Hydatidosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases of unrecognised importance that is caused b... more Hydatidosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases of unrecognised importance that is caused by the dog tapeworm of thegenus Echinococcus. A study on the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts was conducted in sheep and goats slaughtered insome abattoirs in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A total of 1,603 animals comprising 760 sheep and 843 goats were examined forhydatid cysts by visual inspection, palpation and incision. A total of 31 (1.93%) of the study population harboured hydatidcysts, comprising 72 hydatid cysts in 13 (1.71%) sheep and 116 hydatid cysts in 18 (2.14%) goats. There was no significantdifference (p>0.05) in prevalence of hydatid cyst infection among sheep and goats. Age –specific prevalence of hydatid cystswas higher in goats 18(2.1%) than Sheep 13(1.7%), goats and sheep that were >3years old recorded highest prevalence(3.25%; 2.32%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in prevalence of cysts in different age groups. Prevalence ofcysts was higher in female sheep (1.96%) and goats (2.98%) than male sheep (1.49%) and goats (1.66%), the difference wasnot statistically significant (p>0.05). The number of hydatid cysts recovered in infected sheep was 72(25.0% fertile, 31.9%sterile and 43.0% calcified cysts) and 116 (47.4% fertile, 15.5% sterile and 25.9% calcified cysts) in goats. Highest number offertile cysts were recovered in lungs of sheep and goats (41.7%; 83.7%) than in their liver ( 16.7%; 37.8%). The differencewas not statistically significant (p>0.05). The most commonly infected organ was liver (66.7%) in sheep and lungs (68.1%)in goats. In conclusion, fertility of cysts in sheep and goats may serve as a potential source of transmission of hydatidosis todogs and continuation of its lifecycle. Strict regulation of slaughtering process including proper disposal of infected offalwould minimize transmission of cysts from intermediate to definitive hosts. Keywords: Prevalence, Hydatid cysts, fertility, Sheep, Goat, Adamawa State
A study was conducted from December, 2010 to March, 2011 to determine the prevalence of gastroint... more A study was conducted from December, 2010 to March, 2011 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in relation to anthropometric indices among primary school pupils in Batagarawa Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Out of 300 stool samples examined, using the formol-ether concentration technique, 72 (24%) were infected with four species of intestinal parasites. The prevalence of hookworm infection was 30 (10%), Hymenolepis nana 24 (8%), Schistosomamansoni 12 (4%) and Enterobius vermicularis 6 (2%). The prevalence of the infection was significantly higher among males than females (p<0.05). The highest prevalence was recorded in males in the 9-11 years age-group, followed by 12 years and above age-group. The anthropometric indices showed that the correlation of males and females infected with respect to their height was r=0.904, while the correlation t-test was 2.1145 and weight correlation was r=0.0823, while the t-critical was =12.71 for height and weight indices. A total of 36 (12.0%) of infected pupils had body mass index (BMI) <18 (underweight), while 29 (9.7%) had body mass index of 18-24.9 (normal) and 7 (2.3%) of infected pupils had BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight). No infected child had BMI above 30. The results of the findings imply that inadequate water supply, poor personal hygiene and lack of knowledge favoured increase in the prevalence of infection, disease prevalence may have an effect the BMI of the children. Control measures suggested include good sanitation, enlightenment campaigns and construction of more wells and boreholes as a means of providing safe drinking water to the populace. Keywords : prevalence, gastrointestinal helminthosis, anthropometry, Batagarawa.
The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received ... more The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received considerable attention in recent times because of the increasing, worldwide development of resistance to synthetic anthelminthes worm populations. However, scientific evidence to validate the use of raw plants materials remain limited. This study evaluated the mortality and inhibitory effects of the crude aqueous and methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. against the shedding of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The phytochemical screening of the plant was done using standard procedure, after which the mortality effects of the plant extracts and effects on the shedding of cercariae from B. pfeifferi snails were assessed for 24 hour of exposure. Methanolic extract with the highest concentration of 1.77mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of 63.06±1.84 while the least concentration with 0.12mg/µL had 22.41±2.17 inhibitory effect. For the aqueous extract, the highest...
