This study tested if prior BCG revaccination can further boost immune responses subsequently indu... more This study tested if prior BCG revaccination can further boost immune responses subsequently induced by an otherwise efficacious Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccine, referred to as COVISHIELDTM in India. We compared COVISHIELDTM induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth and latent tuberculosis negative, after COVISHIELDTM prime and boost with baseline samples that were collected pre-pandemic and pre-BCG revaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher magnitude of spike-specific Ab and T cell responses, including a greater proportion of high responders; better quality polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells that persisted and a more robust Ab and T cell response to the Delta mutant of SARS-CoV-2 highlighting greater breadth. Mechanistically, BCG adjuvant effects on COVISHIELDTM induced adaptive responses was associated with more robust innate responses...
Article History: Received 2, December, 2014 Received in revised form 10, December, 2014 Accepted ... more Article History: Received 2, December, 2014 Received in revised form 10, December, 2014 Accepted 4, January, 2015 Published online 28, January, 2015 Co-colonization of anatomical niches by microorganisms is well documented. Growth of more than one type of Gram negative bacilli (GNB) from single cultures is commonly observed in Microbiology laboratories. The study aimed to determine whether any of the patient’s demographic and/or clinical factors influence poly-microbial growth from clinical samples. Various clinical samples that grew two types of GNB from a single sample were selected for the study. In the cohort of 82 patients, the most common samples were pus (52.4%). 62.2% of the samples grew a combination of glucose Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) and an Enter obacteriaceae species. 40.2% samples grew a combination of a susceptible and a resistant GNB. In 69.3% of the samples there was an association between the Gram stain report (presence of inflammatory cells with...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
In this study presence of virulence genes in multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from M... more In this study presence of virulence genes in multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Mula-Mutha river, Pune, India was undertaken. The objective was to understand whether the isolates were of diarrhoeagenic or of environmental origin. This was essential since the river flows through urban and rural parts of Pune and its water is used not only for industrial and agricultural purposes but also for domestic usage. One hundred and two multidrug E. coli isolates were selected from our previous study which detected genes coding for antibiotic resistance as well as identified integrons associated with multidrug resistance. Isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect presence of virulence genes, set1A, set1B, sen astA, aggA, aafA, pet, stx1 and stx. Sequencing was performed to confirm the amplified PCR product. Seven of the 102 E. coli isolates showed gene set1A alone identifying them as Enteroaggregative E. coli. Thus, the findings revealed that majority of drug resistant...
Background: Although shigellosis is self-limiting, antibiotics are recommended to minimize the se... more Background: Although shigellosis is self-limiting, antibiotics are recommended to minimize the severity of symptoms and reduce mortality rates. However, due to the increasing reports of antibiotic resistance, alternative approaches are needed to combat shigellosis. Interest for research on medicinal plants has increased in recent years, and hence, they can be explored to treat this infectious diarrhoea. Objective: To study the effect of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaf decoction (GLD) on the antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Shigella spp. Materials and Methods: A total of 43 isolated Shigella spp. from diarrhoeal patients were used in this study. The effect of GLD on the bacterial viability was initially assessed. The isolates were divided into two categories: sensitive and resistant to GLD. For sensitive isolates, antibacterial activity of GLD was evaluated while for resistant strains, the ability of GLD for reducing the bacterial invasion of the HEp-2 cell line underwent an...
Following the recent clinical clearance of an Indian DNA COVID-19 vaccine, India and Africa are p... more Following the recent clinical clearance of an Indian DNA COVID-19 vaccine, India and Africa are potential regions where DNA vaccines may become a major delivery system subject to a range of immunological and regulatory scrutiny. The ongoing COVID pandemic highlights the need to tackle viral variants and expand the number of antigens and assess diverse delivery systems. To address some of these key issues, we have created a Dengue DNA vaccine candidate with the EDIII region as the key antigen given the promise of this segment in not causing ADE, a challenge with this disease. In addition, we have added the NS1 region to broaden the immune response. Following a large Dengue viral sequencing exercise in India, complemented with data from east Africa, our approach was to generate a consensus of four serotypes ED3-NS1 vaccine to explore tackling the issue of diversity. Our In silico structural analysis of EDIII consensus vaccine sequence revealed that epitopes are structurally conserved ...
