Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of contemporary consumer-brand relations... more Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of contemporary consumer-brand relationships in predicting brand sacredness, brand fidelity and propensity to spread word of mouth (WOM) in the context of “halal” cosmetic brands. Design/methodology/approach The proposed research framework has been empirically tested by collecting responses from 403 Muslim respondents of diverse demographics. Structural equation modelling has been used for exploring the underlying relationships between emotions associated with halal brands. Findings All the proposed hypotheses were positively significant, thus confirming that brand love is significantly affected by brand trust, brand image, self-congruence and brand experience. Further, brand love acts as a significant determinant in shaping brand sacredness, brand fidelity and WOM. Research limitations/implications The study has made a significant contribution by exploring the intensity of brand love and its effect on relationship-maintenance...
Purpose: To study the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and IOP control in primary ang... more Purpose: To study the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and IOP control in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods: In total, 61 patients (102 eyes) with PACG underwent subfoveal CT (SFCT) scanning using enhanced depth imaging–optical coherence tomography. The subjects with PACG were further grouped as controlled IOP (≤21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy) and uncontrolled IOP (>21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy). The average CT of the PACG eyes was calculated and compared between both groups. A correlation analysis was done between CT and intereye difference in CT with the disease parameters. Results: The mean CT was 274.38 ± 42.10 μm in 102 PACG eyes. SFCT was significantly increased in the uncontrolled IOP group as compared with the controlled IOP group. The mean SFCT was 245.57 ± 62.10 μm in the controlled group and 294.46 ± 51.05 μm in the uncontrolled group (P < 0.01). Factors associated with a thicker choroid were younger age, high IOP, and higher optic nerve head cupping (P < 0.001). Neither the visual field-mean deviation (VF-MD) nor pattern standard deviation (PSD) was found to be associated with overall CT. The intereye asymmetry between CT was significantly associated with poor VF-MD and PSD. Conclusion: PACG eyes with thicker choroid may be a risk factor for poor IOP control on medical anti-glaucoma therapy. Thicker choroid as compared to the fellow eye is a poor prognostic sign and these eyes should be monitored closely.
Primary epithelial iris cysts are benign innocuous lesions, which are mostly bilateral and asympt... more Primary epithelial iris cysts are benign innocuous lesions, which are mostly bilateral and asymptomatic in nature. They can lead to creeping angle closure, when the angle progressively narrows due to age-associated changes. This photoessay, herewith, signifies the dual importance of identifying minute bumpy elevations in the iris by a thorough slit lamp examination as well as the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy in patients presenting with creeping angle closure, frequently misdiagnosed in the primary angle closure disease spectrum.
Isolation of a diseased esophagus with surgical bypass is an acceptable treatment option[1-5] per... more Isolation of a diseased esophagus with surgical bypass is an acceptable treatment option[1-5] performed for various benign and malignant conditions affecting the esophagus with excellent outcome observed in patients following corrosive injury. There may be continued production of mucosal secretions within the native esophagus which gets retained and forms a mucocele. It is uncommon for a mucocele to develop in an esophagus sustaining caustic injury as the epithelium responsible for mucous production is also destroyed. These mucoceles are usually small and localized to a segment and remain asymptomatic without need of any surgical intervention. We herein present a case of middle aged female who underwent esophageal replacement for corrosive ingestion and now presented with chest pain two years after the surgery secondary to a huge mucocele involving the entire native esophagus.