Vaccination is a tool of Newcastle disease (ND) control among broilers. This study aimed at deter... more Vaccination is a tool of Newcastle disease (ND) control among broilers. This study aimed at determining the immunity status of sampled broilers against ND at a live bird market in Kano, Northwest Nigeria, and its epidemiological implication. A cross-sectional study of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was carried out among broiler chicken in a live bird market in Kano State, Northwest Nigeria. A total of 471 samples was tested successfully. NDV antibody titer was assayed using hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) and ND indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serological levels of NDV antibodies were 67.9% (ELISA) and 78.1% (HI). Also, 67 (20.9%) samples tested positive for ELISA but negative for HI, whereas 115 (31.3%) samples tested negative for ELISA but positive for HI. There is strong association between the immune status obtained from both tests (P < .05), significant difference exists between the immune titer obtained from both tests (P < .05). Protective antibody titer among the test subjects suggests individual protection against virulent NDV (vNDV) strain; however, protective levels ≥85% that confers herd immunity were not attained. This report emphasizes the need for farmers to be more compliant to ND vaccination schedule and best practices in their poultry farm to enhance ND control in Live Bird Markets (LBMs).
The roles of Fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus has been well established bu... more The roles of Fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus has been well established but the extent of its variation among the newly identified XIV, XVII and XVIII genotypes which are predominantly found in Central and West Africa have until recently been understudied and LaSota vaccine strain protection against mortality and morbidity against XIV genotype is the least reported. In this study, F gene of vNDV isolated from samples collected in Nigeria from chicken cadaver from vaccinated chicken flocks showing high mortality, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions attributable to ND during March and April, 2020 were sequenced and analysed for information about genetic changes. Results showed that all isolates from our study have virulent cleavage site sequence 112-RRRKR-116/F117 and clustered within genotype XIVb. Sequence analysis show K78R mutation in the A2 antigenic epitope in all isolates, and more along the F gene which vary in some instances within the isolates. Muta...
Stool samples were carried out to determine the influence of some factors on the prevalence of he... more Stool samples were carried out to determine the influence of some factors on the prevalence of helminthosis among primary school children in Zaria between March, 2007 and Febuary , 2009. Faecal Samples were collected from 1,204 children from ages 6-12 years in 20 primary schools randomly selected. The samples were processed using formal ether concentration techniques. Of the 1,204 children examined. 690 (57.3%) of the study population were infected with helminthes. The factors like toilet facilities and personal hygiene were found to influence the prevalence of helminth parasites.
Four catfish (Siluriformes) species comprising two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and H... more Four catfish (Siluriformes) species comprising two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15) and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31) and Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma Zaria, Nigeria, were examined for gastrointestinal cestodes between May 2016 and February 2017. Helminths recovered were stained, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Canada balsam for microscopic examination. A total of seven cestode species were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The cestodes were distributed among the fish examined as follows: in C. auratus: Wenyonia longicauda (26.32%), W. virilis (10.53%), and W. minuta (5.26%); in H. bidorsalis: W. acuminata (3.08%), W. virilis (18.46%), Monobothrioides woodlandi (6.15%), Proteocephalus sp. (1.54%) and Tetracampos ciliotheca (4.62%); in H. longifilis: M. woodlandi (6.67%), W. longicauda (6.67%) and W. acuminata (6.67%). Prevalence of cestode infection in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the...
Two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15), and two clarotei... more Two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15), and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31), and Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma were examined for gastrointestinal nematodes from May 2016 to February 2017. Overall, five species of nematodes were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The nematodes were distributed as follows: in Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Procamallanus laevionchus (12.31%), Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (9.23%) and Rhabdochona sp. (1.54%); in Heterobranchus longifilis; Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (6.67%); in Auchenoglanis occidentalis: Procamallanus laevionchus (25.81%); in Chrysichthys auratus: Procamallanus laevionchus (5.26%), Contracaecum sp. (5.26%) and Spirocamallanus spiralis (15.79%). Nematode prevalence in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the dry season; however, prevalence of infection in A. occidentalis, H. longifilis and H. bidorsalis was higher in the dry than in the wet season. Prevalen...
Hydatidosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases of unrecognised importance that is caused b... more Hydatidosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases of unrecognised importance that is caused by the dog tapeworm of thegenus Echinococcus. A study on the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts was conducted in sheep and goats slaughtered insome abattoirs in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A total of 1,603 animals comprising 760 sheep and 843 goats were examined forhydatid cysts by visual inspection, palpation and incision. A total of 31 (1.93%) of the study population harboured hydatidcysts, comprising 72 hydatid cysts in 13 (1.71%) sheep and 116 hydatid cysts in 18 (2.14%) goats. There was no significantdifference (p&gt;0.05) in prevalence of hydatid cyst infection among sheep and goats. Age –specific prevalence of hydatid cystswas higher in goats 18(2.1%) than Sheep 13(1.7%), goats and sheep that were &gt;3years old recorded highest prevalence(3.25%; 2.32%). There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in prevalence of cysts in different age groups. Prevalence ofcysts was higher in female sheep (1.96%) and goats (2.98%) than male sheep (1.49%) and goats (1.66%), the difference wasnot statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). The number of hydatid cysts recovered in infected sheep was 72(25.0% fertile, 31.9%sterile and 43.0% calcified cysts) and 116 (47.4% fertile, 15.5% sterile and 25.9% calcified cysts) in goats. Highest number offertile cysts were recovered in lungs of sheep and goats (41.7%; 83.7%) than in their liver ( 16.7%; 37.8%). The differencewas not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). The most commonly infected organ was liver (66.7%) in sheep and lungs (68.1%)in goats. In conclusion, fertility of cysts in sheep and goats may serve as a potential source of transmission of hydatidosis todogs and continuation of its lifecycle. Strict regulation of slaughtering process including proper disposal of infected offalwould minimize transmission of cysts from intermediate to definitive hosts. Keywords: Prevalence, Hydatid cysts, fertility, Sheep, Goat, Adamawa State
A study was conducted from December, 2010 to March, 2011 to determine the prevalence of gastroint... more A study was conducted from December, 2010 to March, 2011 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in relation to anthropometric indices among primary school pupils in Batagarawa Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Out of 300 stool samples examined, using the formol-ether concentration technique, 72 (24%) were infected with four species of intestinal parasites. The prevalence of hookworm infection was 30 (10%), Hymenolepis nana 24 (8%), Schistosomamansoni 12 (4%) and Enterobius vermicularis 6 (2%). The prevalence of the infection was significantly higher among males than females (p<0.05). The highest prevalence was recorded in males in the 9-11 years age-group, followed by 12 years and above age-group. The anthropometric indices showed that the correlation of males and females infected with respect to their height was r=0.904, while the correlation t-test was 2.1145 and weight correlation was r=0.0823, while the t-critical was =12.71 for height and weight indices. A total of 36 (12.0%) of infected pupils had body mass index (BMI) <18 (underweight), while 29 (9.7%) had body mass index of 18-24.9 (normal) and 7 (2.3%) of infected pupils had BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight). No infected child had BMI above 30. The results of the findings imply that inadequate water supply, poor personal hygiene and lack of knowledge favoured increase in the prevalence of infection, disease prevalence may have an effect the BMI of the children. Control measures suggested include good sanitation, enlightenment campaigns and construction of more wells and boreholes as a means of providing safe drinking water to the populace. Keywords : prevalence, gastrointestinal helminthosis, anthropometry, Batagarawa.
The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received ... more The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received considerable attention in recent times because of the increasing, worldwide development of resistance to synthetic anthelminthes worm populations. However, scientific evidence to validate the use of raw plants materials remain limited. This study evaluated the mortality and inhibitory effects of the crude aqueous and methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. against the shedding of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The phytochemical screening of the plant was done using standard procedure, after which the mortality effects of the plant extracts and effects on the shedding of cercariae from B. pfeifferi snails were assessed for 24 hour of exposure. Methanolic extract with the highest concentration of 1.77mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of 63.06±1.84 while the least concentration with 0.12mg/µL had 22.41±2.17 inhibitory effect. For the aqueous extract, the highest...
