The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is compli... more The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is complicated. A T-helper-2 response can support parasite establishment, which is exacerbated by the pregnancy, whereas a T-helper-1 response would be destructive for the parasite. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of pregnancy on the serum levels of some cytokines during parasite inoculation. Twenty Balb/c mice were divided randomly into four groups including: A) control group, B) healthy pregnant, C) pregnant inoculated with granulosus s.l. protoscolices, and D) non-pregnant inoculated with protoscolices. Subsequently, the Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin -4 (IL-4) and interleukin -17 (IL-17) were determined during four weeks by ELISA method. At 7th-day post-infection (d.p.i), the levels of cytokines increased in all groups, but there were no significant differences between increased levels. At 14 d.p.i, the l...
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2020
Background and purpose: Many herbs including Euphorbia have immunomodulatory properties. The aim ... more Background and purpose: Many herbs including Euphorbia have immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the ethanolic extract of E.myrsinites. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 40 Swiss albino male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group A included healthy mice, group B was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), group C received the ethanolic extract of E.myrsinites 7 days before LPS induction. Group D received the plant extract at the same time with LPS induction. Then, blood samples were collected (2 and 6 h after LPS induction) and IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and nitric oxide production were evaluated. Results: Two hours after LPS induction, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in groups C and D increased significantly and IFN-γ level decreased significantly compared to those in group B (P=0.0425). But, six hours after LPS induction, TNF-α level significantly increased in group B compared to that in groups C ...
Troxerutin (Tx), known as vitamin P4 is a derivative of natural bioflavonoid rutin. Tx possesses ... more Troxerutin (Tx), known as vitamin P4 is a derivative of natural bioflavonoid rutin. Tx possesses different biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. The current study was conducted to determine potential therapeutic effect of Tx in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced sepsis in mice. In LPS-induced sepsis, the mice were treated intraperitoneally (ip) with Tx twice daily. Therapeutic effect was assessed by measuring serum level of cytokines, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Level of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. Expression of CD40 receptor on leucocytes was measured using flowcytometry. Splenocyte proliferation was evaluated using MTT assay. The effect of Tx on survival rate during administration of lethal dose of LPS was investigated. The results showed that Tx inhibited LPS induced NO production. Inflammatory pathways were suppressed by reduction of inflammatory cytokines production. Further, elevated CD40 expression of leucocytes and proliferation of splenocytes markedly reduced in Tx treated group. Antioxidant defense system was enhanced by increased activity of SOD and CAT and decreased level of MDA. MPO, ALT and LDH activity. Additionally, treatment with Tx significantly increased the mean survival time of mice compared with the LPS treated group. Histologically, Tx treatment decreased inflammatory cells infiltration and histopathologicl changes in the liver. Our findings showed that reduced inflammatory parameters, improved antioxidant activity, reduced histological lesions and increased survival rate. These findings suggest that Tx is an effective anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of LPS-induced sepsis.
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2018
Background and purpose: Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by T cells causes type-1 diab... more Background and purpose: Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by T cells causes type-1 diabetes (T1D). Carbenoxolone has cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, and has been shown to be capable of suppressing Th17 cells that are effectively involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, therefore, we studied the effect of Carbenoxolone on T1D in C57BL/6 mice. Materials and methods: Forty male C57BL/6 inbred strain mice were randomly divided into four groups and in three groups diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. A positive control group was considered and two other groups received 50 mg/kg/day i.p. carbenoxolone (7 and 5 doses). Then, on days 7 and 14 after the disease induction, fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and pathological changes of the pancreas were studied during the course of the disease. Results: Carbenoxolone increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and FBS. Also, it significantly increased infiltrat...
Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in th... more Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in the past decades in which pancreatic Langerhans β cells are destroyed and lead to lack of insulin due to increased blood sugar. One of the consequences of diabetes is glomerular disease of the kidney, also called diabetes nephropathy. Different studies have been carried out on the effects of triterpenoids and their medicinal effects on diabetes mellitus. betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Terpenes, is found in bushes and trees. Its medical effects are also approved by many studies. In this survey, we studied the effect of betulinic acid on diabetic inbred C57BL/6 male mice. They were randomly divided to three groups. Group A: Consisted of healthy mice which received citrate buffer. Group B: Diabetic mice without any treatment and group C: Treated diabetic mice with betulinic acid. The level of blood insulin level, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1 cytokine...
