BackgroundEpidemiologic studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited in China.MethodsUs... more BackgroundEpidemiologic studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited in China.MethodsUsing a multistage cluster sampling design, a total of 10,276 community residents (6096 urban, 4180 rural) aged 65 years or older were evaluated and diagnosed with normal cognition, MCI, or dementia. MCI was further categorized by imaging into MCI caused by prodromal Alzheimer's disease (MCI‐A), MCI resulting from cerebrovascular disease (MCI‐CVD), MCI with vascular risk factors (MCI‐VRF), and MCI caused by other diseases (MCI‐O).ResultsThe prevalences of overall MCI, MCI‐A, MCI‐CVD, MCI‐VRF, and MCI‐O were 20.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.0–21.6%), 6.1% (95% CI = 5.7–6.6%), 3.8% (95% CI = 3.4–4.2%), 4.9% (95% CI = 4.5–5.4%), and 5.9% (95% CI = 5.5–6.4%) respectively. The rural population had a higher prevalence of overall MCI (23.4% vs 16.8%, P < .001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of MCI in elderly Chinese is higher in rural than in urban areas. Vascular‐related MCI (MCI‐CVD a...
Background: Dementia is a priority public health issue due to its high prevalence worldwide and i... more Background: Dementia is a priority public health issue due to its high prevalence worldwide and its economic, social, and health impact. However, there are few reports in Mexico based on formal tests and with a clinical approach based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Objective: This study estimates the prevalence of the main types of dementia among elderly people living in the community in Mexico City. Methods: A population-based, two-step study was conducted, including 6,204 elderly individuals aged 60 or above with in-home assessment. All participants were screened for cognitive impairment; those who presented some cognitive problem underwent a standardized neurological examination. Each diagnosis was based on the criteria for dementia in the DSM-5, and the final consensus diagnosis of dementia was determined by an expert panel. Results: The global estimated prevalence of dementia in the Mexican population was 7.8% met the criteria...
Background:Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers... more Background:Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers, families and societies physically, psychologically and economically. Currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms, have no impact on progression and are not curative, so identifying and studying new drug targets is important. There are evidences which indicate disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis can be related with AD pathology, especially the compartmentation of intracellular cholesterol and cytoplasmic cholesterol esters formed by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) can be implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, involved in AD. Blocking ACAT1 activity, beneficial effects are obtained, so it has been suggested that ACAT1 can be a potential new therapeutic target. The present review discusses the role of cholesterol homeostasis in AD pathology, especially with ACAT inhibitors, and how they have been raised as a therapeutic approach. I...
Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging, 2017
Abstract Knowing the causes of changing nutritional needs and dietary preferences is needed befor... more Abstract Knowing the causes of changing nutritional needs and dietary preferences is needed before we can understand the health status of elderly populations. Nutritional deficiencies have been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality, so consuming a balanced and nutritious diet is important for the elderly. However, normal aging is associated with changes in body composition and nutritional requirements. As healthy people age, body fat increases, muscle mass and total body water decrease, and the number of calories necessary to maintain body weight declines. These changes are influenced by life events, illnesses, genetic traits, and socioeconomic factors. For this reason, diet and nutrition play important roles in maintaining health and preventing disease. This article describes some aspects of normal aging and their effects on nutritional status, and it introduces some of the screening tools used to identify an older adult’s nutritional risks. In addition, basic interventions for commonly encountered problems in the office setting are discussed.
Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder that results from an ... more Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder that results from an excessive inflammatory response. Considering the prominent role of IL-1β, IL-1F10 and IL-1RN as regulators of the inflammatory process and vascular physiology, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether IL-1β, IL-1F10 and IL-1RN single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with SMI. One polymorphism was associated with risk of SMI. Under co-dominant, recessive and additive models, the IL-1β -511 T&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C polymorphism was associated with increased risk of SMI when compared to healthy controls (OR = 4.68, 95%CI = 2.21-9.92, pCCo-dom = 0.0048; OR = 3.97, 95%CI = 1.97-7.99, pCRec = 0.0024; OR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.41-2.90, pCAdd = 0.0024, respectively). All models were adjusted for gender, age and smoking. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed four haplotypes (CTCC, CCTC, CCCT and CTCC) with increased frequency in SMI patients when compared to healthy controls (OR = 2.53, 95%CI = 1.47-4.36, pC = 0.0009, OR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.15-4.74, pC= 0.02, OR = 2.44, 95%CI = 1.14-5.18, pC = 0.02, OR = 5.11, 95%CI = 1.37-19.05, pC= 0.01, respectively). In summary, our data suggest that the IL-1β-511 T&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C polymorphism play an important role in the development of SMI in diabetic patients. In addition, in our study was possible to distinguish one protective and four risk haplotypes for development of SMI.
