Drafts by Anush Khadka
This paper is written based on these two themes: (1) choose a foreign policy issue and conduct an... more This paper is written based on these two themes: (1) choose a foreign policy issue and conduct an in-depth analysis of options and choice focusing in one state; (2) focusing on a conflict of your choice, conduct a comparative analysis of the foreign policy of two states in relation to that conflict to each other. It analyses China and India’s policies regarding Nepal and examines Nepal’s options and choices in response to China and India’s policies.
Criticizing
Four Theories of the Press (1956) as
normative theories, scholars Daniel ... more Criticizing
Four Theories of the Press (1956) as
normative theories, scholars Daniel C.
Hallin and Paolo Mancini anticipated the
first empirical analysis of press models, in
their book, Comparing Media Systems
(2004). There, they attempt to describe
what actually exists rather than what might
or should exist. In 2012, Hallin and Mancini
published another combine edited book
Comparing Media Systems beyond the
Western World, where prominent media
researchers from the globe shared the
difficulties while applying these three
models into the non-Western countries.
Some researchers found the models are
challenging to apply it into the non-Western
world. Some critics are of the opinion that
the four dimensions as framework of
analysis cannot embrace all media aspects,
whereas other see fault in research
methodologies. Questions regarding the
model’s applicability during the changes in
political systems, transitional period, new
media and transnational media markets are
also aroused vibrantly. But most of these
queries remain unanswered even in Hallin
and Mancini’s second book. But meantime
some media practitioners admire Hallin and
Mancini’s work which seems a bit close to
press freedom and professionalism. In this
piece of writing I have attempted to find the
fault and fort of Hallin and Mancini’s three
models of media.
If we thoroughly scan the development of human civilization, most of the time, knowledge and info... more If we thoroughly scan the development of human civilization, most of the time, knowledge and information have travelled from the place where they are best practised to the rest of the world. Generally, the rest imitate or contextualize accordingly. So the way democracy and development have travelled and are travelling. The West (Western Europe and North America) is often regarded as the place where democracy is best practised. Based on the fundamental features of democracy, such as; freedom of expression, freedom of information, freedom of publication, Western journalism flourished. It developed as an ideology on the context of the existing society, culture, market, and technology. The Western journalism ideology, a set of beliefs, where there are free, independent and impartial media practices and they are critical to authorities. Among existing different media practices throughout the world, Western journalism ideology encompasses ‘watchdog model’ or ‘fourth estate model’ which closely monitors the state’s executive, parliament and judiciary as a watchdog.
The end of the Second World War made common ground to assemble many countries together, define human rights and promise to respect each other’s sovereignty. This paved the way to decolonization and democratization in many countries. The newly established democracies started to imitate or contextualize the features of democracy as the way the West had practised. The imperfect imitation could not deliver perfect result. So Western countries entered to the arena and engaged in different development and assistance projects which helped sustain the democracy. Media development projects which comprise Western journalism ideology was one of them. Believing that ‘independent media allow exchange of rational ideas and opinions foster the democracy’, the West began to export Western journalism ideology (Kumar, 2006, p. 1).
Since then, the exportation of Western journalism ideology is ongoing, but has raised several questions. There are both positive and negative reactions regarding it. Some welcome it as an opportunity and optimistic effort for change, development and prosperity while other argue it as a new form of colonization through soft power. In this piece of writing, I have attempted to discuss on - to what extent non-Western countries desired to import Western journalism ideology. In order to discover some practical difficulties during the foreign involvement in a journalism programme, I have chosen NLA University College’s media development project in Ethiopia.
In the contemporary era of globalization, media research combines transnational and transdiscipli... more In the contemporary era of globalization, media research combines transnational and transdisciplinary subject matters. However the theoretical frameworks, approaches and research methods are moreover concomitant with other fields of social science and humanities. The two examples of media research make clear that scholars of journalism have a wide array of choices when designing and carrying out media research. It is also clear that media research cannot be done without its tools. Survey, content analysis and observation are the classics among them. To sum up, various theories, approaches, methods are derived from number of different disciplines and its use obviously lead to the various findings. Only appropriate selection of methods lead the research to valid, reliable and highly probable findings.
The invention of the internet and innovative ideas to use it as a medium to disseminate
informat... more The invention of the internet and innovative ideas to use it as a medium to disseminate
information for large number of audience, have created a new media practice in addition to
print and broadcast media – the digital media or the new media. The new digital setting has
added number of ethical dilemmas for journalists. Journalists working in digital platforms
inherently have embrace the same dilemmas that other contemporary journalists have always
faced. Accompanying that, they now have some new dilemmas also.
Nepal was an absolute monarchy until
1990, and most of its citizens were not
permitted to... more Nepal was an absolute monarchy until
1990, and most of its citizens were not
permitted to go abroad freely, except
neighboring India.
Presentations by Anush Khadka
Book Reviews by Anush Khadka
Dictionary by Anush Khadka
Uploads
Drafts by Anush Khadka
Four Theories of the Press (1956) as
normative theories, scholars Daniel C.