BackgroundThe epidemiology of the Coronavirus-disease associated mucormycosis (CAM) syndemic is p... more BackgroundThe epidemiology of the Coronavirus-disease associated mucormycosis (CAM) syndemic is poorly elucidated. We aimed to identify risk factors that may explain the burden of cases and help develop preventive strategies.MethodsWe performed a case-control study comparing cases diagnosed with CAM and those who had recovered from COVID-19 without developing mucormycosis (controls). Information on comorbidities, glycemic control, and practices related to COVID-19 prevention and treatment was recorded.Results352 patients (152 cases and 200 controls) diagnosed with COVID-19 during April-May 2021 were included. In the CAM group, symptoms of mucormycosis began a mean 18.9 (SD 9.1) days after onset of COVID-19, and predominantly rhino-sinus and orbital involvement was present. All, but one, CAM cases carried conventional risk factors of diabetes and steroid use. On multivariable regression, increased odds of CAM were associated with the presence of diabetes (adjusted OR 3.5, 95%CI 1.1-11), use of systemic steroids (aOR 7.7,95% CI 2.4-24.7), prolonged use of cloth and surgical masks (vs no mask, aOR 6.9, 95%CI 1.5-33.1), and repeated nasopharyngeal swab testing during the COVID-19 illness (aOR 1.6,95% CI 1.2-2.2). Zinc therapy, probably due to its utility in immune function, was found to be protective (aOR 0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.19). Notably, the requirement of oxygen supplementation or hospitalization did not affect the risk of CAM.ConclusionJudicious use of steroids and stringent glycemic control are vital to preventing mucormycosis. Use of clean masks, preference for N95 masks if available, and minimizing swab testing after the diagnosis of COVID-19 may further reduce the incidence of CAM.
Background-The sharp uptick in the cases of mucormycosis in the background of the COVID19 pandemi... more Background-The sharp uptick in the cases of mucormycosis in the background of the COVID19 pandemic is a cause of concern and the reasons and it’s impact remains to be seen. We studied the clinical characteristics in patients with mucormycosis and COVID19 co-infection and performed a literature review.Methods-This retrospective study was conducted at tertiary centre in India. All patients admitted with COVID19 and mucormycosis were included, clinical details were obtained from hospital records. We did review of literatures using the terms “SARS-CoV2” OR “COVID19” AND “Mucormycosis” AND “co-infection” on Pubmed published before February 20, 2021.Results-Sixteen cases (M:F–13:3), mean age 46·5 years (24-75years), were included. Fourteen had known risk factors for mucormycosis, the most common being diabetes mellitus. Most patients (n=14) were symptomatic with mucormycosis before diagnosis of COVID19. There was delay in surgery by 22.5 days (IQR–>17.75–29.5), pending SARS-CoV-2 RT-PC...
A 44-year-old man with insulin-controlled diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 6 years presente... more A 44-year-old man with insulin-controlled diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 6 years presented to us with complaints of frequent daily vomiting for 1 week and altered behaviour for 3 days. He had become lethargic, poorly responsive with decreased oral intake gradually over the past 3 days. Family members endorsed a history of heavy alcohol consumption (180 mL/day of whiskey) for 35 years and an episode of binge drinking before the onset of vomiting. He was found to have hypoglycaemia at home and was administered intravenous dextrose containing fluids on an as-needed basis. His vitals at presentation were within normal limits (heart rate 86 b.p.m., blood pressure 108/86 mmHg), but he was disoriented to time and place with a Glasgow coma score of E4V2M5. On examination, pupils were round and reactive to light, power in all limbs was at least 4/5 (Medical Research Council score), tendon reflexes were normal and plantar response was bilaterally mute. There was no focal weakness or sensory loss, extra-ocular movement limitation, nystagmus or signs of meningeal irritation. Initial investigations revealed thrombocytopenia (89 000/μL), mild leukocytosis (11 100/μL), prerenal acute kidney injury (serum urea 134 mg/dL and creatine 2.1 mg/dL), severe hypernatraemia (serum Na = 173 mEq/L) and hypokalaemia (K = 3.2 mEq/L). Haemoglobin (12.3 g/dL) and liver functions were normal. Clinical presentation was suggestive of dehydration (free water deficit of approximately 8.4 L), and the hypernatraemia was corrected with drinking water via nasogastric tube plus intravenous dextrose-thiamine preparations
Abstract We congratulate Halpin and colleagues1 on their work to identify residual symptoms in pa... more Abstract We congratulate Halpin and colleagues1 on their work to identify residual symptoms in patients with microbiological recovery from COVID‐19. The prevalence of residual symptoms in their cohort is much higher than estimates of 35% among out‐patient, 2 but comparable with recent cohorts of hospitalized patients (87%).3 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
As an increasing number of patients recover from COVID-19, clinicians are increasingly caring for... more As an increasing number of patients recover from COVID-19, clinicians are increasingly caring for patients who fail to recover fully, even after microbiological resolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the role of determinants of informatio... more Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the role of determinants of information quality in shaping attitudes and intention of respondents from major metro cities of India towards electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) using personal identifying information (PII) as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of measuring the role of information quality in predicting attitude towards e-WOM (moderated by PII), the study proposes and validates the research framework by collecting responses from 375 respondents with diverse demographics, belonging to select metro cities of India. Findings All the constructs of information quality have a significantly positive effect on attitude of travellers towards e-WOM. Attitude further impacts the behavioural intention to book via an online travel agency/agent (OTA). PII successfully moderated all the hypothesized relationships with attitude except review sidedness. Research implications The study offers a rationale to fill...