In a multicentric, observational, investigator-blinded, and longitudinal clinical study of 764 AR... more In a multicentric, observational, investigator-blinded, and longitudinal clinical study of 764 ART-naïve subjects, we identified nine different promoter-variant strains of HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) emerging in the Indian population, with some of these variants being reported for the first time. Unlike several previous studies, our work here focuses on the evolving viral regulatory elements, not coding sequences. The emerging viral strains contain additional copies of the existing transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), including TCF-1α/LEF-1, RBEIII, AP-1, and NF-κB, created by sequence duplication. The additional TFBS are genetically diverse and may blur the distinction between the modulatory region of the promoter and the viral enhancer. In a follow-up analysis, we found trends, but not significant associations between any specific variant promoter and prognostic markers, probably because the emerging viral strains might not have established mono infections yet. Illumina sequenc...
Biomarkers of progression to severe dengue are urgently required for effective patient management... more Biomarkers of progression to severe dengue are urgently required for effective patient management. Innate immune cells have been implicated in the enhancement of infection and “cytokine storm” associated with dengue severity. Using intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry, we observed significantly higher proportions of innate immune cells secreting inflammatory cytokines dominated by IFN-γ and TNF-α at admission associated with good prognosis. Secondary dengue predisposed to severe outcomes. In patients with severe dengue and those with liver impairment, early activation as well as efficient down-regulation of innate responses were compromised. IFN-γ+CD56+CD3+NKT cells and IL-6+granulocytes served as novel biomarkers of progression to severity (composite AUC=0.85-0.9). Strong correlations among multiple cytokine-secreting innate cell subsets pointed to coordinated activation of the entire innate immune system by DENV.One Sentence SummaryActivation and efficient attenuatio...
Background. Found as a commensal in the upper respiratory tract, Gram-negative diplococcus Moraxe... more Background. Found as a commensal in the upper respiratory tract, Gram-negative diplococcus Moraxella catarrhalis did not hold much importance as an infectious agent for long. The emergence of the first antibiotic-resistant strain of M. catarrhalis was noted in 1977 in Sweden. This has gradually spread worldwide over the years to more than 95% of the strains showing resistance to penicillin now. Penicillin resistance is mediated by the production of beta-lactamases encoded by bro-1 and bro-2 genes that code for beta-lactamases BRO-1 and BRO-2, respectively. The purpose of this study was to explore the trends of antibiotic resistance, the presence of bro genes, and clinical correlation of these findings with the rise in M. catarrhalis infections worldwide. Methods. Strains of M. catarrhalis were isolated from the respiratory samples submitted to the microbiology laboratory. Preliminary identification was done using standard microbiological techniques, and antibiotic sensitivity was de...
Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and immune activation in virally suppressed HIV-infec... more Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and immune activation in virally suppressed HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy, who practiced regular structured exercise comprising running and yoga to those who did not over a 2-year period. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 72 children aged 8 to 16 years divided into 2 groups, exercisers (n = 36) and the nonexercisers (n = 36) based on their intentional physical activity. The analyses were carried out at baseline and after 2 years (Y2) for the soluble biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma, sCD14, and sCD163). In addition, cell-associated biomarker (CD38), lipopolysaccharides, and the gene expression of interleukin-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were also measured at Y2. Results: Reduction in levels of sCD14 (effect size [ES], −0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.08 to −0.14), tumor necrosis factor alpha (ES, −...
Using cell‐associated DNA and cell‐free RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1), we in... more Using cell‐associated DNA and cell‐free RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1), we investigated the role of drug‐resistant viral variants that emerged during early antiretroviral therapy (ART) in determining virological outcome. This case‐control study compared virologic nonresponder children (two viral loads [VLs] ≥ 200 copies/mL within 2 years of ART) and responder children (two VLs < 200 copies/mL after six months of ART) infected with HIV‐1 initiated on nonnucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based ART. The partial reverse‐transcriptase gene of HIV‐1 in cell‐associated DNA was genotyped using next‐generation sequencing (NGS; Illumina; threshold 0.5%; at baseline and month six of ART) and in cell‐free RNA (concurrently and at virological failure; VL > 1000 copies/mL at ≥ 12 months of ART) using the Sanger method. Among 30 nonresponders and 37 responders, baseline differences were insignificant while adherence, VL, and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) observed at month six differed significantly ( P ≥ 0.05). At month six, NGS estimated a higher number of DRMs compared with Sanger (50% vs 33%; P = 0.001). Among the nonresponders carrying a resistant virus (86.6%) at virological failure, 26% harbored clinically relevant low‐frequency DRMs in the cell‐associated DNA at month six (0.5%‐20%; K103N, G190A, Y181C, and M184I). Plasma VL of > 3 log 10copies/mL (AOR, 30.4; 95% CI, 3.3‐281; P = 0.003) and treatment‐relevant DRMs detected in the cell‐associated DNA at month six (AOR, 24.2; 95% CI, 2.6‐221; P = 0.005) were independently associated with increased risk for early virological failure. Our findings suggest that treatment‐relevant DRMs acquired in cell‐associated DNA during the first six months of ART can predict virological failure in children initiated on NNRTI‐based ART.
