Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chl... more Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13.8% ClO2using iodometric titration. (2) To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ClO2 (5% and 13.8%) with or without 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the surface roughness of radicular dentin using three-dimensional-confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated, longitudinal split into halves and randomly divided into five groups based on the different irrigation regime: Group 1: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 2: 5% ClO2 +17% EDTA, Group 3: 5% ClO2,Group 4: 13.8% ClO2,and Group 5: Saline. The specimens were observed under CLSM to measure the surface roughness. Iodometric titration of the test irrigants were done to evaluate the concentration of active chlorine. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. Results: Mean surface roughness values to root canal dentin were as follows: 13.8% ClO2 >3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA >5% ClO2 + 17% EDTA >5% ClO2> Saline. The active chlorine concentration was highest for 13.8% ClO2and chlorine loss % was highest for 5% ClO2. Conclusion: According to the present study, 5% ClO2produced root canal dentin roughness with minimal erosiveness, which is advantageous. Hence, it can be considered to be an alternate endodontic irrigant. Nearly 13.8% ClO2should be reevaluated as an irrigating solution, because of its significiant dentin roughness and thus it can promote microleakage.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of smear layer removal and nanostructural and ... more This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of smear layer removal and nanostructural and chemical changes caused by chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on tooth surface using atomic force microscopic analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Forty single-rooted premolars were decoronated to a standard length of 15 mm and enlarged to Protaper F3 with irrigation of 1 mL 1% NaOCl and deionized water. Specimens were then divided into 4 groups with 10 samples each and subjected to final rinse with 17% EDTA solution, 0.2% and 0.5% chitosan solution for 1 min. Samples were sectioned into 2 halves. One half of sample from each group were subjected to EDX analysis to check the calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio. The second half of sample from each group subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis to study the smear layer removal and nanostructural changes. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Chi-square test. The AFM images showed no difference in the elimination of smear layer. The quantitative analysis using AFM showed EDTA group had significantly higher surface alteration than chitosan. EDX analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio of root dentine in EDTA group is significantly lower than chitosan group. Chitosan is an effective chelating agent with less alteration in radicular dentine.
<p style="text-align: justify;" align="center">Evaluation of Dentinal Crack Formation by ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM and Wave One Reciprocating File Systems at the Apical and Middle Third of Root in Mandibular Molars - An In-Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis</p>, Sep 8, 2021
The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) so... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution and 19% EDTA gel to remove debris, and smear layer produced during root canal preparation with two NiTi files systems, Mtwo and Protaper. Twenty freshly extracted human anterior teeth with single root canal were collected. The crowns were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction, and working length was measured. These samples were randomly divided into four groups of five samples each. In each group, 2 ml of 3 % sodium hypochlorite solution was used with first instrument. The groupings were as follows. Group 1: 2 ml of 17% EDTA solution and 2 ml of 3% NaOCl were used alternatively each time a new file was employed. This group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. Group 2: The samples in this group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. EDTA gel (19%) was used and the samples were irrigated with 2 ml of 3% NaOCl. NaOCl and EDTA gel were used alternatively. Group 3: Five samples were prepared with Protaper file. Irrigation regime was the same as in Group 1. Group 4: Five samples were prepared with Protaper files and irrigation regime was the same as in Group 2. SEM study was done and the collected data were submitted for statistical analysis. There was no statistically significant difference with the varied instruments used (Mtwo and Protaper files), and 17% EDTA solution and 19% EDTA gel. Both the NITI instruments produced a similar dentin surface on root canal wall when used with EDTA gel and EDTA solution.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of simulated immat... more Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth rehabilitated with different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional mathematical finite element analysis model was generated using a simulated immature maxillary central incisor. Five different models were generated representing Model 1 (control group): an immature tooth model without any reinforcement material; Model 2: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 3: Biodentine as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 4: Biodentine filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); and Model 5: MTA filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity). A force of 100N was applied at an angle of 130° to the palatal surface of the tooth. Stress distribution at ...
Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician... more Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician. Flare up phenomena is complex and not well understood which involves number of hypotheses for its etiology. Causes are numerous which include chemical, mechanical, microbial injuries to pulp and periapical tissues. This review discuss about the various etiological aspect and the management of flare ups
Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chl... more Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13.8% ClO2using iodometric titration. (2) To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ClO2 (5% and 13.8%) with or without 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the surface roughness of radicular dentin using three-dimensional-confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated, longitudinal split into halves and randomly divided into five groups based on the different irrigation regime: Group 1: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 2: 5% ClO2 +17% EDTA, Group 3: 5% ClO2,Group 4: 13.8% ClO2,and Group 5: Saline. The specimens were observed under CLSM to measure the surface roughness. Iodometric titration of the test irrigants were done to evaluate the concentration of active chlorine. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and B...
Framing the teeth within the confines of the gingival architecture, has a tremendous impact on th... more Framing the teeth within the confines of the gingival architecture, has a tremendous impact on the aesthetics of the smile. The impact on the beauty of a smile from an uneven gingival contour height can be dramatic. Although the position of the gingival tissue zenith seems like a small detail, it can greatly influence the axial inclination and emergence profile of the teeth. The present article reports a case report of fractured anterior teeth with compromised crown height and gummy smile, treated with comprehensive endodonticperiodontal -aesthetic approaches for improving aesthetics.
Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to var... more Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to variety of reasons.Its diagnosis, precautions, symptoms, and treatment modalities have to be well understood to produce satisfactory esthetic functional rehabilitation. A case of bruxism presenting with moderate tooth wear and displeasing aesthetics was managed with a multidisciplinary approach using orthodontic treatment and minimaly invasive direct composite restorations to obtain a comprehensive functional and esthetic rehabilitation by incorporating important concepts of smile design and occlusion.
Recently esthetic rehabilitation has become a demanding treatment in order to correct malposition... more Recently esthetic rehabilitation has become a demanding treatment in order to correct malpositioned anterior dentition. An attractive or pleasing smile clearly enhances the acceptance of an individual in our society by improving the initial impression in interpersonal relationships. Esthetic and functional rehabilitation can be done successfully in such cases by various treatment approaches. Orthodontic therapy is the most conservative treatment option for such cases but often not a treatment of choice, due to various reasons like long treatment time, financial constraints, and appearance during the therapy, and relapse after the treatment. Alternatively, endodontic approach combined with the prosthodontics provides a quick, reliable and economic treatment option with no chances of relapse.
Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface deformation and cyclic fatigue... more Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface deformation and cyclic fatigue resistance of Hyflex controlled memory (CM) and Hyflex electric discharge machining (EDM) files following instrumentation and heat sterilization. Subjects and Methods: Thirty Hyflex CM and thirty Hyflex EDM files were selected and profilometric images taken. Sixty extracted molars were decoronated, cleaning and shaping done with files, and subjected to autoclaving. Profilometric images were taken after instrumentation and sterilization. Cyclic fatigue testing was done at 30° and 60° in a custom-made jig. Statistical Analysis Used: The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare profilometer and cyclic fatigue values between Hyflex CM and Hyflex EDM groups, whereas Friedman's and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for intragroup comparisons. Results: Intact Hyflex EDM files showed higher surface roughness values compared to Hyflex CM. Hyflex CM showed an increase in surface roughness after instrumentation and sterilization that was statistically significant while Hyflex EDM showed no statistical significance both after instrumentation and sterilization. Hyflex EDM showed a significantly higher mean number of cycles to failure than Hyflex CM at both degrees. Conclusions: Hyflex EDM files are able to maintain their surface topography and also have cyclic fatigue resistance better than Hyflex CM after both instrumentation and sterilization.
Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% c... more Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite resin when restored in Class V cavities using total etch versus self-etch adhesives after storing in artificial saliva for 24 h. Materials and Methodology: Sixty permanent maxillary premolars collected and Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of each tooth (dimensions: mesio-distally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm) and restored with Group 1: micro hybrid (30 teeth) and Group 2: chitosan-incorporated composite (30 teeth), which was further subdivided into: (a) 15 teeth using total-etch adhesives. (b) 15 teeth using self-etch adhesives. Next dye extraction test was carried out using spectrophotometer. Results: Comparison within groups: In Group 1: Self-etch demonstrated less microleakage (0.0129) compared with total etch (0.0183). The difference was statistically significant, and in Group 2: No statistically significant differe...
International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences, 2018
The successful treatment of teeth with substantial damage to the tooth structure not only depends... more The successful treatment of teeth with substantial damage to the tooth structure not only depends on good endodontic treatment, but also on prompt post endododontic restoration of the tooth after the completion of the same. The primary purpose of the post is to retain a core that holds the definitive prosthesis. A post and core also helps to improve the fracture resistance folloeing RCT when the remaining tooth structure is very less. Keeping in mind, the wide array of post systems available, it is critical to decide the type of post endodontic restoration according to the clinical situation. When a large amount of tooth structure is lost or if an insufficient ferrule is present, a custom cast post and core is indicated. The following case reports depicts the restoration of carious anterior teeth after using custom cast posts followed by PFM crowns.
Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician... more Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician. Flare up phenomena is complex and not well understood which involves number of hypotheses for its etiology. Causes are numerous which include chemical, mechanical, microbial injuries to pulp and periapical tissues. This review discuss about the various etiological aspect and the management of flare ups
Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to var... more Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to variety of reasons.Its diagnosis, precautions, symptoms, and treatment modalities have to be well understood to produce satisfactory esthetic functional rehabilitation. A case of bruxism presenting with moderate tooth wear and displeasing aesthetics was managed with a multidisciplinary approach using orthodontic treatment and minimaly invasive direct composite restorations to obtain a comprehensive functional and esthetic rehabilitation by incorporating important concepts of smile design and occlusion.
Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chl... more Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13.8% ClO2using iodometric titration. (2) To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ClO2 (5% and 13.8%) with or without 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the surface roughness of radicular dentin using three-dimensional-confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated, longitudinal split into halves and randomly divided into five groups based on the different irrigation regime: Group 1: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 2: 5% ClO2 +17% EDTA, Group 3: 5% ClO2,Group 4: 13.8% ClO2,and Group 5: Saline. The specimens were observed under CLSM to measure the surface roughness. Iodometric titration of the test irrigants were done to evaluate the concentration of active chlorine. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. Results: Mean surface roughness values to root canal dentin were as follows: 13.8% ClO2 >3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA >5% ClO2 + 17% EDTA >5% ClO2> Saline. The active chlorine concentration was highest for 13.8% ClO2and chlorine loss % was highest for 5% ClO2. Conclusion: According to the present study, 5% ClO2produced root canal dentin roughness with minimal erosiveness, which is advantageous. Hence, it can be considered to be an alternate endodontic irrigant. Nearly 13.8% ClO2should be reevaluated as an irrigating solution, because of its significiant dentin roughness and thus it can promote microleakage.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of smear layer removal and nanostructural and ... more This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of smear layer removal and nanostructural and chemical changes caused by chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on tooth surface using atomic force microscopic analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Forty single-rooted premolars were decoronated to a standard length of 15 mm and enlarged to Protaper F3 with irrigation of 1 mL 1% NaOCl and deionized water. Specimens were then divided into 4 groups with 10 samples each and subjected to final rinse with 17% EDTA solution, 0.2% and 0.5% chitosan solution for 1 min. Samples were sectioned into 2 halves. One half of sample from each group were subjected to EDX analysis to check the calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio. The second half of sample from each group subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis to study the smear layer removal and nanostructural changes. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Chi-square test. The AFM images showed no difference in the elimination of smear layer. The quantitative analysis using AFM showed EDTA group had significantly higher surface alteration than chitosan. EDX analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio of root dentine in EDTA group is significantly lower than chitosan group. Chitosan is an effective chelating agent with less alteration in radicular dentine.
