Abstract
Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One... more Abstract Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One has no recuperating system and the second one has recuperating system. 60 kg of grey cast iron scrap was charged into each of the furnaces at different time, after preheating the furnaces for 40 minutes. 0.5 kg graphite and 0.2 kg ferrosilicon were charged along with the scrap. The theoretical charge calculations have the composition of the melt as 4.0% carbon and 2.0% silicon. Charges in the furnaces were heated to obtain molten metal suitable for casting at 1350˚C. The content of the furnaces was tapped three times after the attainment of 1350˚C with 15 minutes interval between each tapping. Optical light emission spectrometer was used to analyze the resulting composition of the tapped samples. For type A furnace (without recuperation), sample A has its carbon and silicon contents reduced compared to expected value by 25.5% and 10.8%, sample B reduced by 29% and 13.4% and sample C reduced by 32% and 17.0% respectively. In Type B furnace (with recuperation), sample D has its carbon and silicon contents reduced by 12.2% and 7.3%, Sample E reduced by 13.0% and 8.0% and sample F reduced by 13.9% and 8.9% respectively.
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Jul 15, 2014
Abstract: Scraps melt were analyzed with optical light emission spectrometer for chemical composi... more Abstract: Scraps melt were analyzed with optical light emission spectrometer for chemical composition. The charge was prepared theoretically with carbon percent of 3.9 and silicon of between 2.1
and 2.8 percent after inoculation. 2 kg of CaCO3 (flux) was charged to aid removal of slag. The charges were heated to a tapping temperature of 1430o C. Temperature was monitored by inserting thermocouple in to the charges. The melt was
desulphurised with 0.30 kg calcium carbide (CaC2) after the attainment of 1430oC. Three tappings were made tagged A, B and C into the prepared ladle via sandwich process. 3.5 %, 3.0 % and 2.0 % of ladle capacity (15 Kg) was the quantity of Mg used to treat melts A, B and C respectively. The treated melts were poured into the prepared sand moulds forming desired casting. The as-cast were analyzed again to determine its chemical compositions and found that carbon and silicon were not less than 2.0 and 1.0 % respectively. The casting was tested for hardness, tensile and micro structural evaluation. The microstructures revealed that as-cast tagged A and B formed nodular iron when etched with 2 % nital even with residual sulphur content of 0.075 % and 0.070% for A and B respectively. Cast produced from melt C revealed not a clear nodular cast iron.
Emphasis is on casting A and B as we obtained nodules in A and B.
Keywords: Nodules, Sandwich, Sulphur Content Metallographic Examination, Ductile iron, Rotary furnace.
The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in... more The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in different states of Nigeria like Kogi, Taraba, Ondo, and Enugu among others. Ijapo clay is a deposit found in the Ijapo area of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples of the clay were collected, dried, pulverized, and milled in a ball mill. The milled sample was sieved in a set of iso-sieve. 6.0 kg of -212 μm size was used for the experiment. The composition of the clay was determined and found to contain 47.50% silica (SiO 2 ), 30.99% Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), 4.77% Iron oxide(III) (Fe 2 O 3 ), and 2.65% Calcium oxide (CaO). The clay was used at 5% and 6% to prepare greensand for moulding. Compressive, tensile, scatter, and permeability tests were carried out on the greensand. The results indicated that when 5% Ijapo clay was used, the following were obtained: green compressive strength of 9.81 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 78.45 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 82.51%, and permeability of 108. Greensand was also prepared with 5% and 6% bentonite, having the following results when 5% bentonite was used: green compressive strength of 51 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 519.8 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 50%, and permeability of 99%. (
The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in... more The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in different states of Nigeria like Kogi, Taraba, Ondo, and Enugu among others. Ijapo clay is a deposit found in the Ijapo area of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples of the clay were collected, dried, pulverized, and milled in a ball mill. The milled sample was sieved in a set of iso-sieve. 6.0 kg of -212 μm size was used for the experiment. The composition of the clay was determined and found to contain 47.50% silica (SiO 2 ), 30.99% Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), 4.77% Iron oxide(III) (Fe 2 O 3 ), and 2.65% Calcium oxide (CaO). The clay was used at 5% and 6% to prepare greensand for moulding. Compressive, tensile, scatter, and permeability tests were carried out on the greensand. The results indicated that when 5% Ijapo clay was used, the following were obtained: green compressive strength of 9.81 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 78.45 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 82.51%, and permeability of 108. Greensand was also prepared with 5% and 6% bentonite, having the following results when 5% bentonite was used: green compressive strength of 51 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 519.8 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 50%, and permeability of 99%. (