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), cause life-thr... more Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), cause life-threatening diseases, particularly in the tropics. Here we performed unbiased metagenomic sequencing of RNA extracted from the serum of four patients and the plasma of one patient, all hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in South India with severe or prolonged febrile illness, together with the serum from one healthy control, in 2014. We identified and assembled a complete dengue virus type 3 sequence from a case of severe dengue fever. We also identified a small number of JEV sequences in the serum of two adults with febrile illness, including one with severe dengue. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dengue sequence belonged to genotype III. It has an estimated divergence time of 13.86 years from the most highly related Indian strains. In total, 11 amino acid substitutions were predicted for this strain in the antigenic envelope protein, when compared to the parent strain used for...
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 2016
The catastrophic rise in dengue infections in India and globally has created a need for an accura... more The catastrophic rise in dengue infections in India and globally has created a need for an accurate, validated low-cost rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for dengue. We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of NS1/IgM RDT (dengue day 1) using 211 samples from a pediatric dengue cohort representing all 4 serotypes in southern India. The dengue-positive panel consisted of 179 dengue real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive samples from symptomatic children. The dengue-negative panel consisted of 32 samples from dengue-negative febrile children and asymptomatic individuals that were negative for dengue RT-PCR/NS1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/IgM/IgG. NS1/IgM RDT sensitivity was 89.4% and specificity was 93.8%. The NS1/IgM RDT showed high sensitivity throughout the acute phase of illness, in primary and secondary infections, in different severity groups, and detected all 4 dengue serotypes, including coinfections. This NS1/IgM RDT is a useful point-of-care assay for rapid and reliable diagnosis of acute dengue and an excellent surveillance tool in our battle against dengue.
Polymyxin B, minocycline, and tigecycline were the most potent of 10 antibiotics against 170 isol... more Polymyxin B, minocycline, and tigecycline were the most potent of 10 antibiotics against 170 isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . In time-kill studies, the exposure of a highly tigecycline-resistant isolate to tigecycline resulted in enhanced susceptibility to amikacin and synergistic bactericidal activities of the two drugs.
This study tested if prior BCG revaccination can further boost immune responses subsequently indu... more This study tested if prior BCG revaccination can further boost immune responses subsequently induced by an otherwise efficacious Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 vaccine, referred to as COVISHIELDTM in India. We compared COVISHIELDTM induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth and latent tuberculosis negative, after COVISHIELDTM prime and boost with baseline samples that were collected pre-pandemic and pre-BCG revaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher magnitude of spike-specific Ab and T cell responses, including a greater proportion of high responders; better quality polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells that persisted and a more robust Ab and T cell response to the Delta mutant of SARS-CoV-2 highlighting greater breadth. Mechanistically, BCG adjuvant effects on COVISHIELDTM induced adaptive responses was associated with more robust innate responses...
Article History: Received 2, December, 2014 Received in revised form 10, December, 2014 Accepted ... more Article History: Received 2, December, 2014 Received in revised form 10, December, 2014 Accepted 4, January, 2015 Published online 28, January, 2015 Co-colonization of anatomical niches by microorganisms is well documented. Growth of more than one type of Gram negative bacilli (GNB) from single cultures is commonly observed in Microbiology laboratories. The study aimed to determine whether any of the patient’s demographic and/or clinical factors influence poly-microbial growth from clinical samples. Various clinical samples that grew two types of GNB from a single sample were selected for the study. In the cohort of 82 patients, the most common samples were pus (52.4%). 62.2% of the samples grew a combination of glucose Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) and an Enter obacteriaceae species. 40.2% samples grew a combination of a susceptible and a resistant GNB. In 69.3% of the samples there was an association between the Gram stain report (presence of inflammatory cells with...
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
In this study presence of virulence genes in multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from M... more In this study presence of virulence genes in multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from Mula-Mutha river, Pune, India was undertaken. The objective was to understand whether the isolates were of diarrhoeagenic or of environmental origin. This was essential since the river flows through urban and rural parts of Pune and its water is used not only for industrial and agricultural purposes but also for domestic usage. One hundred and two multidrug E. coli isolates were selected from our previous study which detected genes coding for antibiotic resistance as well as identified integrons associated with multidrug resistance. Isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect presence of virulence genes, set1A, set1B, sen astA, aggA, aafA, pet, stx1 and stx. Sequencing was performed to confirm the amplified PCR product. Seven of the 102 E. coli isolates showed gene set1A alone identifying them as Enteroaggregative E. coli. Thus, the findings revealed that majority of drug resistant...