<p style="text-align: justify;" align="center">Evaluation of Dentinal Crack Formation by ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM and Wave One Reciprocating File Systems at the Apical and Middle Third of Root in Mandibular Molars - An In-Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis</p>, Sep 8, 2021
The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) so... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution and 19% EDTA gel to remove debris, and smear layer produced during root canal preparation with two NiTi files systems, Mtwo and Protaper. Twenty freshly extracted human anterior teeth with single root canal were collected. The crowns were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction, and working length was measured. These samples were randomly divided into four groups of five samples each. In each group, 2 ml of 3 % sodium hypochlorite solution was used with first instrument. The groupings were as follows. Group 1: 2 ml of 17% EDTA solution and 2 ml of 3% NaOCl were used alternatively each time a new file was employed. This group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. Group 2: The samples in this group was prepared with Mtwo rotary files. EDTA gel (19%) was used and the samples were irrigated with 2 ml of 3% NaOCl. NaOCl and EDTA gel were used alternatively. Group 3: Five samples were prepared with Protaper file. Irrigation regime was the same as in Group 1. Group 4: Five samples were prepared with Protaper files and irrigation regime was the same as in Group 2. SEM study was done and the collected data were submitted for statistical analysis. There was no statistically significant difference with the varied instruments used (Mtwo and Protaper files), and 17% EDTA solution and 19% EDTA gel. Both the NITI instruments produced a similar dentin surface on root canal wall when used with EDTA gel and EDTA solution.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of simulated immat... more Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth rehabilitated with different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional mathematical finite element analysis model was generated using a simulated immature maxillary central incisor. Five different models were generated representing Model 1 (control group): an immature tooth model without any reinforcement material; Model 2: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 3: Biodentine as apical plug (4 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); Model 4: Biodentine filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity); and Model 5: MTA filled in the entire root canal (8.5 mm) + dual cure composite resin (till the access cavity). A force of 100N was applied at an angle of 130° to the palatal surface of the tooth. Stress distribution at ...
Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician... more Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician. Flare up phenomena is complex and not well understood which involves number of hypotheses for its etiology. Causes are numerous which include chemical, mechanical, microbial injuries to pulp and periapical tissues. This review discuss about the various etiological aspect and the management of flare ups
Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chl... more Aim: (1) To evaluate the active chlorine concentrations of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13.8% ClO2using iodometric titration. (2) To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ClO2 (5% and 13.8%) with or without 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the surface roughness of radicular dentin using three-dimensional-confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated, longitudinal split into halves and randomly divided into five groups based on the different irrigation regime: Group 1: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 2: 5% ClO2 +17% EDTA, Group 3: 5% ClO2,Group 4: 13.8% ClO2,and Group 5: Saline. The specimens were observed under CLSM to measure the surface roughness. Iodometric titration of the test irrigants were done to evaluate the concentration of active chlorine. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and B...
Framing the teeth within the confines of the gingival architecture, has a tremendous impact on th... more Framing the teeth within the confines of the gingival architecture, has a tremendous impact on the aesthetics of the smile. The impact on the beauty of a smile from an uneven gingival contour height can be dramatic. Although the position of the gingival tissue zenith seems like a small detail, it can greatly influence the axial inclination and emergence profile of the teeth. The present article reports a case report of fractured anterior teeth with compromised crown height and gummy smile, treated with comprehensive endodonticperiodontal -aesthetic approaches for improving aesthetics.
Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to var... more Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to variety of reasons.Its diagnosis, precautions, symptoms, and treatment modalities have to be well understood to produce satisfactory esthetic functional rehabilitation. A case of bruxism presenting with moderate tooth wear and displeasing aesthetics was managed with a multidisciplinary approach using orthodontic treatment and minimaly invasive direct composite restorations to obtain a comprehensive functional and esthetic rehabilitation by incorporating important concepts of smile design and occlusion.