African walnut kernel (Tetracarpidium Conophorum kernel) was dried in an oven at a temperature of... more African walnut kernel (Tetracarpidium Conophorum kernel) was dried in an oven at a temperature of 80 o C then milled in a ball mill to obtained -150 micron size powder. Aluminium 6063 alloy was melted and cast as the control sample. Walnut powder was added to other castings in the following percentages by composition: 3 %, 5 %, and 7 %. It was stirred thoroughly in the furnace before casting into a sand mould prepared with a circular rod of 15 mm diameter. Brinel hardness machine was used to take the hardness measurement of the as-cast aluminium composite. Electronic tensile testing machine was used to take the tensile properties. It was observed that the hardness of the reinforced matrix increased relative to the control sample, also the tensile properties was improved having progressively higher ultimate tensile strength
Automobile scrap of engine block was the scrap used and initially analyzed with optical light emi... more Automobile scrap of engine block was the scrap used and initially analyzed with optical light emission spectroscopy for its chemical composition. Forty kilograms (40 kg) of the engine block (grey cast iron) was charged with 0.5 kg graphite (in powder form) and 2 kg calcium tri-oxo carbonate (iv) salt (CaCO 3 ) (flux) into a rotary furnace of 100 kg capacity fired with diesel fuel. The charges in the rotary furnace were heated to a tapping temperature of 1420 o C using inserted thermocouple with temperature controller to monitor the temperature. 0.25 kg calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) was added to the charge in the furnace after 1420 o C melt, before tapping for desulphurization. Three consecutive tappings were made designated A, B and C poured into the prepared steel ladle via sandwich process. 3 %w/w magnesium (Mg), 2.5 %w/w Mg and 1.5 %w/w Mg by weight of the metal treated in the ladle was used to treat melts in ladles A, B and C respectively. Thereafter, the treated melts was poured into already prepared moulds where solidification took place and the as-cast ductile iron of diameter 20 mm by 200 mm length was produced. The as-cast cast iron was also analyzed with mass spectrometric analyzer machine to determine its chemical compositions and its confirmed that the % Carbon and Silicon were within the range of cast iron. Then, tensile, hardness and micro structural analysis were carried out on the as-cast ductile iron using standard methods and machines. The microstructures revealed that as-cast ductile iron from steel ladles A and B contained nodules both un-etched and when etched with 2 % Nital while cast produced from melt in ladle C revealed a flake graphite cast iron.
Abstract
Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One... more Abstract Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One has no recuperating system and the second one has recuperating system. 60 kg of grey cast iron scrap was charged into each of the furnaces at different time, after preheating the furnaces for 40 minutes. 0.5 kg graphite and 0.2 kg ferrosilicon were charged along with the scrap. The theoretical charge calculations have the composition of the melt as 4.0% carbon and 2.0% silicon. Charges in the furnaces were heated to obtain molten metal suitable for casting at 1350˚C. The content of the furnaces was tapped three times after the attainment of 1350˚C with 15 minutes interval between each tapping. Optical light emission spectrometer was used to analyze the resulting composition of the tapped samples. For type A furnace (without recuperation), sample A has its carbon and silicon contents reduced compared to expected value by 25.5% and 10.8%, sample B reduced by 29% and 13.4% and sample C reduced by 32% and 17.0% respectively. In Type B furnace (with recuperation), sample D has its carbon and silicon contents reduced by 12.2% and 7.3%, Sample E reduced by 13.0% and 8.0% and sample F reduced by 13.9% and 8.9% respectively.
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Jul 15, 2014
Abstract: Scraps melt were analyzed with optical light emission spectrometer for chemical composi... more Abstract: Scraps melt were analyzed with optical light emission spectrometer for chemical composition. The charge was prepared theoretically with carbon percent of 3.9 and silicon of between 2.1
and 2.8 percent after inoculation. 2 kg of CaCO3 (flux) was charged to aid removal of slag. The charges were heated to a tapping temperature of 1430o C. Temperature was monitored by inserting thermocouple in to the charges. The melt was
desulphurised with 0.30 kg calcium carbide (CaC2) after the attainment of 1430oC. Three tappings were made tagged A, B and C into the prepared ladle via sandwich process. 3.5 %, 3.0 % and 2.0 % of ladle capacity (15 Kg) was the quantity of Mg used to treat melts A, B and C respectively. The treated melts were poured into the prepared sand moulds forming desired casting. The as-cast were analyzed again to determine its chemical compositions and found that carbon and silicon were not less than 2.0 and 1.0 % respectively. The casting was tested for hardness, tensile and micro structural evaluation. The microstructures revealed that as-cast tagged A and B formed nodular iron when etched with 2 % nital even with residual sulphur content of 0.075 % and 0.070% for A and B respectively. Cast produced from melt C revealed not a clear nodular cast iron.
