across most domains. Anxiety was most widely related to QoL in PD, with minimal contribution of apathy. Future studies should examine different roles of PD mood/motivation symptoms on caregiver QoL.
Objective-Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in a wide variety of... more Objective-Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in a wide variety of symptoms. The current study examined the influence of apathy, depression and motor symptoms on quality of life (QoL) in PD patients. Information was drawn from an 18-month period.
We were able to replicate the results of Pascalis et al. (2002). The ability to discriminate unfa... more We were able to replicate the results of Pascalis et al. (2002). The ability to discriminate unfamiliar monkey faces is "narrowed" by 12-months of age. (using 20s fam. & 5s test) However, if familiarization and the time to visually compare the faces is doubled (40s familiarization & 10s test trials) 12month-olds show discrimination.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Vascular Diseases, 2010
Chapter 3 Angiogenic Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Retinopathies Jacob M. Jones, TrevorMcFarl... more Chapter 3 Angiogenic Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Retinopathies Jacob M. Jones, TrevorMcFarland, and J. Timothy Stout ... Often a host that lacks a particular functional gene is supplemented with a functional copy, such as in a recessively transmit-ted enzyme deficiency. ...
Introduction-The Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) is a common measure of health rela... more Introduction-The Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) is a common measure of health related quality of life (HRQoL) that is widely used with Parkinson disease (PD) patients. Previous evidence suggests that the PDQ-39 reflects at least 8 dimensions (i.e., Emotion, Cognitions, Mobility, etc). To date, little research has examined the external/convergent validity of the Cognitions and Emotional Well-being domains of the PDQ-39. Methods-A convenience sample of 303 PD patients underwent a comprehensive multi-domain neuropsychological evaluation, including tests of execution function, episodic verbal memory, processing speed, language and working memory, as well as completing measures of depression, apathy, state and trait anxiety and HRQoL (PDQ-39). Hierarchical regressions were conducted in order to examine the relationship between scores on neuropsychological tests and the Cognitions index, as well as mood measures and the Emotional Well-being index of the PDQ-39.
Anisotropy of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials is considered in order to determine th... more Anisotropy of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials is considered in order to determine the ideal directions and orientation relationships for which the maximum magnetoelectric response may be observed in a composite or heterostructure of these constituent materials. A formalism for the magnetoelectric effect is introduced that takes into account the independent anisotropy of the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases and their relative orientation. A maximum magnetoelectric effect is achieved in orientations that have not yet been achieved experimentally, suggesting a need for the development of new routes to synthesize and fabricate designed composite materials with enhanced magnetoelectric response.
The domain orientation distributions around the loaded crack tip in a poled piezoelectric ceramic... more The domain orientation distributions around the loaded crack tip in a poled piezoelectric ceramic were measured in situ by using a high-energy synchrotron X-ray source. The results show the dynamic domain switching behavior around the switching zone. The relationship between the stress intensity factor and switching zone is revealed. During mechanical loading, the domain switching zone significantly enlarges with an increase in the stress intensity factor. Moreover, the mechanical depoling effect generated by the stress around the crack tip is detected.
Background: Effective target regions for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD)... more Background: Effective target regions for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been well characterized. We sought to study whether the measured Cartesian coordinates of an implanted DBS lead are predictive of motor outcome(s). We tested the hypothesis that the position and trajectory of the DBS lead relative to the midcommissural point (MCP) are significant predictors of clinical outcomes. We expected that due to neuroanatomical variation among individuals, a simple measure of the position of the DBS lead relative to MCP (commonly used in clinical practice) may not be a reliable predictor of clinical outcomes when utilized alone. Methods: 55 PD subjects implanted with subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and 41 subjects implanted with globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS were included. Lead locations in AC-PC space (x, y, z coordinates of the active contact and sagittal and coronal entry angles) measured on high-resolution CT-MRI fused images, and motor outcomes (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) were analyzed to confirm or refute a correlation between coordinate-based lead locations and DBS motor outcomes. Results: Coordinate-based lead locations were not a significant predictor of change in UPDRS III motor scores when comparing pre-versus post-operative values. The only potentially significant individual predictor of change in UPDRS motor scores was the antero-posterior coordinate of the GPi lead (more anterior lead locations resulted in a worse outcome), but this was only a statistical trend (p,.082). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that a simple measure of the position of the DBS lead relative to the MCP is not significantly correlated with PD motor outcomes, presumably because this method fails to account for individual neuroanatomical variability. However, there is broad agreement that motor outcomes depend strongly on lead location. The results suggest the need for more detailed identification of stimulation location relative to anatomical targets.
Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 2012
The objective of this study is to compare a computerized deep brain stimulation (DBS) screening m... more The objective of this study is to compare a computerized deep brain stimulation (DBS) screening module (Comparing Private Practice vs. Academic Centers in Selection of DBS Candidates [COMPRESS], NeuroTrax Corp., Bellaire, TX, USA) with traditional triage by a movement disorders specialized neurologist as the gold standard. Methods: The COMPRESS consists of a combination of the Florida Surgical Questionnaire for Parkinson disease (FLASQ-PD), a cognitive assessment battery provided by MindStreams® (NeuroTrax Corp.), and the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Zung Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale. COMPRESS resulted in the classification of patients into three categories: "optimal candidate, " "probable candidate, " and "not a good candidate. " Similar categorical ratings made by a referring private practice neurologist and by a trained movement disorders specialist were compared with the ratings generated by COMPRESS. Results: A total of 19 subjects with Parkinson's disease were enrolled from five private neurological practices. The clinical impressions of the private practice neurologist vs. those of the movement disorders specialist were in agreement approximately half the time (10/19 cases). The movement disorders specialist and COMPRESS agreed on 15/19 cases. A further comparison between outcomes from the entire COMPRESS module and the FLASQ-PD questionnaire by itself resulted in high agreement (18/19 cases in agreement). Conclusions: The COMPRESS agreed with an in-person evaluation by a movement disorders neurologist approximately 80% of the time. The computerized COMPRESS did not provide any screening advantage over the short FLASQ-PD paper questionnaire. Larger studies will be needed to assess the utility and cost effectiveness of this computerized triage method for DBS.
Using intermittent X-ray diffraction, an understanding of the time dependence of phase evolution ... more Using intermittent X-ray diffraction, an understanding of the time dependence of phase evolution in the electrode materials during lithium extraction can be determined. Phase evolution in both coated and uncoated nano-scale LiFePO 4 samples upon chemical delithiation has been investigated by this technique. Different kinetic behaviors are observed in the two samples and the technique helps to understand the delithiation mechanism in the nano-scale LiFePO 4 and is able to resolve phase evolution in seconds' resolution.
The effect of heterovalent B-site doping on ergodicity of relaxor ferroelectrics is studied using... more The effect of heterovalent B-site doping on ergodicity of relaxor ferroelectrics is studied using (1 À y)(0.81Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 TiO 3-0.19Bi 1/2 K 1/2 TiO 3)-yBiZn 1/2 Ti 1/2 O 3 (BNT-BKT-BZT) with y ¼ {0.02;0.03;0.04} as a model system. Both the large-and small-signal parameters are studied as a function of electric field. The crystal structure is assessed by means of neutron diffraction in the initial state and after exposure to a high electric field. In order to measure ferroelastic domain textures, diffraction patterns of the poled samples are collected as a function of sample rotation angle. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is employed to probe the microstructure for polar regions at a nanoscopic scale. For low electric fields E < 2 kVÁmm À1 , large-and small-signal constitutive behavior do not change with composition. At high electric fields, however, drastic differences are observed due to a field-induced phase transition into a long-range ordered state. It is hypothesized that increasing BZT content decreases the degree of non-ergodicity; thus, the formation of long-range order is impeded. It is suggested that frozen and dynamic polar nano regions exist to a different degree, depending on the BZT content. This image is supported by PFM measurements. Moreover, PFM measurements suggest that the relaxation mechanism after removal of the bias field is influenced by surface charges. V
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 2012
ABSTRACT Ferroelectric oxides are used in many modern technologies including sensors, actuators, ... more ABSTRACT Ferroelectric oxides are used in many modern technologies including sensors, actuators, thin-film memories and energy harvesting. Ferroelectrics of similar composition often show wide variations in their characteristic properties. Such variations in properties can be largely attributed to differences in the structural arrangements of domains and distributions of defects within a multidomain/polycrystalline material. Recent developments in characterization techniques and first-principle calculations have significantly advanced our understanding of how ferroelectric domains interact with material defects, and thereby influence the properties of a material. This review provides a broad outlook of the contributions from different experimental and computational studies that have clarified the structure of domains, domain walls and defects in perovskite ferroelectric oxides, and the evolution of these structures under the application of electric fields. It is intended that an integrated viewpoint of these issues, as provided here, will further motivate synergistic activities between the various research groups and industries towards the development and characterization of ferroelectric oxides.
Six-month-olds reliably discriminate different monkey and human faces whereas 9-month-olds only d... more Six-month-olds reliably discriminate different monkey and human faces whereas 9-month-olds only discriminate different human faces. It is often falsely assumed that perceptual narrowing reflects a permanent change in perceptual abilities. In 3 experiments, ninety-six 12-month-olds' discrimination of unfamiliar monkey faces was examined. Following 20 s of familiarization, and two 5-s visual-paired comparison test trials, 12-montholds failed to show discrimination. However, following 40 s of familiarization and two 10-s test trials, 12-month-olds showed reliable discrimination of novel monkey faces. A final experiment was performed demonstrating 12-month-olds' discrimination of the monkey face was due to the increased familiarization rather than increased time of visual comparison. Results are discussed in the context of perceptual narrowing, in particular the flexible nature of perceptual narrowing.
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