Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) have recently drawn the attention of the low-temperature detec... more Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) have recently drawn the attention of the low-temperature detectors community. High sensitivity, low fabrication complexity, small time constant and most notably the intrinsic capability of frequency multiplexed readout open new possibilities for experiments which need large format arrays of ultra sensitive light detectors. In millimeter Astronomy, the New IRAM KID Array (NIKA) instrument is today the most beautiful demonstration of this statement. It is a two bands hundreds-pixels KID based camera permanently installed at the focal plane of the IRAM 30-m telescope of Pico Veleta (Granada, Spain). Thanks to the NIKA observational campaign, we have de nitively demonstrated performances comparable to the state-of-art of bolometers and the instrument is today opened to the astronomers community. This encourages further array scaling and opens the path to next generation kilo-pixels ground-based cameras, like NIKA-2. Moreover, the will to extend KID tec...
INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy Large-mass arrays of bolometers proved to be good detectors for... more INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy Large-mass arrays of bolometers proved to be good detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νDBD) and Dark Matter searches. CUORE and LUCIFER are bolometric 0νDBD experiments that will start to take data in 2015 at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The sensitivity of CUORE to 0νDBD could be increased by removing the dominant source of background, due to α particles, exploiting the small amount of Cherenkov light emitted by the β (signal) and not by αs. LUCIFER could be extended to search also for Dark Matter interactions, provided that an efficient rejection of β /γ background in the energy region of interest (below 10 keV) can be obtained using the simultaneous detection of heat and scintillation signals. The interest in sensitive cryogenic light detectors gave birth to the CALDER project, that aims at the development of detectors with an active area of 5 × 5 cm2 (the face of typical bolometric crystals), operating in a wide temper...
CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta... more CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos and discover Lepton Number Violation in the so-called inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass. CUPID will be built on experience, expertise and lessons learned in CUORE, and will exploit the current CUORE infrastructure as much as possible. In order to achieve its ambitious science goals, CUPID aims to dramatically reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest introducing a high efficiently $\alpha$/$\beta$ discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus, $^{100}$Mo. This document describe the main concepts related with the design of the CUPID experiment and indicates the projected sensitivities and the global scientific goal of the experiment.
The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first bolometric experiment ... more The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first bolometric experiment reaching the 1-ton scale. The detector consists of an array of 988 TeO2 crystals arranged in 19 towers. The construction of the experiment and the installation of the detector was completed in August 2016. In this paper, the technical challenges of the construction, the design choices and measured performance of the electronic instrumentation are presented.
Localization and modeling of radioactive contaminations is a challenge that ultra-low background ... more Localization and modeling of radioactive contaminations is a challenge that ultra-low background experiments are constantly facing. These are fundamental steps both to extract scientific results and to further reduce the background of the detectors. Here we present an innovative technique based on the analysis of $$\alpha -\alpha $$ α - α delayed coincidences in $${}^{232}$$ 232 Th and $${}^{238}$$ 238 U decay chains, developed to investigate the contaminations of the ZnSe crystals in the CUPID-0 experiment. This method allows to disentangle surface and bulk contaminations of the detectors relying on the different probability to tag delayed coincidences as function of the $$\alpha $$ α decay position.
The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutri... more The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutrino-less double beta decay ($$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β ) in the isotope $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te . In this work we present the latest results on two searches for the double beta decay (DBD) of $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te to the first $$0^{+}_2$$ 0 2 + excited state of $$\mathrm {^{130}Xe}$$ 130 Xe : the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay and the Standard Model-allowed two-neutrinos double beta decay ($$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β ). Both searches are based on a 372.5 kg$$\times $$ × yr TeO$$_2$$ 2 exposure. The de-excitation gamma rays emitted by the excited Xe nucleus in the final state yield a unique signature, which can be searched for with low background by studying coincident events in two or more bolometers. The closely packed arrangement of the CUORE crystals constitutes a significant advantage in this regard. The median limit setting sensitivities at 90% Credible Interv...
CUPID-0 is the first pilot experiment of CUPID, a next-generation project searching for neutrinol... more CUPID-0 is the first pilot experiment of CUPID, a next-generation project searching for neutrinoless double beta decay. In its first scientific run, CUPID-0 operated 26 ZnSe cryogenic calorimeters coupled to light detectors in the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. In this work, we analyzed a ZnSe exposure of 11.34 kg year to search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{70}$$70Zn and for the neutrinoless positron-emitting electron capture of $$^{64}$$64Zn. We found no evidence for these decays and set 90$$\%$$% credible interval limits of $$\hbox {T}_{1/2}^{0\nu \beta \beta }$$T1/20νββ($$^{70}$$70Zn) > 1.6 $$10^{21}$$1021 year and $$\hbox {T}_{1/2}^{0\nu EC \beta +}$$T1/20νECβ+($$^{64}$$64Zn) > 1.2$$\times 10^{22}$$×1022 year, surpassing by more than one order of magnitude the previous experimental results (Belli et al. in J Phys G 38(11):115107, https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/38/11/115107, 2011).
CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a ton-scale experiment aiming to the... more CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a ton-scale experiment aiming to the search of neutrino-less double beta decay in 130Te with a projected sensitivity on the Majorana effective mass close to the inverted hierarchy region. The CUORE detector consists of a segmented array of 988 TeO2 bolometers, organized in 19 towers and operated at a temperature of about 10 mK thanks to a custom cryogenic system which, besides the uncommon scale, observes several constraints from the radio-purity of the materials to the mechanical decoupling of the cooling systems. The successful commissioning of the CUORE cryogenic system has been completed early in 2016 and represents an outstanding achievement by itself. The installation of the detector proceeded along 2016 followed by the cooldown to base temperature at the beginning of 2017. The CUORE detector is now operational and has been taking science data since Spring 2017. With the first ~3 weeks of collected data, we present h...
TeO2 bolometers have been used for many years to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in [Fo... more TeO2 bolometers have been used for many years to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in [Formula: see text]Te. CUORE, a tonne-scale TeO2 detector array, recently published the most sensitive limit on the half-life, [Formula: see text] yr, which corresponds to an upper bound of 140–400 meV on the effective Majorana mass of the neutrino. While it makes CUORE a world-leading experiment looking for neutrinoless double beta decay, it is not the only study that CUORE will contribute to in the field of nuclear and particle physics. As already done over the years with many small-scale experiments, CUORE will investigate both rare decays (such as the two-neutrino double beta decay of [Formula: see text]Te and the hypothesized electron capture in [Formula: see text]Te), and rare processes (e.g. dark matter and axion interactions). This paper describes some of the achievements of past experiments that used TeO2 bolometers, and perspectives for CUORE.
Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) have recently drawn the attention of the low-temperature detec... more Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) have recently drawn the attention of the low-temperature detectors community. High sensitivity, low fabrication complexity, small time constant and most notably the intrinsic capability of frequency multiplexed readout open new possibilities for experiments which need large format arrays of ultra sensitive light detectors. In millimeter Astronomy, the New IRAM KID Array (NIKA) instrument is today the most beautiful demonstration of this statement. It is a two bands hundreds-pixels KID based camera permanently installed at the focal plane of the IRAM 30-m telescope of Pico Veleta (Granada, Spain). Thanks to the NIKA observational campaign, we have de nitively demonstrated performances comparable to the state-of-art of bolometers and the instrument is today opened to the astronomers community. This encourages further array scaling and opens the path to next generation kilo-pixels ground-based cameras, like NIKA-2. Moreover, the will to extend KID tec...
INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy Large-mass arrays of bolometers proved to be good detectors for... more INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy Large-mass arrays of bolometers proved to be good detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νDBD) and Dark Matter searches. CUORE and LUCIFER are bolometric 0νDBD experiments that will start to take data in 2015 at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The sensitivity of CUORE to 0νDBD could be increased by removing the dominant source of background, due to α particles, exploiting the small amount of Cherenkov light emitted by the β (signal) and not by αs. LUCIFER could be extended to search also for Dark Matter interactions, provided that an efficient rejection of β /γ background in the energy region of interest (below 10 keV) can be obtained using the simultaneous detection of heat and scintillation signals. The interest in sensitive cryogenic light detectors gave birth to the CALDER project, that aims at the development of detectors with an active area of 5 × 5 cm2 (the face of typical bolometric crystals), operating in a wide temper...
CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta... more CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos and discover Lepton Number Violation in the so-called inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass. CUPID will be built on experience, expertise and lessons learned in CUORE, and will exploit the current CUORE infrastructure as much as possible. In order to achieve its ambitious science goals, CUPID aims to dramatically reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest introducing a high efficiently $\alpha$/$\beta$ discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus, $^{100}$Mo. This document describe the main concepts related with the design of the CUPID experiment and indicates the projected sensitivities and the global scientific goal of the experiment.