Consumer–brand relationships are witnessing a tremendous upheaval from the past few years, with e... more Consumer–brand relationships are witnessing a tremendous upheaval from the past few years, with emotions becoming a predictor of a brand's fate. Brand love is a construct that reflects the passionate emotional attachment of a consumer with a brand, thus, it has captured the attention of practitioners around the globe. Moreover, Gen Z consumers of countries like India have also shown huge emotional sensitivity while purchasing fashion apparel brands since these brands intensify their social image. The marketers, therefore, are looking out for strategic alternatives to engage the consumer and stimulate their emotions. In view of this, the present study adds to the existing body of literature by introducing novel linkages in branding by examining the mediating role of brand engagement in shaping loyalty intentions. The study also recognizes the moderating role of experience with several proposed relationships concerning brand love. For this purpose, cross‐sectional research was car...
Purpose Looking at the paucity of research examining behaviour in reference to sustainable touris... more Purpose Looking at the paucity of research examining behaviour in reference to sustainable tourism in India, the study aims to propose a framework for predicting the mediating role played by personal norms in determining the intention to adopt sustainable tourism in India. Design/methodology/approach The study is cross-sectional in nature and has gathered responses from 275 valid respondents with diverse socio-demographic profiles. EFA was conducted, followed by CFA and structural model analysis to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings The results indicate that all the hypotheses were found to be significant, thus confirming the direct and indirect effect of consumer knowledge and consumer perceived effectiveness on an intention to adopt sustainable tourism. Research limitations/implications The study has not just added a different perspective to sustainable tourism but has also attempted to capture the attention of all academicians and practitioners who have sidelined this ...
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the existing state of research on “Halal” branding... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the existing state of research on “Halal” branding and to propose and empirically test the framework for understanding the purchase intention for “Halal” branded products in Indian context. Design/methodology/approach The research design is cross-sectional in nature; convenience sampling and snowball sampling is done, and completely filled 288 questionnaires are considered for testing the conceptual framework. Structural equation modeling is used to assess the fit of framework. The study has incorporated attitude as a mediating variable in relation to purchase intention for “Halal” branded products. The originality of the research is based on responses collected from the respondents in the form of online and offline questionnaires. Findings Findings of the direct and indirect effects in the study show that attitude has a full mediation effect on purchase intention, i.e. in the presence of attitude as a mediation variable the direct effe...
The literature on disease characteristics of colonic Crohn's disease (CD) is sparse, especial... more The literature on disease characteristics of colonic Crohn's disease (CD) is sparse, especially from Asia, where the burden of inflammatory bowel disease is on the rise. The present study aims to describe the disease characteristics of colonic CD, and compare it with that of ileal/ileocolonic disease. This retrospective study included adult patients of CD (diagnosed by standard criteria, follow-up duration > 6 months) on follow-up between August 2004 and January 2016. The disease location was classified by Montreal classification. The data were recorded on demographic characteristics, smoking status, disease phenotype, disease course, treatment received, hospitalization and surgeries. Of 406 CD patients, 123 had colonic [mean age (at onset) 30.4 ± 13.2 years, 59.3% males] and 265 had ileal/ileocolonic disease [mean age (at onset) 32.9 ± 13.8 years, 61.5% males] while 18 patients had isolated upper GI disease. The frequency of inflammatory behavior (B1 phenotype; 61.8 vs. 46.4...
