Background. Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diff... more Background. Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by the substrate. Objectives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Grander Technology in reducing the surface tension of adhesive systems. Methods. Two adhesive systems (self-etch and total-etch) were modified by physical contact with the Grander system Flexible unit to revitalize water, for 48 h. Surface tension of adhesive systems and water in normal and grander-modified conditions was measured with a goniometer. Results. The results showed a reduction of surface tension for all conditions grander-modified between 3–15%. Conclusions. Grander Technology was effective in reducing the surface tension of the Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond adhesive systems. Clinical significance. Grander technology was employed to restructure the molecular structure of water-based adhesive systems, which can increase their wetness capacity and therefore ensure a greater...
In this paper, we have investigated the deposition of thin films from natural carvacrol extract u... more In this paper, we have investigated the deposition of thin films from natural carvacrol extract using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma polymerization, aiming at the inhibition of bacteria adhesion and proliferation. The films deposited on stainless steel samples have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared reflectance-absorbance spectroscopy, profilometry, and contact angle measurements. Films with thicknesses ranging from 1.5 μm to 3.5 μm presented a chemical structure similar to that of carvacrol. While the formation of biofilm was observed on untreated samples, the coating completely inhibited the adhesion of E. coli and reduced the adhesion of S. aureus biofilm in more than 90%.
The effect of a photopolymerized glaze on different properties of acrylic resin (AR) for ocular p... more The effect of a photopolymerized glaze on different properties of acrylic resin (AR) for ocular prostheses submitted to accelerated aging was investigated. Forty discs were divided into 4 groups: N1 AR without glaze (G1); colorless AR without glaze (G2); N1 AR with glaze (G3); and colorless AR with glaze (G4). All samples were polished with sandpaper (240, 600 and 800-grit). In G1 and G2, a 1200-grit sandpaper was also used. In G3 and G4, samples were coated with MegaSeal glaze. Property analysis of color stability, microhardness, roughness, and surface energy, and assays of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were performed before and after the accelerated aging (1008h). Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey Test (p<0.05). Groups with glaze exhibited statistically higher color change and roughness after aging. The surface microhardness significantly decreased in groups with glaze and increased in groups without glaze. The surface energy increased after the aging, independent of the polishing procedure. All groups showed an increase of surface irregularities. Photopolymerized glaze is an inadequate surface treatment for AR for ocular prostheses and it affected the color stability, roughness, and microhardness. The accelerated aging interfered negatively with the properties of resins.
Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by t... more Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by the substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Grander Technology in reducing the surface tension of adhesive systems. Two adhesive systems (self-etch and total-etch) were modified by physical contact with the Grander system Flexible unit to revitalize water, for 48 h. Surface tension of adhesive systems and water in normal and grander-modified conditions was measured with a goniometer. The results showed a reduction of surface tension for all conditions grander-modified between 3-15%. Grander Technology was effective in reducing the surface tension of the Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond adhesive systems. Clinical significance. Grander technology was employed to restructure the molecular structure of water-based adhesive systems, which can increase their wetness capacity and therefore ensure a greater diffusibility.
Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main constituent of clove oil. In addition to being wide... more Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main constituent of clove oil. In addition to being widely used as a condiment, it has been recognized as a powerful bactericide. Owing to that, Eugenol has been used in several applications including odontology and as a conservative for food products. Aiming at the development of natural bactericide coatings, in this work, using an atmospheric pressure plasma in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor Eugenol was deposited on stainless steel substrate, with argon as a carrier gas. The discharge power supply was a transformer at 14.4 kV peak-to-peak voltage and 60 Hz frequency. Operating with a gas flow rate at 4 L/min, the active power was around 1.2 W. The maximum plasma electron temperature of the plasma with monomers was about 1.5 eV, estimated by visible emission spectroscopy using a local thermodynamic equilibrium approach. The study also comprehended the analysis of the film structure, aging, and thermal stability using infrared r...