Emphasis is on casting A and B as we obtained nodules in A and B.
Keywords: Nodules, Sandwich, Sulphur Content Metallographic Examination, Ductile iron, Rotary furnace.
The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in... more The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in different states of Nigeria like Kogi, Taraba, Ondo, and Enugu among others. Ijapo clay is a deposit found in the Ijapo area of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples of the clay were collected, dried, pulverized, and milled in a ball mill. The milled sample was sieved in a set of iso-sieve. 6.0 kg of -212 μm size was used for the experiment. The composition of the clay was determined and found to contain 47.50% silica (SiO 2 ), 30.99% Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), 4.77% Iron oxide(III) (Fe 2 O 3 ), and 2.65% Calcium oxide (CaO). The clay was used at 5% and 6% to prepare greensand for moulding. Compressive, tensile, scatter, and permeability tests were carried out on the greensand. The results indicated that when 5% Ijapo clay was used, the following were obtained: green compressive strength of 9.81 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 78.45 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 82.51%, and permeability of 108. Greensand was also prepared with 5% and 6% bentonite, having the following results when 5% bentonite was used: green compressive strength of 51 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 519.8 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 50%, and permeability of 99%. (
The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in... more The use of clay finds it's way into diverse applications. Different deposits of clay are found in different states of Nigeria like Kogi, Taraba, Ondo, and Enugu among others. Ijapo clay is a deposit found in the Ijapo area of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples of the clay were collected, dried, pulverized, and milled in a ball mill. The milled sample was sieved in a set of iso-sieve. 6.0 kg of -212 μm size was used for the experiment. The composition of the clay was determined and found to contain 47.50% silica (SiO 2 ), 30.99% Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), 4.77% Iron oxide(III) (Fe 2 O 3 ), and 2.65% Calcium oxide (CaO). The clay was used at 5% and 6% to prepare greensand for moulding. Compressive, tensile, scatter, and permeability tests were carried out on the greensand. The results indicated that when 5% Ijapo clay was used, the following were obtained: green compressive strength of 9.81 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 78.45 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 82.51%, and permeability of 108. Greensand was also prepared with 5% and 6% bentonite, having the following results when 5% bentonite was used: green compressive strength of 51 kN/m 2 , dried strength of 519.8 kN/m 2 , scatter test results of 50%, and permeability of 99%. (
African walnut kernel (Tetracarpidium Conophorum kernel) was dried in an oven at a temperature of... more African walnut kernel (Tetracarpidium Conophorum kernel) was dried in an oven at a temperature of 80 o C then milled in a ball mill to obtained -150 micron size powder. Aluminium 6063 alloy was melted and cast as the control sample. Walnut powder was added to other castings in the following percentages by composition: 3 %, 5 %, and 7 %. It was stirred thoroughly in the furnace before casting into a sand mould prepared with a circular rod of 15 mm diameter. Brinel hardness machine was used to take the hardness measurement of the as-cast aluminium composite. Electronic tensile testing machine was used to take the tensile properties. It was observed that the hardness of the reinforced matrix increased relative to the control sample, also the tensile properties was improved having progressively higher ultimate tensile strength
Automobile scrap of engine block was the scrap used and initially analyzed with optical light emi... more Automobile scrap of engine block was the scrap used and initially analyzed with optical light emission spectroscopy for its chemical composition. Forty kilograms (40 kg) of the engine block (grey cast iron) was charged with 0.5 kg graphite (in powder form) and 2 kg calcium tri-oxo carbonate (iv) salt (CaCO 3 ) (flux) into a rotary furnace of 100 kg capacity fired with diesel fuel. The charges in the rotary furnace were heated to a tapping temperature of 1420 o C using inserted thermocouple with temperature controller to monitor the temperature. 0.25 kg calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) was added to the charge in the furnace after 1420 o C melt, before tapping for desulphurization. Three consecutive tappings were made designated A, B and C poured into the prepared steel ladle via sandwich process. 3 %w/w magnesium (Mg), 2.5 %w/w Mg and 1.5 %w/w Mg by weight of the metal treated in the ladle was used to treat melts in ladles A, B and C respectively. Thereafter, the treated melts was poured into already prepared moulds where solidification took place and the as-cast ductile iron of diameter 20 mm by 200 mm length was produced. The as-cast cast iron was also analyzed with mass spectrometric analyzer machine to determine its chemical compositions and its confirmed that the % Carbon and Silicon were within the range of cast iron. Then, tensile, hardness and micro structural analysis were carried out on the as-cast ductile iron using standard methods and machines. The microstructures revealed that as-cast ductile iron from steel ladles A and B contained nodules both un-etched and when etched with 2 % Nital while cast produced from melt in ladle C revealed a flake graphite cast iron.