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which ... more Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for making insulin. Even with insulin therapy, inflammatory complications will develop in the long term. The present study examines changes in serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, C-peptide, Insulin as well as fasting blood sugar (FBS) in control, diabetic and diabetic treated with curcumin groups. Thirty inbred C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into three groups of 10 mice: group A consisted of healthy mice receiving citrate buffer, group B included a group of diabetic mice, and group C was a group of diabetic mice treated with curcumin. The cytokine levels were measured in the supernatant of stimulated splenocytes using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Radioimmunoassay was used to measure insulin and c-peptide levels. The FBS was measured by an automatic glucometer device. The levels of IL-6, I...
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 2019
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a spontaneous autoimmune disease, is associated with destruction of insuli... more Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a spontaneous autoimmune disease, is associated with destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Since some heat shock proteins (HSP), such as HSP70 exert a protective effect in both tissues and cells, the present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of carbenoxolone (CBX) as an HSP70 inducer on T1D. The disease was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using streptozotocin (STZ) and subjects were allocated to therapeutic 1 and therapeutic 2 groups, as well as negative and positive control groups. The treated mice (therapeutic 1 and therapeutic 2 groups) received 50 mg/kg CBX intraperitoneally every 24 hours, in the therapeutic 1 group the drug was injected before and after disease induction whereas in the therapeutic 2 group the drug was injected only after disease induction. Serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, cytokines production (Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-17), serum HSP70 level and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory ...
Sepsis is the main mortality factor in patients undergoing surgery and its treatment currently in... more Sepsis is the main mortality factor in patients undergoing surgery and its treatment currently includes cardiac resuscitation and reducing the immediate risk of infection. Troxerutin is a common compound in vegetables, fruits, and seeds and has several biological activities, including anti-platelet, anti-serotonin, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, we hypothesized that it can decrease interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels in the serum of rats with sepsis. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation group, control group, and treatment group. Both the control and treatment groups underwent surgical cecal ligation and perforation. Troxerutin (130 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice a day to the animals of the treatment group for 3 days or until the animals’ death. Surviving rats were euthanized after 1.5 ml of blood samples were take...
The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is compli... more The immune response to Echinococcus granulosus s.l. hydatidosis in an intermediate host is complicated. A T-helper-2 response can support parasite establishment, which is exacerbated by the pregnancy, whereas a T-helper-1 response would be destructive for the parasite. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of pregnancy on the serum levels of some cytokines during parasite inoculation. Twenty Balb/c mice were divided randomly into four groups including: A) control group, B) healthy pregnant, C) pregnant inoculated with granulosus s.l. protoscolices, and D) non-pregnant inoculated with protoscolices. Subsequently, the Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin -4 (IL-4) and interleukin -17 (IL-17) were determined during four weeks by ELISA method. At 7th-day post-infection (d.p.i), the levels of cytokines increased in all groups, but there were no significant differences between increased levels. At 14 d.p.i, the l...
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2020
Background and purpose: Many herbs including Euphorbia have immunomodulatory properties. The aim ... more Background and purpose: Many herbs including Euphorbia have immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the ethanolic extract of E.myrsinites. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 40 Swiss albino male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group A included healthy mice, group B was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), group C received the ethanolic extract of E.myrsinites 7 days before LPS induction. Group D received the plant extract at the same time with LPS induction. Then, blood samples were collected (2 and 6 h after LPS induction) and IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and nitric oxide production were evaluated. Results: Two hours after LPS induction, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in groups C and D increased significantly and IFN-γ level decreased significantly compared to those in group B (P=0.0425). But, six hours after LPS induction, TNF-α level significantly increased in group B compared to that in groups C ...