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been a promising surface coating with better mechanical a... more Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been a promising surface coating with better mechanical and antimicrobial parameters comparing to conventional treatment surfaces. This study evaluated the peri-implant bone repair using (PEO) surface coatings compared with sandblasted acid (SLA) treatment. For this purpose, 44 Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX-22 animals) or underwent simulated surgery (SS-22 animals) and received implants in the tibia with each of the surface coatings. The peri-implant bone subsequently underwent molecular, microstructural, bone turnover, and histometric analysis. Real-time PCR showed a higher expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteocalcin (OC) proteins in the SLA/OVX and PEO/SS groups (p < 0.05). Computed microtomography, confocal microscopy, and histometry showed similarity between the PEO and SLA surfaces, with a trend toward the superiority of PEO in OVX animals. Thus, PEO surfaces were sh...
The possibility of controlling the density of organosilicon films was investigated by tuning the ... more The possibility of controlling the density of organosilicon films was investigated by tuning the plasma activation degree without providing extra energy to the structure, as usually reported in the literature. For this purpose, thin films were deposited in plasmas fed with hexamethyldisiloxane/Ar mixtures at a total pressure of 9.5 Pa. The power of the radiofrequency excitation signal, P, ranged from 50 to 300 W to alter the average energy of the plasma species while the electrical configuration was chosen to avoid direct ion bombardment of the growing films. In this way, it was possible to evaluate the effect of P on the film properties. Thickness and deposition rate were derived from profilometry data. X-ray energy dispersive and infrared spectroscopies were, respectively, applied to analyze the chemical composition and molecular structure of the layers. Surface topography and roughness were determined by atomic force microscopy while nanoindentation was used to evaluate the mecha...
Carbon steel is the most commonly used material for sheets, plates, bars and tubes in mechanical ... more Carbon steel is the most commonly used material for sheets, plates, bars and tubes in mechanical metallurgy and construction industry. However, the susceptibility of carbon steel to oxidation under real conditions of use turns preventive and corrective repairs mandatory. Many published studies show that plasma deposited silica and organosilicon layers can be used as corrosion barriers, being the first one more efficient due to its higher chemical density and inertness. However, the performance of SiO x layers may be affected by mechanical stress, and especially by defects generated in the deposition process or by the substrate finishing. To associate the good corrosion resistance of the silicon oxide films to the flexibility of organosilicon ones, some authors created multilayered systems, intercalating organosilicon and silica layers. However, the adhesion between the orga-nosilicon and inorganic layers in these multilayered systems is still a problem, since there is a well-defined interface between them and both layers are just slightly interconnected. In this sense, the purpose of the present work is to create, from plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane, an organosilicon-silica gradual system and to investigate its barrier and mechanical properties. SiO x /SiO x C y H z gradual films were deposited by low pressure radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) plasmas using HMDSO, Ar and O 2 mixtures. The change of an organosi-licon to inorganic coating or vice versa was made only by adjusting the plasma conditions without interrupting the process. The influence of the carbon steel native oxide pre-deposition treatment in O 2 plasma was also evaluated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance provided by the gradual system to the carbon steel. Infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, was applied to analyze the chemical composition and molecular structure. The thickness of the films was measured by profilometry. Surface wett-ability was assessed from contact angle measurements using an automated goniometer. The morphology of the samples was inspected by secondary electrons micrographs acquired using a scanning electron microscope while the mechanical properties of the systems were examined by nanoindentation. The oxidation treatment performed on the substrate surface prior to deposition improve the corrosion resistance of the samples. The total corrosion resistance increases six orders of magnitude when carbon steel was coated with a quaternary gradual coating of only 2 μm.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2018
Materials and surfaces developed for dental implants need to withstand degradation processes that... more Materials and surfaces developed for dental implants need to withstand degradation processes that take place in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrochemical and biological properties of Ti-xZr alloys (x = 5, 10, and 15 wt%) with two surface features (machined and double acid etched). Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were used as controls. Surface characterization was performed using dispersive energy spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, profilometry and surface energy. The mechanical properties were assessed using Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus and stiffness. The electrochemical behavior analysis was conducted in a body fluid solution (pH 7.4). In addition, MC3T3-E1 cells were used to determine the impact of material and surface treatment on cell morphology by SEM analysis. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bon...
