One new flavonoid glycoside, along with three known flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the s... more One new flavonoid glycoside, along with three known flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, which is traditionally used in the management of wounds and skin infections in Ghana. The new flavonoid glycoside was elucidated as hydroxygenkwanin-8-C-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-glucopyranoside (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds demonstrated free-radical scavenging as well as some level of antibacterial activities. Microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus are implicated in inhibiting or delaying wound healing. Therefore, any agent capable of reducing or eliminating the microbial load present in a wound as well as decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species may facilitate the healing process. These findings therefore provide some support to the ethnopharmacological usage of the plant in the management of wounds.
Annickia polycarpastem bark is used in West Africa to treat ailments related to pain and inflamma... more Annickia polycarpastem bark is used in West Africa to treat ailments related to pain and inflammation in traditional medicine. Yet, these biological activities of the plant have not been investigated. To investigate the antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of A. polycarpa stem bark (ASE) and its constituents. The compounds were isolated using column chromatography and their structures identified by spectroscopic methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced edema test. Analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate and the acetic acid-induced writhing tests. ASE at 10 mg/kg p.o demonstrated significant (p<0.01) anti-inflammatory activity of 69.64 %, analgesic activity of 82.54 % and 36.81 % in the hot plate and writhing tests respectively. The results also showed that the chloroform fraction of ASE was the most active. Palmatine and jatrorrhizine were isolated from the chloroform fraction. Palmatine and jatrorrhizine produced (p<0.01) anti...
The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical c... more The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical constituents of Clausena anisata roots were investigated. The crude extract, which was devoid of any visible acute toxicity, displayed significant antiinflammatory effect at the dose of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) when assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model. In the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests, it produced a very significant (p < 0.001); dose- dependent analgesic effect, with maximum analgesic activity of 72.1% at 1000 mg/kg (p.o.). Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract resulted in the isolation of four coumarins (anisocoumarin B, osthol, imperatorin and xanthotoxol) and a carbazole alkaloid, heptaphylline. Among the isolated compounds, osthol and anisocournarin B produced the highest antiinflammatory activity at 9 mg/kg (p.o.): slightly better than the positive control, indomethacin. Except for xanthotoxol, all the isolated compounds administered at 6 mg/k...
use in the treatment of wounds, gonorrhoea, abdominal pain, lumbago, ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, ... more use in the treatment of wounds, gonorrhoea, abdominal pain, lumbago, ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, and rickets. However, no scientific investigation of these effects has been established. Our aim was to verify the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the stem of Gouania longipetala. Methods: The antibacterial effect of the 70 % ethanolic extract was studied using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution assays. The extract was also tested in vitro for its free radical scavenging effect, total antioxidant capacity and total phenol content. The extract activity in acute inflammation was assessed using the carrageenan-induced foot oedema in chicks. Results: The 70 % ethanollic extract showed antibacterial effect against the test organisms with the lowest MIC of 125 µg/mL against Bacillus subtilis NCTC 10073. The total antioxidant capacity was 0.80 mg/g ascorbic acid equivalent. The extract demonstrated free radical scavenging activity yielding IC50 value of 0.004...
Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of th... more Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of the plant are used for some medicinal purposes. Previous research on the stem bark revealed considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which resided in the chloroform extract of the plant. Although, the plant enjoys a battery of pharmacological activities, it has rarely been studied for it bioactive secondary metabolites. The study was designed to fractionate the bioactive chloroform extract of the stem bark, isolate and characterize some compounds which may be responsible for these activities. Fractionation and isolation of the compounds was done using gravity column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. The structures of the isolated constituents were elucidated using UV, mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema test in 7-day old chicks was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound...