Recently esthetic rehabilitation has become a demanding treatment in order to correct malposition... more Recently esthetic rehabilitation has become a demanding treatment in order to correct malpositioned anterior dentition. An attractive or pleasing smile clearly enhances the acceptance of an individual in our society by improving the initial impression in interpersonal relationships. Esthetic and functional rehabilitation can be done successfully in such cases by various treatment approaches. Orthodontic therapy is the most conservative treatment option for such cases but often not a treatment of choice, due to various reasons like long treatment time, financial constraints, and appearance during the therapy, and relapse after the treatment. Alternatively, endodontic approach combined with the prosthodontics provides a quick, reliable and economic treatment option with no chances of relapse.
Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface deformation and cyclic fatigue... more Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the surface deformation and cyclic fatigue resistance of Hyflex controlled memory (CM) and Hyflex electric discharge machining (EDM) files following instrumentation and heat sterilization. Subjects and Methods: Thirty Hyflex CM and thirty Hyflex EDM files were selected and profilometric images taken. Sixty extracted molars were decoronated, cleaning and shaping done with files, and subjected to autoclaving. Profilometric images were taken after instrumentation and sterilization. Cyclic fatigue testing was done at 30° and 60° in a custom-made jig. Statistical Analysis Used: The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare profilometer and cyclic fatigue values between Hyflex CM and Hyflex EDM groups, whereas Friedman's and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for intragroup comparisons. Results: Intact Hyflex EDM files showed higher surface roughness values compared to Hyflex CM. Hyflex CM showed an increase in surface roughness after instrumentation and sterilization that was statistically significant while Hyflex EDM showed no statistical significance both after instrumentation and sterilization. Hyflex EDM showed a significantly higher mean number of cycles to failure than Hyflex CM at both degrees. Conclusions: Hyflex EDM files are able to maintain their surface topography and also have cyclic fatigue resistance better than Hyflex CM after both instrumentation and sterilization.
Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% c... more Aim: To evaluate the in-vitro microleakage of traditional micro hybrid composite resin and 0.2% chitosan-incorporated composite resin when restored in Class V cavities using total etch versus self-etch adhesives after storing in artificial saliva for 24 h. Materials and Methodology: Sixty permanent maxillary premolars collected and Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of each tooth (dimensions: mesio-distally 3 mm, occluso cervically 2 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm) and restored with Group 1: micro hybrid (30 teeth) and Group 2: chitosan-incorporated composite (30 teeth), which was further subdivided into: (a) 15 teeth using total-etch adhesives. (b) 15 teeth using self-etch adhesives. Next dye extraction test was carried out using spectrophotometer. Results: Comparison within groups: In Group 1: Self-etch demonstrated less microleakage (0.0129) compared with total etch (0.0183). The difference was statistically significant, and in Group 2: No statistically significant differe...
International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences, 2018
The successful treatment of teeth with substantial damage to the tooth structure not only depends... more The successful treatment of teeth with substantial damage to the tooth structure not only depends on good endodontic treatment, but also on prompt post endododontic restoration of the tooth after the completion of the same. The primary purpose of the post is to retain a core that holds the definitive prosthesis. A post and core also helps to improve the fracture resistance folloeing RCT when the remaining tooth structure is very less. Keeping in mind, the wide array of post systems available, it is critical to decide the type of post endodontic restoration according to the clinical situation. When a large amount of tooth structure is lost or if an insufficient ferrule is present, a custom cast post and core is indicated. The following case reports depicts the restoration of carious anterior teeth after using custom cast posts followed by PFM crowns.
Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician... more Flare ups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician. Flare up phenomena is complex and not well understood which involves number of hypotheses for its etiology. Causes are numerous which include chemical, mechanical, microbial injuries to pulp and periapical tissues. This review discuss about the various etiological aspect and the management of flare ups
Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to var... more Incidence of tooth wear has been on the rise especially amongst the younger population due to variety of reasons.Its diagnosis, precautions, symptoms, and treatment modalities have to be well understood to produce satisfactory esthetic functional rehabilitation. A case of bruxism presenting with moderate tooth wear and displeasing aesthetics was managed with a multidisciplinary approach using orthodontic treatment and minimaly invasive direct composite restorations to obtain a comprehensive functional and esthetic rehabilitation by incorporating important concepts of smile design and occlusion.
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