Nosocomial surgical-site infection (NSSI) after craniotomy is responsible for an increase in deat... more Nosocomial surgical-site infection (NSSI) after craniotomy is responsible for an increase in deaths and/or disabilities that affect quality of life. It is necessary to identify factors to be included in an index for their control. The aim of this study was to a) identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with NSSI after craniotomy and b) obtain the infection risk attributed to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors as well as to compare their predictive capability with the NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System) index. A case-control study was conducted during a 2-year period in patients who underwent craniotomy in hospitals affiliated with the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Patients were selected according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for NSSI. During the study period 737 craniotomies were performed, 41 of which presented with NSSI. Intrinsic factors associated with NSSI were the presence of chronic diseases (OR = 2.18) ...
The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism was determined in 21... more The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism was determined in 211 Mexican healthy individuals belonging to different Mexican ethnic groups (98 Mestizos, 64 Teenek, and 49 Nahuas). ACE polymorphism differed among Mexicans with a high frequency of the D allele and the D/D genotype in Mexican Mestizos. The D/D genotype was absent in Teenek and present in only one Nahua individual (2.0%). When comparisons were made, we observed that Caucasian, African, and Asian populations presented the highest frequencies of the D allele, whereas Amerindian (Teenek and Pima) and Australian Aboriginals showed the highest frequencies of the I allele. The distribution of I/D genotype was heterogeneous in all populations: Australian Aboriginals presented the lowest frequency (4.9%), whereas Nahuas presented the highest (73.4%). The present study shows the frequencies of a polymorphism not analyzed previously in Mexican populations and establishes that this polymorphism distinguishes the Amerindian populations of other groups. On the other hand, since ACE alleles have been associated with genetic susceptibility to developing cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, knowledge of the distribution of these alleles could help to define the true significance of ACE polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility marker in the Amerindian populations.
Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of geriatric nutritional evaluation for determi... more Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of geriatric nutritional evaluation for determining malnutrition, being overweight, obesity, muscular mass loss, fat mass gain and adipose tissue redistribution. Anthropometric indicators are used to evaluate the prognosis of chronic and acute diseases, and to guide medical intervention in the elderly. We evaluated anthropometric measurements and nutritional status as they relate to age and gender in healthy elderly people. The study analyzed data from the national survey "Health needs and health service use by older-than-60-year-old beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS)". The present study included only individuals who reported no chronic disease in the last 20 years and had no hospital admission in the two months prior to the survey. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body circumference (arm, waist, hip and calf), waist to hip ratio (WHR), elbow amplitude...
BackgroundEpidemiologic studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited in China.MethodsUs... more BackgroundEpidemiologic studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited in China.MethodsUsing a multistage cluster sampling design, a total of 10,276 community residents (6096 urban, 4180 rural) aged 65 years or older were evaluated and diagnosed with normal cognition, MCI, or dementia. MCI was further categorized by imaging into MCI caused by prodromal Alzheimer's disease (MCI‐A), MCI resulting from cerebrovascular disease (MCI‐CVD), MCI with vascular risk factors (MCI‐VRF), and MCI caused by other diseases (MCI‐O).ResultsThe prevalences of overall MCI, MCI‐A, MCI‐CVD, MCI‐VRF, and MCI‐O were 20.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.0–21.6%), 6.1% (95% CI = 5.7–6.6%), 3.8% (95% CI = 3.4–4.2%), 4.9% (95% CI = 4.5–5.4%), and 5.9% (95% CI = 5.5–6.4%) respectively. The rural population had a higher prevalence of overall MCI (23.4% vs 16.8%, P < .001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of MCI in elderly Chinese is higher in rural than in urban areas. Vascular‐related MCI (MCI‐CVD a...
Background: Dementia is a priority public health issue due to its high prevalence worldwide and i... more Background: Dementia is a priority public health issue due to its high prevalence worldwide and its economic, social, and health impact. However, there are few reports in Mexico based on formal tests and with a clinical approach based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Objective: This study estimates the prevalence of the main types of dementia among elderly people living in the community in Mexico City. Methods: A population-based, two-step study was conducted, including 6,204 elderly individuals aged 60 or above with in-home assessment. All participants were screened for cognitive impairment; those who presented some cognitive problem underwent a standardized neurological examination. Each diagnosis was based on the criteria for dementia in the DSM-5, and the final consensus diagnosis of dementia was determined by an expert panel. Results: The global estimated prevalence of dementia in the Mexican population was 7.8% met the criteria...
Background:Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers... more Background:Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers, families and societies physically, psychologically and economically. Currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms, have no impact on progression and are not curative, so identifying and studying new drug targets is important. There are evidences which indicate disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis can be related with AD pathology, especially the compartmentation of intracellular cholesterol and cytoplasmic cholesterol esters formed by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) can be implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, involved in AD. Blocking ACAT1 activity, beneficial effects are obtained, so it has been suggested that ACAT1 can be a potential new therapeutic target. The present review discusses the role of cholesterol homeostasis in AD pathology, especially with ACAT inhibitors, and how they have been raised as a therapeutic approach. I...