The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical c... more The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical constituents of Clausena anisata roots were investigated. The crude extract, which was devoid of any visible acute toxicity, displayed significant antiinflammatory effect at the dose of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) when assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model. In the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests, it produced a very significant (p < 0.001); dose- dependent analgesic effect, with maximum analgesic activity of 72.1% at 1000 mg/kg (p.o.). Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract resulted in the isolation of four coumarins (anisocoumarin B, osthol, imperatorin and xanthotoxol) and a carbazole alkaloid, heptaphylline. Among the isolated compounds, osthol and anisocournarin B produced the highest antiinflammatory activity at 9 mg/kg (p.o.): slightly better than the positive control, indomethacin. Except for xanthotoxol, all the isolated compounds administered at 6 mg/k...
traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the... more traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the general population. In order to meet the daily recommended nutritional requirements for the betterment of health and general well being, these vegetables and herbs are seen as an integral part of the diet of the people. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, mineral content and nutritive potential of eight selected plants, Amaranthus incurvatus (Amaranthaceae), Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae), Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae), Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae), Talinum triangulare (Portulacaceae) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols and tannins are present in almost all the plant samples. Vitamin C is the abundant vitamin present in the selected plants followed by vitamin A. The crude prot...
Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of th... more Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of the plant are used for some medicinal purposes. Previous research on the stem bark revealed considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which resided in the chloroform extract of the plant. Although, the plant enjoys a battery of pharmacological activities, it has rarely been studied for it bioactive secondary metabolites. The study was designed to fractionate the bioactive chloroform extract of the stem bark, isolate and characterize some compounds which may be responsible for these activities. Fractionation and isolation of the compounds was done using gravity column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. The structures of the isolated constituents were elucidated using UV, mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema test in 7-day old chicks was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound...
Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In ... more Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In this study, component plant materials of a traditional Ghanaian polyherbal skin product comprising Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Tridax procumbens, Psidium guajava and Alchornea cordifolia and used in the management of superficial skin infections was evaluated to establish their contribution to the overall therapeutic activity of the product. Each of the five (5) plants was subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial assay using the microtitre broth technique followed by an interactive combination assay for plants demonstrating noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 1.0 mg/ml). Test strains included Staphyloccocus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccusum and Microsporum canis . Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Alchornea cordifolia showed better activity than Psidium guajava, Tridax procumbens and the Total Crude Extract...
traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the... more traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the general population. In order to meet the daily recommended nutritional requirements for the betterment of health and general well being, these vegetables and herbs are seen as an integral part of the diet of the people. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, mineral content and nutritive potential of eight selected plants, Amaranthus incurvatus (Amaranthaceae), Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae), Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae), Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae), Talinum triangulare (Portulacaceae) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols and tannins are present in almost all the plant samples. Vitamin C is the abundant vitamin present in the selected plants followed by vitamin A. The crude prot...
Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In ... more Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In this study, component plant materials of a traditional Ghanaian polyherbal skin product comprising Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Tridax procumbens, Psidium guajava and Alchornea cordifolia and used in the management of superficial skin infections was evaluated to establish their contribution to the overall therapeutic activity of the product. Each of the five (5) plants was subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial assay using the microtitre broth technique followed by an interactive combination assay for plants demonstrating noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 1.0 mg/ml). Test strains included Staphyloccocus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccusum and Microsporum canis . Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Alchornea cordifolia showed better activity than Psidium guajava, Tridax procumbens and the Total Crude Extract...
Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whiti... more Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whitish fluid from the incised bark. It is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Reports of its pharmacological activities are not widespread. This study sought to evaluate its antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Its anti-leishmanial activity in comparison to Amphotericin B was evaluated in vitro against promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using a hemocytometer counting chamber and a high field microscope with mobility of the parasite as a marker of cell viability. The extract was tested at concentrations between 15.6-500 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant evaluation. O. ahia showed a lower anti-leishmanial activity (IC50=1...
Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whiti... more Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whitish fluid from the incised bark. It is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Reports of its pharmacological activities are not widespread. This study sought to evaluate its antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Its anti-leishmanial activity in comparison to Amphotericin B was evaluated in vitro against promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using a hemocytometer counting chamber and a high field microscope with mobility of the parasite as a marker of cell viability. The extract was tested at concentrations between 15.6-500 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant evaluation. O. ahia showed a lower anti-leishmanial activity (IC50=1...