The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first bolometric experiment ... more The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first bolometric experiment reaching the 1-ton scale. The detector consists of an array of 988 TeO2 crystals arranged in 19 towers. The construction of the experiment and the installation of the detector was completed in August 2016. In this paper, the technical challenges of the construction, the design choices and measured performance of the electronic instrumentation are presented.
Localization and modeling of radioactive contaminations is a challenge that ultra-low background ... more Localization and modeling of radioactive contaminations is a challenge that ultra-low background experiments are constantly facing. These are fundamental steps both to extract scientific results and to further reduce the background of the detectors. Here we present an innovative technique based on the analysis of $$\alpha -\alpha $$ α - α delayed coincidences in $${}^{232}$$ 232 Th and $${}^{238}$$ 238 U decay chains, developed to investigate the contaminations of the ZnSe crystals in the CUPID-0 experiment. This method allows to disentangle surface and bulk contaminations of the detectors relying on the different probability to tag delayed coincidences as function of the $$\alpha $$ α decay position.
The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutri... more The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutrino-less double beta decay ($$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β ) in the isotope $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te . In this work we present the latest results on two searches for the double beta decay (DBD) of $$\mathrm {^{130}Te}$$ 130 Te to the first $$0^{+}_2$$ 0 2 + excited state of $$\mathrm {^{130}Xe}$$ 130 Xe : the $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ 0 ν β β decay and the Standard Model-allowed two-neutrinos double beta decay ($$2\nu \beta \beta $$ 2 ν β β ). Both searches are based on a 372.5 kg$$\times $$ × yr TeO$$_2$$ 2 exposure. The de-excitation gamma rays emitted by the excited Xe nucleus in the final state yield a unique signature, which can be searched for with low background by studying coincident events in two or more bolometers. The closely packed arrangement of the CUORE crystals constitutes a significant advantage in this regard. The median limit setting sensitivities at 90% Credible Interv...
CUPID-0 is the first pilot experiment of CUPID, a next-generation project searching for neutrinol... more CUPID-0 is the first pilot experiment of CUPID, a next-generation project searching for neutrinoless double beta decay. In its first scientific run, CUPID-0 operated 26 ZnSe cryogenic calorimeters coupled to light detectors in the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. In this work, we analyzed a ZnSe exposure of 11.34 kg year to search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{70}$$70Zn and for the neutrinoless positron-emitting electron capture of $$^{64}$$64Zn. We found no evidence for these decays and set 90$$\%$$% credible interval limits of $$\hbox {T}_{1/2}^{0\nu \beta \beta }$$T1/20νββ($$^{70}$$70Zn) > 1.6 $$10^{21}$$1021 year and $$\hbox {T}_{1/2}^{0\nu EC \beta +}$$T1/20νECβ+($$^{64}$$64Zn) > 1.2$$\times 10^{22}$$×1022 year, surpassing by more than one order of magnitude the previous experimental results (Belli et al. in J Phys G 38(11):115107, https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/38/11/115107, 2011).
CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a ton-scale experiment aiming to the... more CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a ton-scale experiment aiming to the search of neutrino-less double beta decay in 130Te with a projected sensitivity on the Majorana effective mass close to the inverted hierarchy region. The CUORE detector consists of a segmented array of 988 TeO2 bolometers, organized in 19 towers and operated at a temperature of about 10 mK thanks to a custom cryogenic system which, besides the uncommon scale, observes several constraints from the radio-purity of the materials to the mechanical decoupling of the cooling systems. The successful commissioning of the CUORE cryogenic system has been completed early in 2016 and represents an outstanding achievement by itself. The installation of the detector proceeded along 2016 followed by the cooldown to base temperature at the beginning of 2017. The CUORE detector is now operational and has been taking science data since Spring 2017. With the first ~3 weeks of collected data, we present h...
TeO2 bolometers have been used for many years to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in [Fo... more TeO2 bolometers have been used for many years to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in [Formula: see text]Te. CUORE, a tonne-scale TeO2 detector array, recently published the most sensitive limit on the half-life, [Formula: see text] yr, which corresponds to an upper bound of 140–400 meV on the effective Majorana mass of the neutrino. While it makes CUORE a world-leading experiment looking for neutrinoless double beta decay, it is not the only study that CUORE will contribute to in the field of nuclear and particle physics. As already done over the years with many small-scale experiments, CUORE will investigate both rare decays (such as the two-neutrino double beta decay of [Formula: see text]Te and the hypothesized electron capture in [Formula: see text]Te), and rare processes (e.g. dark matter and axion interactions). This paper describes some of the achievements of past experiments that used TeO2 bolometers, and perspectives for CUORE.
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