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2018
The aim of this study was to develop and characterise a new plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposi... more The aim of this study was to develop and characterise a new plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) film for improving shear bond strength (SBS) between yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) and veneering ceramic. In total, 192 Y-TZP samples (13 × 5.4 × 5 mm) were divided into 6 groups: control - no treatment (C), airborne-particle abrasion with 27 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), 110 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), and 250 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), application of liner for zirconia (L) and the PECVD film application (P). The Y-TZP surface was characterised by means of Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface profilometry and surface-free energy (SFE). SBS between Y-TZP and veneering ceramic was tested before and after thermocycling (20,000 cycles of 5 and 55 °C), and failure mode was also evaluated. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). Data analysis sho...
Since intracellular signalling pathways are proposed to predict the quality of cell-surface relat... more Since intracellular signalling pathways are proposed to predict the quality of cell-surface relationship, this study addressed pre-osteoblast behaviour in response to nano hydroxyapatite (HA)-blasted titanium (Ti) surface by exploring critical intracellular pathways and pre-osteoblast morphological change. Physicochemical properties were evaluated by atomic force microscopy and wettability considering water contact angle of three differently texturized Ti surfaces: Machined (Mac), Dual acid-etching (DAE) and nano hydroxyapatite-blasted (nHA). The results revealed critical differences in surface topography, impacting the water contact angle and later the osteoblast performance. In order to evaluate the effect of those topographical characteristics on biological responses, we have seeded pre-osteoblast cells on the Ti discs for up to 4 hours and subjected the cultures to biological analysis. Firstly, we have observed pre-osteoblasts morphological changes resulting from the interaction...
Background. Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diff... more Background. Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by the substrate. Objectives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Grander Technology in reducing the surface tension of adhesive systems. Methods. Two adhesive systems (self-etch and total-etch) were modified by physical contact with the Grander system Flexible unit to revitalize water, for 48 h. Surface tension of adhesive systems and water in normal and grander-modified conditions was measured with a goniometer. Results. The results showed a reduction of surface tension for all conditions grander-modified between 3–15%. Conclusions. Grander Technology was effective in reducing the surface tension of the Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond adhesive systems. Clinical significance. Grander technology was employed to restructure the molecular structure of water-based adhesive systems, which can increase their wetness capacity and therefore ensure a greater...
In this paper, we have investigated the deposition of thin films from natural carvacrol extract u... more In this paper, we have investigated the deposition of thin films from natural carvacrol extract using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma polymerization, aiming at the inhibition of bacteria adhesion and proliferation. The films deposited on stainless steel samples have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared reflectance-absorbance spectroscopy, profilometry, and contact angle measurements. Films with thicknesses ranging from 1.5 μm to 3.5 μm presented a chemical structure similar to that of carvacrol. While the formation of biofilm was observed on untreated samples, the coating completely inhibited the adhesion of E. coli and reduced the adhesion of S. aureus biofilm in more than 90%.
The effect of a photopolymerized glaze on different properties of acrylic resin (AR) for ocular p... more The effect of a photopolymerized glaze on different properties of acrylic resin (AR) for ocular prostheses submitted to accelerated aging was investigated. Forty discs were divided into 4 groups: N1 AR without glaze (G1); colorless AR without glaze (G2); N1 AR with glaze (G3); and colorless AR with glaze (G4). All samples were polished with sandpaper (240, 600 and 800-grit). In G1 and G2, a 1200-grit sandpaper was also used. In G3 and G4, samples were coated with MegaSeal glaze. Property analysis of color stability, microhardness, roughness, and surface energy, and assays of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were performed before and after the accelerated aging (1008h). Data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey Test (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05). Groups with glaze exhibited statistically higher color change and roughness after aging. The surface microhardness significantly decreased in groups with glaze and increased in groups without glaze. The surface energy increased after the aging, independent of the polishing procedure. All groups showed an increase of surface irregularities. Photopolymerized glaze is an inadequate surface treatment for AR for ocular prostheses and it affected the color stability, roughness, and microhardness. The accelerated aging interfered negatively with the properties of resins.
Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by t... more Reduced surface tension of liquids results in higher surface wetting ability and diffusivity by the substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Grander Technology in reducing the surface tension of adhesive systems. Two adhesive systems (self-etch and total-etch) were modified by physical contact with the Grander system Flexible unit to revitalize water, for 48 h. Surface tension of adhesive systems and water in normal and grander-modified conditions was measured with a goniometer. The results showed a reduction of surface tension for all conditions grander-modified between 3-15%. Grander Technology was effective in reducing the surface tension of the Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond adhesive systems. Clinical significance. Grander technology was employed to restructure the molecular structure of water-based adhesive systems, which can increase their wetness capacity and therefore ensure a greater diffusibility.
Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main constituent of clove oil. In addition to being wide... more Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main constituent of clove oil. In addition to being widely used as a condiment, it has been recognized as a powerful bactericide. Owing to that, Eugenol has been used in several applications including odontology and as a conservative for food products. Aiming at the development of natural bactericide coatings, in this work, using an atmospheric pressure plasma in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor Eugenol was deposited on stainless steel substrate, with argon as a carrier gas. The discharge power supply was a transformer at 14.4 kV peak-to-peak voltage and 60 Hz frequency. Operating with a gas flow rate at 4 L/min, the active power was around 1.2 W. The maximum plasma electron temperature of the plasma with monomers was about 1.5 eV, estimated by visible emission spectroscopy using a local thermodynamic equilibrium approach. The study also comprehended the analysis of the film structure, aging, and thermal stability using infrared r...
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been a promising surface coating with better mechanical a... more Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been a promising surface coating with better mechanical and antimicrobial parameters comparing to conventional treatment surfaces. This study evaluated the peri-implant bone repair using (PEO) surface coatings compared with sandblasted acid (SLA) treatment. For this purpose, 44 Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX-22 animals) or underwent simulated surgery (SS-22 animals) and received implants in the tibia with each of the surface coatings. The peri-implant bone subsequently underwent molecular, microstructural, bone turnover, and histometric analysis. Real-time PCR showed a higher expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteocalcin (OC) proteins in the SLA/OVX and PEO/SS groups (p < 0.05). Computed microtomography, confocal microscopy, and histometry showed similarity between the PEO and SLA surfaces, with a trend toward the superiority of PEO in OVX animals. Thus, PEO surfaces were sh...
The possibility of controlling the density of organosilicon films was investigated by tuning the ... more The possibility of controlling the density of organosilicon films was investigated by tuning the plasma activation degree without providing extra energy to the structure, as usually reported in the literature. For this purpose, thin films were deposited in plasmas fed with hexamethyldisiloxane/Ar mixtures at a total pressure of 9.5 Pa. The power of the radiofrequency excitation signal, P, ranged from 50 to 300 W to alter the average energy of the plasma species while the electrical configuration was chosen to avoid direct ion bombardment of the growing films. In this way, it was possible to evaluate the effect of P on the film properties. Thickness and deposition rate were derived from profilometry data. X-ray energy dispersive and infrared spectroscopies were, respectively, applied to analyze the chemical composition and molecular structure of the layers. Surface topography and roughness were determined by atomic force microscopy while nanoindentation was used to evaluate the mecha...