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Papers by sylvester omole
Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One has no recuperating system and the second one has recuperating system. 60 kg of grey cast iron scrap was charged into each of the furnaces at different time, after preheating the furnaces for 40 minutes.
0.5 kg graphite and 0.2 kg ferrosilicon were charged along with the scrap. The theoretical charge calculations have the composition of the melt as 4.0% carbon and 2.0% silicon. Charges in the furnaces were heated to obtain molten metal suitable for casting at 1350˚C. The content of the furnaces was tapped three times after the attainment of 1350˚C with 15 minutes interval between each tapping. Optical light emission spectrometer was used to analyze the resulting composition of the tapped samples. For type A furnace (without recuperation), sample A has its carbon and silicon
contents reduced compared to expected value by 25.5% and 10.8%, sample B reduced by 29% and 13.4% and sample C reduced by 32% and 17.0% respectively. In Type B furnace (with recuperation), sample D has its carbon and silicon contents reduced by 12.2% and 7.3%, Sample E reduced
by 13.0% and 8.0% and sample F reduced by 13.9% and 8.9% respectively.
and 2.8 percent after inoculation. 2 kg of CaCO3 (flux) was charged to aid removal of slag. The charges were heated to a tapping temperature of 1430o C. Temperature was monitored by inserting thermocouple in to the charges. The melt was
desulphurised with 0.30 kg calcium carbide (CaC2) after the attainment of 1430oC. Three tappings were made tagged A, B and C into the prepared ladle via sandwich process. 3.5 %, 3.0 % and 2.0 % of ladle capacity (15 Kg) was the quantity of Mg used to treat melts A, B and C respectively. The treated melts were poured into the prepared sand moulds forming desired casting. The as-cast were analyzed again to determine its chemical compositions and found that carbon and silicon were not less than 2.0 and 1.0 % respectively. The casting was tested for hardness, tensile and micro structural evaluation. The microstructures revealed that as-cast tagged A and B formed nodular iron when etched with 2 % nital even with residual sulphur content of 0.075 % and 0.070% for A and B respectively. Cast produced from melt C revealed not a clear nodular cast iron.
Emphasis is on casting A and B as we obtained nodules in A and B.
Keywords: Nodules, Sandwich, Sulphur Content Metallographic Examination, Ductile iron, Rotary furnace.
Two rotary furnaces of different construction model were used for the research work. One has no recuperating system and the second one has recuperating system. 60 kg of grey cast iron scrap was charged into each of the furnaces at different time, after preheating the furnaces for 40 minutes.
0.5 kg graphite and 0.2 kg ferrosilicon were charged along with the scrap. The theoretical charge calculations have the composition of the melt as 4.0% carbon and 2.0% silicon. Charges in the furnaces were heated to obtain molten metal suitable for casting at 1350˚C. The content of the furnaces was tapped three times after the attainment of 1350˚C with 15 minutes interval between each tapping. Optical light emission spectrometer was used to analyze the resulting composition of the tapped samples. For type A furnace (without recuperation), sample A has its carbon and silicon
contents reduced compared to expected value by 25.5% and 10.8%, sample B reduced by 29% and 13.4% and sample C reduced by 32% and 17.0% respectively. In Type B furnace (with recuperation), sample D has its carbon and silicon contents reduced by 12.2% and 7.3%, Sample E reduced
by 13.0% and 8.0% and sample F reduced by 13.9% and 8.9% respectively.
and 2.8 percent after inoculation. 2 kg of CaCO3 (flux) was charged to aid removal of slag. The charges were heated to a tapping temperature of 1430o C. Temperature was monitored by inserting thermocouple in to the charges. The melt was
desulphurised with 0.30 kg calcium carbide (CaC2) after the attainment of 1430oC. Three tappings were made tagged A, B and C into the prepared ladle via sandwich process. 3.5 %, 3.0 % and 2.0 % of ladle capacity (15 Kg) was the quantity of Mg used to treat melts A, B and C respectively. The treated melts were poured into the prepared sand moulds forming desired casting. The as-cast were analyzed again to determine its chemical compositions and found that carbon and silicon were not less than 2.0 and 1.0 % respectively. The casting was tested for hardness, tensile and micro structural evaluation. The microstructures revealed that as-cast tagged A and B formed nodular iron when etched with 2 % nital even with residual sulphur content of 0.075 % and 0.070% for A and B respectively. Cast produced from melt C revealed not a clear nodular cast iron.
Emphasis is on casting A and B as we obtained nodules in A and B.
Keywords: Nodules, Sandwich, Sulphur Content Metallographic Examination, Ductile iron, Rotary furnace.