One new flavonoid glycoside, along with three known flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the s... more One new flavonoid glycoside, along with three known flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, which is traditionally used in the management of wounds and skin infections in Ghana. The new flavonoid glycoside was elucidated as hydroxygenkwanin-8-C-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-glucopyranoside (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds demonstrated free-radical scavenging as well as some level of antibacterial activities. Microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus are implicated in inhibiting or delaying wound healing. Therefore, any agent capable of reducing or eliminating the microbial load present in a wound as well as decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species may facilitate the healing process. These findings therefore provide some support to the ethnopharmacological usage of the plant in the management of wounds.
Annickia polycarpastem bark is used in West Africa to treat ailments related to pain and inflamma... more Annickia polycarpastem bark is used in West Africa to treat ailments related to pain and inflammation in traditional medicine. Yet, these biological activities of the plant have not been investigated. To investigate the antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of A. polycarpa stem bark (ASE) and its constituents. The compounds were isolated using column chromatography and their structures identified by spectroscopic methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced edema test. Analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate and the acetic acid-induced writhing tests. ASE at 10 mg/kg p.o demonstrated significant (p<0.01) anti-inflammatory activity of 69.64 %, analgesic activity of 82.54 % and 36.81 % in the hot plate and writhing tests respectively. The results also showed that the chloroform fraction of ASE was the most active. Palmatine and jatrorrhizine were isolated from the chloroform fraction. Palmatine and jatrorrhizine produced (p<0.01) anti...
The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical c... more The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical constituents of Clausena anisata roots were investigated. The crude extract, which was devoid of any visible acute toxicity, displayed significant antiinflammatory effect at the dose of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) when assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model. In the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests, it produced a very significant (p < 0.001); dose- dependent analgesic effect, with maximum analgesic activity of 72.1% at 1000 mg/kg (p.o.). Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract resulted in the isolation of four coumarins (anisocoumarin B, osthol, imperatorin and xanthotoxol) and a carbazole alkaloid, heptaphylline. Among the isolated compounds, osthol and anisocournarin B produced the highest antiinflammatory activity at 9 mg/kg (p.o.): slightly better than the positive control, indomethacin. Except for xanthotoxol, all the isolated compounds administered at 6 mg/k...
use in the treatment of wounds, gonorrhoea, abdominal pain, lumbago, ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, ... more use in the treatment of wounds, gonorrhoea, abdominal pain, lumbago, ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, and rickets. However, no scientific investigation of these effects has been established. Our aim was to verify the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the stem of Gouania longipetala. Methods: The antibacterial effect of the 70 % ethanolic extract was studied using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution assays. The extract was also tested in vitro for its free radical scavenging effect, total antioxidant capacity and total phenol content. The extract activity in acute inflammation was assessed using the carrageenan-induced foot oedema in chicks. Results: The 70 % ethanollic extract showed antibacterial effect against the test organisms with the lowest MIC of 125 µg/mL against Bacillus subtilis NCTC 10073. The total antioxidant capacity was 0.80 mg/g ascorbic acid equivalent. The extract demonstrated free radical scavenging activity yielding IC50 value of 0.004...
Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of th... more Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of the plant are used for some medicinal purposes. Previous research on the stem bark revealed considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which resided in the chloroform extract of the plant. Although, the plant enjoys a battery of pharmacological activities, it has rarely been studied for it bioactive secondary metabolites. The study was designed to fractionate the bioactive chloroform extract of the stem bark, isolate and characterize some compounds which may be responsible for these activities. Fractionation and isolation of the compounds was done using gravity column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. The structures of the isolated constituents were elucidated using UV, mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema test in 7-day old chicks was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound...
The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical c... more The in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude ethanol extract and chemical constituents of Clausena anisata roots were investigated. The crude extract, which was devoid of any visible acute toxicity, displayed significant antiinflammatory effect at the dose of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) when assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model. In the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests, it produced a very significant (p < 0.001); dose- dependent analgesic effect, with maximum analgesic activity of 72.1% at 1000 mg/kg (p.o.). Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract resulted in the isolation of four coumarins (anisocoumarin B, osthol, imperatorin and xanthotoxol) and a carbazole alkaloid, heptaphylline. Among the isolated compounds, osthol and anisocournarin B produced the highest antiinflammatory activity at 9 mg/kg (p.o.): slightly better than the positive control, indomethacin. Except for xanthotoxol, all the isolated compounds administered at 6 mg/k...
traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the... more traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the general population. In order to meet the daily recommended nutritional requirements for the betterment of health and general well being, these vegetables and herbs are seen as an integral part of the diet of the people. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, mineral content and nutritive potential of eight selected plants, Amaranthus incurvatus (Amaranthaceae), Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae), Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae), Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae), Talinum triangulare (Portulacaceae) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols and tannins are present in almost all the plant samples. Vitamin C is the abundant vitamin present in the selected plants followed by vitamin A. The crude prot...
Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of th... more Ficus exasperata is a popular plant among traditional healers in Africa where various parts of the plant are used for some medicinal purposes. Previous research on the stem bark revealed considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which resided in the chloroform extract of the plant. Although, the plant enjoys a battery of pharmacological activities, it has rarely been studied for it bioactive secondary metabolites. The study was designed to fractionate the bioactive chloroform extract of the stem bark, isolate and characterize some compounds which may be responsible for these activities. Fractionation and isolation of the compounds was done using gravity column and thin layer chromatographic techniques on silica gel. The structures of the isolated constituents were elucidated using UV, mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema test in 7-day old chicks was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound...
Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In ... more Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In this study, component plant materials of a traditional Ghanaian polyherbal skin product comprising Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Tridax procumbens, Psidium guajava and Alchornea cordifolia and used in the management of superficial skin infections was evaluated to establish their contribution to the overall therapeutic activity of the product. Each of the five (5) plants was subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial assay using the microtitre broth technique followed by an interactive combination assay for plants demonstrating noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 1.0 mg/ml). Test strains included Staphyloccocus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccusum and Microsporum canis . Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Alchornea cordifolia showed better activity than Psidium guajava, Tridax procumbens and the Total Crude Extract...
traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the... more traditional vegetables and herbs are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins for the general population. In order to meet the daily recommended nutritional requirements for the betterment of health and general well being, these vegetables and herbs are seen as an integral part of the diet of the people. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, mineral content and nutritive potential of eight selected plants, Amaranthus incurvatus (Amaranthaceae), Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), Manihot utilissima (Euphorbiaceae), Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae), Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae), Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae), Talinum triangulare (Portulacaceae) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols and tannins are present in almost all the plant samples. Vitamin C is the abundant vitamin present in the selected plants followed by vitamin A. The crude prot...
Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In ... more Evidence based use of herbal medicines has a positive implication for both users and society. In this study, component plant materials of a traditional Ghanaian polyherbal skin product comprising Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Tridax procumbens, Psidium guajava and Alchornea cordifolia and used in the management of superficial skin infections was evaluated to establish their contribution to the overall therapeutic activity of the product. Each of the five (5) plants was subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial assay using the microtitre broth technique followed by an interactive combination assay for plants demonstrating noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 1.0 mg/ml). Test strains included Staphyloccocus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccusum and Microsporum canis . Eugenia caryophyllata, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Alchornea cordifolia showed better activity than Psidium guajava, Tridax procumbens and the Total Crude Extract...
Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whiti... more Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whitish fluid from the incised bark. It is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Reports of its pharmacological activities are not widespread. This study sought to evaluate its antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Its anti-leishmanial activity in comparison to Amphotericin B was evaluated in vitro against promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using a hemocytometer counting chamber and a high field microscope with mobility of the parasite as a marker of cell viability. The extract was tested at concentrations between 15.6-500 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant evaluation. O. ahia showed a lower anti-leishmanial activity (IC50=1...
Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whiti... more Omphalocarpum ahia A.Chev. is an evergreen medium-sized tree, about 30 m tall, and exudes a whitish fluid from the incised bark. It is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Reports of its pharmacological activities are not widespread. This study sought to evaluate its antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Its anti-leishmanial activity in comparison to Amphotericin B was evaluated in vitro against promastigote forms of Leishmania donovani using a hemocytometer counting chamber and a high field microscope with mobility of the parasite as a marker of cell viability. The extract was tested at concentrations between 15.6-500 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced foot edema in chicks whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant evaluation. O. ahia showed a lower anti-leishmanial activity (IC50=1...
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