Carbon steel is the most commonly used material for sheets, plates, bars and tubes in mechanical ... more Carbon steel is the most commonly used material for sheets, plates, bars and tubes in mechanical metallurgy and construction industry. However, the susceptibility of carbon steel to oxidation under real conditions of use turns preventive and corrective repairs mandatory. Many published studies show that plasma deposited silica and organosilicon layers can be used as corrosion barriers, being the first one more efficient due to its higher chemical density and inertness. However, the performance of SiO x layers may be affected by mechanical stress, and especially by defects generated in the deposition process or by the substrate finishing. To associate the good corrosion resistance of the silicon oxide films to the flexibility of organosilicon ones, some authors created multilayered systems, intercalating organosilicon and silica layers. However, the adhesion between the orga-nosilicon and inorganic layers in these multilayered systems is still a problem, since there is a well-defined interface between them and both layers are just slightly interconnected. In this sense, the purpose of the present work is to create, from plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane, an organosilicon-silica gradual system and to investigate its barrier and mechanical properties. SiO x /SiO x C y H z gradual films were deposited by low pressure radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) plasmas using HMDSO, Ar and O 2 mixtures. The change of an organosi-licon to inorganic coating or vice versa was made only by adjusting the plasma conditions without interrupting the process. The influence of the carbon steel native oxide pre-deposition treatment in O 2 plasma was also evaluated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance provided by the gradual system to the carbon steel. Infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, was applied to analyze the chemical composition and molecular structure. The thickness of the films was measured by profilometry. Surface wett-ability was assessed from contact angle measurements using an automated goniometer. The morphology of the samples was inspected by secondary electrons micrographs acquired using a scanning electron microscope while the mechanical properties of the systems were examined by nanoindentation. The oxidation treatment performed on the substrate surface prior to deposition improve the corrosion resistance of the samples. The total corrosion resistance increases six orders of magnitude when carbon steel was coated with a quaternary gradual coating of only 2 μm.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2018
Materials and surfaces developed for dental implants need to withstand degradation processes that... more Materials and surfaces developed for dental implants need to withstand degradation processes that take place in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrochemical and biological properties of Ti-xZr alloys (x = 5, 10, and 15 wt%) with two surface features (machined and double acid etched). Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were used as controls. Surface characterization was performed using dispersive energy spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, profilometry and surface energy. The mechanical properties were assessed using Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus and stiffness. The electrochemical behavior analysis was conducted in a body fluid solution (pH 7.4). In addition, MC3T3-E1 cells were used to determine the impact of material and surface treatment on cell morphology by SEM analysis. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bon...
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 2018
The aim of this study was to develop and characterise a new plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposi... more The aim of this study was to develop and characterise a new plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) film for improving shear bond strength (SBS) between yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) and veneering ceramic. In total, 192 Y-TZP samples (13 × 5.4 × 5 mm) were divided into 6 groups: control - no treatment (C), airborne-particle abrasion with 27 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), 110 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), and 250 μm aluminum oxide particles (Al), application of liner for zirconia (L) and the PECVD film application (P). The Y-TZP surface was characterised by means of Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface profilometry and surface-free energy (SFE). SBS between Y-TZP and veneering ceramic was tested before and after thermocycling (20,000 cycles of 5 and 55 °C), and failure mode was also evaluated. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). Data analysis sho...
Since intracellular signalling pathways are proposed to predict the quality of cell-surface relat... more Since intracellular signalling pathways are proposed to predict the quality of cell-surface relationship, this study addressed pre-osteoblast behaviour in response to nano hydroxyapatite (HA)-blasted titanium (Ti) surface by exploring critical intracellular pathways and pre-osteoblast morphological change. Physicochemical properties were evaluated by atomic force microscopy and wettability considering water contact angle of three differently texturized Ti surfaces: Machined (Mac), Dual acid-etching (DAE) and nano hydroxyapatite-blasted (nHA). The results revealed critical differences in surface topography, impacting the water contact angle and later the osteoblast performance. In order to evaluate the effect of those topographical characteristics on biological responses, we have seeded pre-osteoblast cells on the Ti discs for up to 4 hours and subjected the cultures to biological analysis. Firstly, we have observed pre-osteoblasts morphological changes resulting from the interaction...
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