Hallin and Paolo Mancini anticipated the
first empirical analysis of press models, in
their book, Comparing Media Systems
(2004). There, they attempt to describe
what actually exists rather than what might
or should exist. In 2012, Hallin and Mancini
published another combine edited book
Comparing Media Systems beyond the
Western World, where prominent media
researchers from the globe shared the
difficulties while applying these three
models into the non-Western countries.
Some researchers found the models are
challenging to apply it into the non-Western
world. Some critics are of the opinion that
the four dimensions as framework of
analysis cannot embrace all media aspects,
whereas other see fault in research
methodologies. Questions regarding the
model’s applicability during the changes in
political systems, transitional period, new
media and transnational media markets are
also aroused vibrantly. But most of these
queries remain unanswered even in Hallin
and Mancini’s second book. But meantime
some media practitioners admire Hallin and
Mancini’s work which seems a bit close to
press freedom and professionalism. In this
piece of writing I have attempted to find the
fault and fort of Hallin and Mancini’s three
models of media.
The end of the Second World War made common ground to assemble many countries together, define human rights and promise to respect each other’s sovereignty. This paved the way to decolonization and democratization in many countries. The newly established democracies started to imitate or contextualize the features of democracy as the way the West had practised. The imperfect imitation could not deliver perfect result. So Western countries entered to the arena and engaged in different development and assistance projects which helped sustain the democracy. Media development projects which comprise Western journalism ideology was one of them. Believing that ‘independent media allow exchange of rational ideas and opinions foster the democracy’, the West began to export Western journalism ideology (Kumar, 2006, p. 1).
Since then, the exportation of Western journalism ideology is ongoing, but has raised several questions. There are both positive and negative reactions regarding it. Some welcome it as an opportunity and optimistic effort for change, development and prosperity while other argue it as a new form of colonization through soft power. In this piece of writing, I have attempted to discuss on - to what extent non-Western countries desired to import Western journalism ideology. In order to discover some practical difficulties during the foreign involvement in a journalism programme, I have chosen NLA University College’s media development project in Ethiopia.
information for large number of audience, have created a new media practice in addition to
print and broadcast media – the digital media or the new media. The new digital setting has
added number of ethical dilemmas for journalists. Journalists working in digital platforms
inherently have embrace the same dilemmas that other contemporary journalists have always
faced. Accompanying that, they now have some new dilemmas also.
1990, and most of its citizens were not
permitted to go abroad freely, except
neighboring India.
Presentations by Anush Khadka
Book Reviews by Anush Khadka
Dictionary by Anush Khadka
Four Theories of the Press (1956) as
normative theories, scholars Daniel C.
Hallin and Paolo Mancini anticipated the
first empirical analysis of press models, in
their book, Comparing Media Systems
(2004). There, they attempt to describe
what actually exists rather than what might
or should exist. In 2012, Hallin and Mancini
published another combine edited book
Comparing Media Systems beyond the
Western World, where prominent media
researchers from the globe shared the
difficulties while applying these three
models into the non-Western countries.
Some researchers found the models are
challenging to apply it into the non-Western
world. Some critics are of the opinion that
the four dimensions as framework of
analysis cannot embrace all media aspects,
whereas other see fault in research
methodologies. Questions regarding the
model’s applicability during the changes in
political systems, transitional period, new
media and transnational media markets are
also aroused vibrantly. But most of these
queries remain unanswered even in Hallin
and Mancini’s second book. But meantime
some media practitioners admire Hallin and
Mancini’s work which seems a bit close to
press freedom and professionalism. In this
piece of writing I have attempted to find the
fault and fort of Hallin and Mancini’s three
models of media.
The end of the Second World War made common ground to assemble many countries together, define human rights and promise to respect each other’s sovereignty. This paved the way to decolonization and democratization in many countries. The newly established democracies started to imitate or contextualize the features of democracy as the way the West had practised. The imperfect imitation could not deliver perfect result. So Western countries entered to the arena and engaged in different development and assistance projects which helped sustain the democracy. Media development projects which comprise Western journalism ideology was one of them. Believing that ‘independent media allow exchange of rational ideas and opinions foster the democracy’, the West began to export Western journalism ideology (Kumar, 2006, p. 1).
Since then, the exportation of Western journalism ideology is ongoing, but has raised several questions. There are both positive and negative reactions regarding it. Some welcome it as an opportunity and optimistic effort for change, development and prosperity while other argue it as a new form of colonization through soft power. In this piece of writing, I have attempted to discuss on - to what extent non-Western countries desired to import Western journalism ideology. In order to discover some practical difficulties during the foreign involvement in a journalism programme, I have chosen NLA University College’s media development project in Ethiopia.
information for large number of audience, have created a new media practice in addition to
print and broadcast media – the digital media or the new media. The new digital setting has
added number of ethical dilemmas for journalists. Journalists working in digital platforms
inherently have embrace the same dilemmas that other contemporary journalists have always
faced. Accompanying that, they now have some new dilemmas also.
1990, and most of its citizens were not
permitted to go abroad freely, except
neighboring India.