Nutrition and Functional Foods for Healthy Aging, 2017
Abstract Knowing the causes of changing nutritional needs and dietary preferences is needed befor... more Abstract Knowing the causes of changing nutritional needs and dietary preferences is needed before we can understand the health status of elderly populations. Nutritional deficiencies have been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality, so consuming a balanced and nutritious diet is important for the elderly. However, normal aging is associated with changes in body composition and nutritional requirements. As healthy people age, body fat increases, muscle mass and total body water decrease, and the number of calories necessary to maintain body weight declines. These changes are influenced by life events, illnesses, genetic traits, and socioeconomic factors. For this reason, diet and nutrition play important roles in maintaining health and preventing disease. This article describes some aspects of normal aging and their effects on nutritional status, and it introduces some of the screening tools used to identify an older adult’s nutritional risks. In addition, basic interventions for commonly encountered problems in the office setting are discussed.
Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder that results from an ... more Silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is a multifactorial and polygenic disorder that results from an excessive inflammatory response. Considering the prominent role of IL-1β, IL-1F10 and IL-1RN as regulators of the inflammatory process and vascular physiology, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether IL-1β, IL-1F10 and IL-1RN single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with SMI. One polymorphism was associated with risk of SMI. Under co-dominant, recessive and additive models, the IL-1β -511 T&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C polymorphism was associated with increased risk of SMI when compared to healthy controls (OR = 4.68, 95%CI = 2.21-9.92, pCCo-dom = 0.0048; OR = 3.97, 95%CI = 1.97-7.99, pCRec = 0.0024; OR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.41-2.90, pCAdd = 0.0024, respectively). All models were adjusted for gender, age and smoking. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed four haplotypes (CTCC, CCTC, CCCT and CTCC) with increased frequency in SMI patients when compared to healthy controls (OR = 2.53, 95%CI = 1.47-4.36, pC = 0.0009, OR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.15-4.74, pC= 0.02, OR = 2.44, 95%CI = 1.14-5.18, pC = 0.02, OR = 5.11, 95%CI = 1.37-19.05, pC= 0.01, respectively). In summary, our data suggest that the IL-1β-511 T&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;C polymorphism play an important role in the development of SMI in diabetic patients. In addition, in our study was possible to distinguish one protective and four risk haplotypes for development of SMI.
Nosocomial surgical-site infection (NSSI) after craniotomy is responsible for an increase in deat... more Nosocomial surgical-site infection (NSSI) after craniotomy is responsible for an increase in deaths and/or disabilities that affect quality of life. It is necessary to identify factors to be included in an index for their control. The aim of this study was to a) identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with NSSI after craniotomy and b) obtain the infection risk attributed to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors as well as to compare their predictive capability with the NNISS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System) index. A case-control study was conducted during a 2-year period in patients who underwent craniotomy in hospitals affiliated with the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Patients were selected according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for NSSI. During the study period 737 craniotomies were performed, 41 of which presented with NSSI. Intrinsic factors associated with NSSI were the presence of chronic diseases (OR = 2.18) ...
The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism was determined in 21... more The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism was determined in 211 Mexican healthy individuals belonging to different Mexican ethnic groups (98 Mestizos, 64 Teenek, and 49 Nahuas). ACE polymorphism differed among Mexicans with a high frequency of the D allele and the D/D genotype in Mexican Mestizos. The D/D genotype was absent in Teenek and present in only one Nahua individual (2.0%). When comparisons were made, we observed that Caucasian, African, and Asian populations presented the highest frequencies of the D allele, whereas Amerindian (Teenek and Pima) and Australian Aboriginals showed the highest frequencies of the I allele. The distribution of I/D genotype was heterogeneous in all populations: Australian Aboriginals presented the lowest frequency (4.9%), whereas Nahuas presented the highest (73.4%). The present study shows the frequencies of a polymorphism not analyzed previously in Mexican populations and establishes that this polymorphism distinguishes the Amerindian populations of other groups. On the other hand, since ACE alleles have been associated with genetic susceptibility to developing cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, knowledge of the distribution of these alleles could help to define the true significance of ACE polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility marker in the Amerindian populations.
Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of geriatric nutritional evaluation for determi... more Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of geriatric nutritional evaluation for determining malnutrition, being overweight, obesity, muscular mass loss, fat mass gain and adipose tissue redistribution. Anthropometric indicators are used to evaluate the prognosis of chronic and acute diseases, and to guide medical intervention in the elderly. We evaluated anthropometric measurements and nutritional status as they relate to age and gender in healthy elderly people. The study analyzed data from the national survey "Health needs and health service use by older-than-60-year-old beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS)". The present study included only individuals who reported no chronic disease in the last 20 years and had no hospital admission in the two months prior to the survey. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body circumference (arm, waist, hip and calf), waist to hip ratio (WHR), elbow amplitude...
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