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of contemporary consumer-brand relations... more Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of contemporary consumer-brand relationships in predicting brand sacredness, brand fidelity and propensity to spread word of mouth (WOM) in the context of “halal” cosmetic brands. Design/methodology/approach The proposed research framework has been empirically tested by collecting responses from 403 Muslim respondents of diverse demographics. Structural equation modelling has been used for exploring the underlying relationships between emotions associated with halal brands. Findings All the proposed hypotheses were positively significant, thus confirming that brand love is significantly affected by brand trust, brand image, self-congruence and brand experience. Further, brand love acts as a significant determinant in shaping brand sacredness, brand fidelity and WOM. Research limitations/implications The study has made a significant contribution by exploring the intensity of brand love and its effect on relationship-maintenance...
Purpose: To study the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and IOP control in primary ang... more Purpose: To study the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and IOP control in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods: In total, 61 patients (102 eyes) with PACG underwent subfoveal CT (SFCT) scanning using enhanced depth imaging–optical coherence tomography. The subjects with PACG were further grouped as controlled IOP (≤21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy) and uncontrolled IOP (>21 mm Hg on maximal medical therapy). The average CT of the PACG eyes was calculated and compared between both groups. A correlation analysis was done between CT and intereye difference in CT with the disease parameters. Results: The mean CT was 274.38 ± 42.10 μm in 102 PACG eyes. SFCT was significantly increased in the uncontrolled IOP group as compared with the controlled IOP group. The mean SFCT was 245.57 ± 62.10 μm in the controlled group and 294.46 ± 51.05 μm in the uncontrolled group (P < 0.01). Factors associated with a thicker choroid were younger age, high IOP, and higher optic nerve head cupping (P < 0.001). Neither the visual field-mean deviation (VF-MD) nor pattern standard deviation (PSD) was found to be associated with overall CT. The intereye asymmetry between CT was significantly associated with poor VF-MD and PSD. Conclusion: PACG eyes with thicker choroid may be a risk factor for poor IOP control on medical anti-glaucoma therapy. Thicker choroid as compared to the fellow eye is a poor prognostic sign and these eyes should be monitored closely.
Primary epithelial iris cysts are benign innocuous lesions, which are mostly bilateral and asympt... more Primary epithelial iris cysts are benign innocuous lesions, which are mostly bilateral and asymptomatic in nature. They can lead to creeping angle closure, when the angle progressively narrows due to age-associated changes. This photoessay, herewith, signifies the dual importance of identifying minute bumpy elevations in the iris by a thorough slit lamp examination as well as the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy in patients presenting with creeping angle closure, frequently misdiagnosed in the primary angle closure disease spectrum.
Isolation of a diseased esophagus with surgical bypass is an acceptable treatment option[1-5] per... more Isolation of a diseased esophagus with surgical bypass is an acceptable treatment option[1-5] performed for various benign and malignant conditions affecting the esophagus with excellent outcome observed in patients following corrosive injury. There may be continued production of mucosal secretions within the native esophagus which gets retained and forms a mucocele. It is uncommon for a mucocele to develop in an esophagus sustaining caustic injury as the epithelium responsible for mucous production is also destroyed. These mucoceles are usually small and localized to a segment and remain asymptomatic without need of any surgical intervention. We herein present a case of middle aged female who underwent esophageal replacement for corrosive ingestion and now presented with chest pain two years after the surgery secondary to a huge mucocele involving the entire native esophagus.