Troxerutin (Tx), known as vitamin P4 is a derivative of natural bioflavonoid rutin. Tx possesses ... more Troxerutin (Tx), known as vitamin P4 is a derivative of natural bioflavonoid rutin. Tx possesses different biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. The current study was conducted to determine potential therapeutic effect of Tx in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced sepsis in mice. In LPS-induced sepsis, the mice were treated intraperitoneally (ip) with Tx twice daily. Therapeutic effect was assessed by measuring serum level of cytokines, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Level of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. Expression of CD40 receptor on leucocytes was measured using flowcytometry. Splenocyte proliferation was evaluated using MTT assay. The effect of Tx on survival rate during administration of lethal dose of LPS was investigated. The results showed that Tx inhibited LPS induced NO production. Inflammatory pathways were suppressed by reduction of inflammatory cytokines production. Further, elevated CD40 expression of leucocytes and proliferation of splenocytes markedly reduced in Tx treated group. Antioxidant defense system was enhanced by increased activity of SOD and CAT and decreased level of MDA. MPO, ALT and LDH activity. Additionally, treatment with Tx significantly increased the mean survival time of mice compared with the LPS treated group. Histologically, Tx treatment decreased inflammatory cells infiltration and histopathologicl changes in the liver. Our findings showed that reduced inflammatory parameters, improved antioxidant activity, reduced histological lesions and increased survival rate. These findings suggest that Tx is an effective anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of LPS-induced sepsis.
Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2018
Background and purpose: Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by T cells causes type-1 diab... more Background and purpose: Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by T cells causes type-1 diabetes (T1D). Carbenoxolone has cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, and has been shown to be capable of suppressing Th17 cells that are effectively involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, therefore, we studied the effect of Carbenoxolone on T1D in C57BL/6 mice. Materials and methods: Forty male C57BL/6 inbred strain mice were randomly divided into four groups and in three groups diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. A positive control group was considered and two other groups received 50 mg/kg/day i.p. carbenoxolone (7 and 5 doses). Then, on days 7 and 14 after the disease induction, fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and pathological changes of the pancreas were studied during the course of the disease. Results: Carbenoxolone increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and FBS. Also, it significantly increased infiltrat...
Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in th... more Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in the past decades in which pancreatic Langerhans β cells are destroyed and lead to lack of insulin due to increased blood sugar. One of the consequences of diabetes is glomerular disease of the kidney, also called diabetes nephropathy. Different studies have been carried out on the effects of triterpenoids and their medicinal effects on diabetes mellitus. betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Terpenes, is found in bushes and trees. Its medical effects are also approved by many studies. In this survey, we studied the effect of betulinic acid on diabetic inbred C57BL/6 male mice. They were randomly divided to three groups. Group A: Consisted of healthy mice which received citrate buffer. Group B: Diabetic mice without any treatment and group C: Treated diabetic mice with betulinic acid. The level of blood insulin level, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1 cytokine...
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which ... more Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for making insulin. Even with insulin therapy, inflammatory complications will develop in the long term. The present study examines changes in serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, C-peptide, Insulin as well as fasting blood sugar (FBS) in control, diabetic and diabetic treated with curcumin groups. Thirty inbred C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into three groups of 10 mice: group A consisted of healthy mice receiving citrate buffer, group B included a group of diabetic mice, and group C was a group of diabetic mice treated with curcumin. The cytokine levels were measured in the supernatant of stimulated splenocytes using enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Radioimmunoassay was used to measure insulin and c-peptide levels. The FBS was measured by an automatic glucometer device. The levels of IL-6, I...
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 2019
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a spontaneous autoimmune disease, is associated with destruction of insuli... more Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a spontaneous autoimmune disease, is associated with destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Since some heat shock proteins (HSP), such as HSP70 exert a protective effect in both tissues and cells, the present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of carbenoxolone (CBX) as an HSP70 inducer on T1D. The disease was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using streptozotocin (STZ) and subjects were allocated to therapeutic 1 and therapeutic 2 groups, as well as negative and positive control groups. The treated mice (therapeutic 1 and therapeutic 2 groups) received 50 mg/kg CBX intraperitoneally every 24 hours, in the therapeutic 1 group the drug was injected before and after disease induction whereas in the therapeutic 2 group the drug was injected only after disease induction. Serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, cytokines production (Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-17), serum HSP70 level and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory ...
Sepsis is the main mortality factor in patients undergoing surgery and its treatment currently in... more Sepsis is the main mortality factor in patients undergoing surgery and its treatment currently includes cardiac resuscitation and reducing the immediate risk of infection. Troxerutin is a common compound in vegetables, fruits, and seeds and has several biological activities, including anti-platelet, anti-serotonin, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, we hypothesized that it can decrease interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) levels in the serum of rats with sepsis. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation group, control group, and treatment group. Both the control and treatment groups underwent surgical cecal ligation and perforation. Troxerutin (130 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously twice a day to the animals of the treatment group for 3 days or until the animals’ death. Surviving rats were euthanized after 1.5 ml of blood samples were take...
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