Vaccination is a tool of Newcastle disease (ND) control among broilers. This study aimed at deter... more Vaccination is a tool of Newcastle disease (ND) control among broilers. This study aimed at determining the immunity status of sampled broilers against ND at a live bird market in Kano, Northwest Nigeria, and its epidemiological implication. A cross-sectional study of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was carried out among broiler chicken in a live bird market in Kano State, Northwest Nigeria. A total of 471 samples was tested successfully. NDV antibody titer was assayed using hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) and ND indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serological levels of NDV antibodies were 67.9% (ELISA) and 78.1% (HI). Also, 67 (20.9%) samples tested positive for ELISA but negative for HI, whereas 115 (31.3%) samples tested negative for ELISA but positive for HI. There is strong association between the immune status obtained from both tests (P < .05), significant difference exists between the immune titer obtained from both tests (P < .05). Protective antibody titer among the test subjects suggests individual protection against virulent NDV (vNDV) strain; however, protective levels ≥85% that confers herd immunity were not attained. This report emphasizes the need for farmers to be more compliant to ND vaccination schedule and best practices in their poultry farm to enhance ND control in Live Bird Markets (LBMs).
The roles of Fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus has been well established bu... more The roles of Fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus has been well established but the extent of its variation among the newly identified XIV, XVII and XVIII genotypes which are predominantly found in Central and West Africa have until recently been understudied and LaSota vaccine strain protection against mortality and morbidity against XIV genotype is the least reported. In this study, F gene of vNDV isolated from samples collected in Nigeria from chicken cadaver from vaccinated chicken flocks showing high mortality, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions attributable to ND during March and April, 2020 were sequenced and analysed for information about genetic changes. Results showed that all isolates from our study have virulent cleavage site sequence 112-RRRKR-116/F117 and clustered within genotype XIVb. Sequence analysis show K78R mutation in the A2 antigenic epitope in all isolates, and more along the F gene which vary in some instances within the isolates. Muta...
Stool samples were carried out to determine the influence of some factors on the prevalence of he... more Stool samples were carried out to determine the influence of some factors on the prevalence of helminthosis among primary school children in Zaria between March, 2007 and Febuary , 2009. Faecal Samples were collected from 1,204 children from ages 6-12 years in 20 primary schools randomly selected. The samples were processed using formal ether concentration techniques. Of the 1,204 children examined. 690 (57.3%) of the study population were infected with helminthes. The factors like toilet facilities and personal hygiene were found to influence the prevalence of helminth parasites.
Four catfish (Siluriformes) species comprising two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and H... more Four catfish (Siluriformes) species comprising two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15) and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31) and Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma Zaria, Nigeria, were examined for gastrointestinal cestodes between May 2016 and February 2017. Helminths recovered were stained, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Canada balsam for microscopic examination. A total of seven cestode species were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The cestodes were distributed among the fish examined as follows: in C. auratus: Wenyonia longicauda (26.32%), W. virilis (10.53%), and W. minuta (5.26%); in H. bidorsalis: W. acuminata (3.08%), W. virilis (18.46%), Monobothrioides woodlandi (6.15%), Proteocephalus sp. (1.54%) and Tetracampos ciliotheca (4.62%); in H. longifilis: M. woodlandi (6.67%), W. longicauda (6.67%) and W. acuminata (6.67%). Prevalence of cestode infection in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the...
Two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15), and two clarotei... more Two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15), and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31), and Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma were examined for gastrointestinal nematodes from May 2016 to February 2017. Overall, five species of nematodes were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The nematodes were distributed as follows: in Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Procamallanus laevionchus (12.31%), Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (9.23%) and Rhabdochona sp. (1.54%); in Heterobranchus longifilis; Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (6.67%); in Auchenoglanis occidentalis: Procamallanus laevionchus (25.81%); in Chrysichthys auratus: Procamallanus laevionchus (5.26%), Contracaecum sp. (5.26%) and Spirocamallanus spiralis (15.79%). Nematode prevalence in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the dry season; however, prevalence of infection in A. occidentalis, H. longifilis and H. bidorsalis was higher in the dry than in the wet season. Prevalen...
Uploads