Background: Although shigellosis is self-limiting, antibiotics are recommended to minimize the se... more Background: Although shigellosis is self-limiting, antibiotics are recommended to minimize the severity of symptoms and reduce mortality rates. However, due to the increasing reports of antibiotic resistance, alternative approaches are needed to combat shigellosis. Interest for research on medicinal plants has increased in recent years, and hence, they can be explored to treat this infectious diarrhoea. Objective: To study the effect of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaf decoction (GLD) on the antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Shigella spp. Materials and Methods: A total of 43 isolated Shigella spp. from diarrhoeal patients were used in this study. The effect of GLD on the bacterial viability was initially assessed. The isolates were divided into two categories: sensitive and resistant to GLD. For sensitive isolates, antibacterial activity of GLD was evaluated while for resistant strains, the ability of GLD for reducing the bacterial invasion of the HEp-2 cell line underwent an...
Following the recent clinical clearance of an Indian DNA COVID-19 vaccine, India and Africa are p... more Following the recent clinical clearance of an Indian DNA COVID-19 vaccine, India and Africa are potential regions where DNA vaccines may become a major delivery system subject to a range of immunological and regulatory scrutiny. The ongoing COVID pandemic highlights the need to tackle viral variants and expand the number of antigens and assess diverse delivery systems. To address some of these key issues, we have created a Dengue DNA vaccine candidate with the EDIII region as the key antigen given the promise of this segment in not causing ADE, a challenge with this disease. In addition, we have added the NS1 region to broaden the immune response. Following a large Dengue viral sequencing exercise in India, complemented with data from east Africa, our approach was to generate a consensus of four serotypes ED3-NS1 vaccine to explore tackling the issue of diversity. Our In silico structural analysis of EDIII consensus vaccine sequence revealed that epitopes are structurally conserved ...
In a multicentric, observational, investigator-blinded, and longitudinal clinical study of 764 AR... more In a multicentric, observational, investigator-blinded, and longitudinal clinical study of 764 ART-naïve subjects, we identified nine different promoter-variant strains of HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) emerging in the Indian population, with some of these variants being reported for the first time. Unlike several previous studies, our work here focuses on the evolving viral regulatory elements, not coding sequences. The emerging viral strains contain additional copies of the existing transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), including TCF-1α/LEF-1, RBEIII, AP-1, and NF-κB, created by sequence duplication. The additional TFBS are genetically diverse and may blur the distinction between the modulatory region of the promoter and the viral enhancer. In a follow-up analysis, we found trends, but not significant associations between any specific variant promoter and prognostic markers, probably because the emerging viral strains might not have established mono infections yet. Illumina sequenc...
Biomarkers of progression to severe dengue are urgently required for effective patient management... more Biomarkers of progression to severe dengue are urgently required for effective patient management. Innate immune cells have been implicated in the enhancement of infection and “cytokine storm” associated with dengue severity. Using intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry, we observed significantly higher proportions of innate immune cells secreting inflammatory cytokines dominated by IFN-γ and TNF-α at admission associated with good prognosis. Secondary dengue predisposed to severe outcomes. In patients with severe dengue and those with liver impairment, early activation as well as efficient down-regulation of innate responses were compromised. IFN-γ+CD56+CD3+NKT cells and IL-6+granulocytes served as novel biomarkers of progression to severity (composite AUC=0.85-0.9). Strong correlations among multiple cytokine-secreting innate cell subsets pointed to coordinated activation of the entire innate immune system by DENV.One Sentence SummaryActivation and efficient attenuatio...
Background. Found as a commensal in the upper respiratory tract, Gram-negative diplococcus Moraxe... more Background. Found as a commensal in the upper respiratory tract, Gram-negative diplococcus Moraxella catarrhalis did not hold much importance as an infectious agent for long. The emergence of the first antibiotic-resistant strain of M. catarrhalis was noted in 1977 in Sweden. This has gradually spread worldwide over the years to more than 95% of the strains showing resistance to penicillin now. Penicillin resistance is mediated by the production of beta-lactamases encoded by bro-1 and bro-2 genes that code for beta-lactamases BRO-1 and BRO-2, respectively. The purpose of this study was to explore the trends of antibiotic resistance, the presence of bro genes, and clinical correlation of these findings with the rise in M. catarrhalis infections worldwide. Methods. Strains of M. catarrhalis were isolated from the respiratory samples submitted to the microbiology laboratory. Preliminary identification was done using standard microbiological techniques, and antibiotic sensitivity was de...
Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and immune activation in virally suppressed HIV-infec... more Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and immune activation in virally suppressed HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy, who practiced regular structured exercise comprising running and yoga to those who did not over a 2-year period. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 72 children aged 8 to 16 years divided into 2 groups, exercisers (n = 36) and the nonexercisers (n = 36) based on their intentional physical activity. The analyses were carried out at baseline and after 2 years (Y2) for the soluble biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma, sCD14, and sCD163). In addition, cell-associated biomarker (CD38), lipopolysaccharides, and the gene expression of interleukin-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were also measured at Y2. Results: Reduction in levels of sCD14 (effect size [ES], −0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.08 to −0.14), tumor necrosis factor alpha (ES, −...
Using cell‐associated DNA and cell‐free RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1), we in... more Using cell‐associated DNA and cell‐free RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1), we investigated the role of drug‐resistant viral variants that emerged during early antiretroviral therapy (ART) in determining virological outcome. This case‐control study compared virologic nonresponder children (two viral loads [VLs] ≥ 200 copies/mL within 2 years of ART) and responder children (two VLs < 200 copies/mL after six months of ART) infected with HIV‐1 initiated on nonnucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based ART. The partial reverse‐transcriptase gene of HIV‐1 in cell‐associated DNA was genotyped using next‐generation sequencing (NGS; Illumina; threshold 0.5%; at baseline and month six of ART) and in cell‐free RNA (concurrently and at virological failure; VL > 1000 copies/mL at ≥ 12 months of ART) using the Sanger method. Among 30 nonresponders and 37 responders, baseline differences were insignificant while adherence, VL, and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) observed at month six differed significantly ( P ≥ 0.05). At month six, NGS estimated a higher number of DRMs compared with Sanger (50% vs 33%; P = 0.001). Among the nonresponders carrying a resistant virus (86.6%) at virological failure, 26% harbored clinically relevant low‐frequency DRMs in the cell‐associated DNA at month six (0.5%‐20%; K103N, G190A, Y181C, and M184I). Plasma VL of > 3 log 10copies/mL (AOR, 30.4; 95% CI, 3.3‐281; P = 0.003) and treatment‐relevant DRMs detected in the cell‐associated DNA at month six (AOR, 24.2; 95% CI, 2.6‐221; P = 0.005) were independently associated with increased risk for early virological failure. Our findings suggest that treatment‐relevant DRMs acquired in cell‐associated DNA during the first six months of ART can predict virological failure in children initiated on NNRTI‐based ART.
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), cause life-thr... more Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), cause life-threatening diseases, particularly in the tropics. Here we performed unbiased metagenomic sequencing of RNA extracted from the serum of four patients and the plasma of one patient, all hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in South India with severe or prolonged febrile illness, together with the serum from one healthy control, in 2014. We identified and assembled a complete dengue virus type 3 sequence from a case of severe dengue fever. We also identified a small number of JEV sequences in the serum of two adults with febrile illness, including one with severe dengue. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dengue sequence belonged to genotype III. It has an estimated divergence time of 13.86 years from the most highly related Indian strains. In total, 11 amino acid substitutions were predicted for this strain in the antigenic envelope protein, when compared to the parent strain used for...
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 2016
The catastrophic rise in dengue infections in India and globally has created a need for an accura... more The catastrophic rise in dengue infections in India and globally has created a need for an accurate, validated low-cost rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for dengue. We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of NS1/IgM RDT (dengue day 1) using 211 samples from a pediatric dengue cohort representing all 4 serotypes in southern India. The dengue-positive panel consisted of 179 dengue real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive samples from symptomatic children. The dengue-negative panel consisted of 32 samples from dengue-negative febrile children and asymptomatic individuals that were negative for dengue RT-PCR/NS1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/IgM/IgG. NS1/IgM RDT sensitivity was 89.4% and specificity was 93.8%. The NS1/IgM RDT showed high sensitivity throughout the acute phase of illness, in primary and secondary infections, in different severity groups, and detected all 4 dengue serotypes, including coinfections. This NS1/IgM RDT is a useful point-of-care assay for rapid and reliable diagnosis of acute dengue and an excellent surveillance tool in our battle against dengue.
Polymyxin B, minocycline, and tigecycline were the most potent of 10 antibiotics against 170 isol... more Polymyxin B, minocycline, and tigecycline were the most potent of 10 antibiotics against 170 isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . In time-kill studies, the exposure of a highly tigecycline-resistant isolate to tigecycline resulted in enhanced susceptibility to amikacin and synergistic bactericidal activities of the two drugs.
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