BackgroundThe epidemiology of the Coronavirus-disease associated mucormycosis (CAM) syndemic is p... more BackgroundThe epidemiology of the Coronavirus-disease associated mucormycosis (CAM) syndemic is poorly elucidated. We aimed to identify risk factors that may explain the burden of cases and help develop preventive strategies.MethodsWe performed a case-control study comparing cases diagnosed with CAM and those who had recovered from COVID-19 without developing mucormycosis (controls). Information on comorbidities, glycemic control, and practices related to COVID-19 prevention and treatment was recorded.Results352 patients (152 cases and 200 controls) diagnosed with COVID-19 during April-May 2021 were included. In the CAM group, symptoms of mucormycosis began a mean 18.9 (SD 9.1) days after onset of COVID-19, and predominantly rhino-sinus and orbital involvement was present. All, but one, CAM cases carried conventional risk factors of diabetes and steroid use. On multivariable regression, increased odds of CAM were associated with the presence of diabetes (adjusted OR 3.5, 95%CI 1.1-11), use of systemic steroids (aOR 7.7,95% CI 2.4-24.7), prolonged use of cloth and surgical masks (vs no mask, aOR 6.9, 95%CI 1.5-33.1), and repeated nasopharyngeal swab testing during the COVID-19 illness (aOR 1.6,95% CI 1.2-2.2). Zinc therapy, probably due to its utility in immune function, was found to be protective (aOR 0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.19). Notably, the requirement of oxygen supplementation or hospitalization did not affect the risk of CAM.ConclusionJudicious use of steroids and stringent glycemic control are vital to preventing mucormycosis. Use of clean masks, preference for N95 masks if available, and minimizing swab testing after the diagnosis of COVID-19 may further reduce the incidence of CAM.
Background-The sharp uptick in the cases of mucormycosis in the background of the COVID19 pandemi... more Background-The sharp uptick in the cases of mucormycosis in the background of the COVID19 pandemic is a cause of concern and the reasons and it’s impact remains to be seen. We studied the clinical characteristics in patients with mucormycosis and COVID19 co-infection and performed a literature review.Methods-This retrospective study was conducted at tertiary centre in India. All patients admitted with COVID19 and mucormycosis were included, clinical details were obtained from hospital records. We did review of literatures using the terms “SARS-CoV2” OR “COVID19” AND “Mucormycosis” AND “co-infection” on Pubmed published before February 20, 2021.Results-Sixteen cases (M:F–13:3), mean age 46·5 years (24-75years), were included. Fourteen had known risk factors for mucormycosis, the most common being diabetes mellitus. Most patients (n=14) were symptomatic with mucormycosis before diagnosis of COVID19. There was delay in surgery by 22.5 days (IQR–>17.75–29.5), pending SARS-CoV-2 RT-PC...
A 44-year-old man with insulin-controlled diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 6 years presente... more A 44-year-old man with insulin-controlled diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 6 years presented to us with complaints of frequent daily vomiting for 1 week and altered behaviour for 3 days. He had become lethargic, poorly responsive with decreased oral intake gradually over the past 3 days. Family members endorsed a history of heavy alcohol consumption (180 mL/day of whiskey) for 35 years and an episode of binge drinking before the onset of vomiting. He was found to have hypoglycaemia at home and was administered intravenous dextrose containing fluids on an as-needed basis. His vitals at presentation were within normal limits (heart rate 86 b.p.m., blood pressure 108/86 mmHg), but he was disoriented to time and place with a Glasgow coma score of E4V2M5. On examination, pupils were round and reactive to light, power in all limbs was at least 4/5 (Medical Research Council score), tendon reflexes were normal and plantar response was bilaterally mute. There was no focal weakness or sensory loss, extra-ocular movement limitation, nystagmus or signs of meningeal irritation. Initial investigations revealed thrombocytopenia (89 000/μL), mild leukocytosis (11 100/μL), prerenal acute kidney injury (serum urea 134 mg/dL and creatine 2.1 mg/dL), severe hypernatraemia (serum Na = 173 mEq/L) and hypokalaemia (K = 3.2 mEq/L). Haemoglobin (12.3 g/dL) and liver functions were normal. Clinical presentation was suggestive of dehydration (free water deficit of approximately 8.4 L), and the hypernatraemia was corrected with drinking water via nasogastric tube plus intravenous dextrose-thiamine preparations
Abstract We congratulate Halpin and colleagues1 on their work to identify residual symptoms in pa... more Abstract We congratulate Halpin and colleagues1 on their work to identify residual symptoms in patients with microbiological recovery from COVID‐19. The prevalence of residual symptoms in their cohort is much higher than estimates of 35% among out‐patient, 2 but comparable with recent cohorts of hospitalized patients (87%).3 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
As an increasing number of patients recover from COVID-19, clinicians are increasingly caring for... more As an increasing number of patients recover from COVID-19, clinicians are increasingly caring for patients who fail to recover fully, even after microbiological resolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the role of determinants of informatio... more Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the role of determinants of information quality in shaping attitudes and intention of respondents from major metro cities of India towards electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) using personal identifying information (PII) as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of measuring the role of information quality in predicting attitude towards e-WOM (moderated by PII), the study proposes and validates the research framework by collecting responses from 375 respondents with diverse demographics, belonging to select metro cities of India. Findings All the constructs of information quality have a significantly positive effect on attitude of travellers towards e-WOM. Attitude further impacts the behavioural intention to book via an online travel agency/agent (OTA). PII successfully moderated all the hypothesized relationships with attitude except review sidedness. Research implications The study offers a rationale to fill...
Consumer–brand relationships are witnessing a tremendous upheaval from the past few years, with e... more Consumer–brand relationships are witnessing a tremendous upheaval from the past few years, with emotions becoming a predictor of a brand's fate. Brand love is a construct that reflects the passionate emotional attachment of a consumer with a brand, thus, it has captured the attention of practitioners around the globe. Moreover, Gen Z consumers of countries like India have also shown huge emotional sensitivity while purchasing fashion apparel brands since these brands intensify their social image. The marketers, therefore, are looking out for strategic alternatives to engage the consumer and stimulate their emotions. In view of this, the present study adds to the existing body of literature by introducing novel linkages in branding by examining the mediating role of brand engagement in shaping loyalty intentions. The study also recognizes the moderating role of experience with several proposed relationships concerning brand love. For this purpose, cross‐sectional research was car...
Purpose Looking at the paucity of research examining behaviour in reference to sustainable touris... more Purpose Looking at the paucity of research examining behaviour in reference to sustainable tourism in India, the study aims to propose a framework for predicting the mediating role played by personal norms in determining the intention to adopt sustainable tourism in India. Design/methodology/approach The study is cross-sectional in nature and has gathered responses from 275 valid respondents with diverse socio-demographic profiles. EFA was conducted, followed by CFA and structural model analysis to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings The results indicate that all the hypotheses were found to be significant, thus confirming the direct and indirect effect of consumer knowledge and consumer perceived effectiveness on an intention to adopt sustainable tourism. Research limitations/implications The study has not just added a different perspective to sustainable tourism but has also attempted to capture the attention of all academicians and practitioners who have sidelined this ...
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the existing state of research on “Halal” branding... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the existing state of research on “Halal” branding and to propose and empirically test the framework for understanding the purchase intention for “Halal” branded products in Indian context. Design/methodology/approach The research design is cross-sectional in nature; convenience sampling and snowball sampling is done, and completely filled 288 questionnaires are considered for testing the conceptual framework. Structural equation modeling is used to assess the fit of framework. The study has incorporated attitude as a mediating variable in relation to purchase intention for “Halal” branded products. The originality of the research is based on responses collected from the respondents in the form of online and offline questionnaires. Findings Findings of the direct and indirect effects in the study show that attitude has a full mediation effect on purchase intention, i.e. in the presence of attitude as a mediation variable the direct effe...
The literature on disease characteristics of colonic Crohn's disease (CD) is sparse, especial... more The literature on disease characteristics of colonic Crohn's disease (CD) is sparse, especially from Asia, where the burden of inflammatory bowel disease is on the rise. The present study aims to describe the disease characteristics of colonic CD, and compare it with that of ileal/ileocolonic disease. This retrospective study included adult patients of CD (diagnosed by standard criteria, follow-up duration > 6 months) on follow-up between August 2004 and January 2016. The disease location was classified by Montreal classification. The data were recorded on demographic characteristics, smoking status, disease phenotype, disease course, treatment received, hospitalization and surgeries. Of 406 CD patients, 123 had colonic [mean age (at onset) 30.4 ± 13.2 years, 59.3% males] and 265 had ileal/ileocolonic disease [mean age (at onset) 32.9 ± 13.8 years, 61.5% males] while 18 patients had isolated upper GI disease. The frequency of inflammatory behavior (B1 phenotype; 61.8 vs. 46.4...
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