Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections ... more Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections have been recognized as a novel source for yield increments. The use of the diversity in Latin America for novel improved varieties is limited by the knowledge gap regarding field-grown tomatoes. As yield has complex, unresolved trade-offs, agromorphological traits become useful for further improvement. In this study, the development of successive clusters was studied in twenty-four Chilean tomato landraces to elucidate the relationships among agromorphological traits of flowers, inflorescences, and fruits. Plants yielded an average of 3297 g m−2, with a variation coefficient of 0.44. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between yield components and plant phenology. Findings suggested a two-level compensation between average fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits, one on a plant basis and the second on a cluster basis. All traits evaluated had significan...
Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections ... more Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections have been recognized as a novel source for yield increments. The use of the diversity in Latin America for novel improved varieties is limited by the knowledge gap regarding field-grown tomatoes. As yield has complex, unresolved trade-offs, agromorphological traits become useful for further improvement. In this study, the development of successive clusters was studied in twentyfour Chilean tomato landraces to elucidate the relationships among agromorphological traits of flowers, inflorescences, and fruits. Plants yielded an average of 3297 g m −2 , with a variation coefficient of 0.44. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between yield components and plant phenology. Findings suggested a two-level compensation between average fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits, one on a plant basis and the second on a cluster basis. All traits evaluated had significant phenotypic correlations with yield traits. Growing degree days for a cluster to develop had a low negative phenotypic correlation with yield (−0.33***) and a high genetic correlation with the number of clusters (−0.90***). The number of set flowers, as opposed to the number of flowers, was significantly correlated with average fresh fruit weight (−0.17***), supporting the initiation of the trade-off after the fruit set. This study provides new insight into the plant agromorphology of indeterminate plants. In a global climate change context, further study of trade-off relationships is important for identifying genotypes able to sustain their productivity.
Landraces play an important role in agricultural sustainability, food security and the future cro... more Landraces play an important role in agricultural sustainability, food security and the future crop improvement. Systematic information about agricultural evolution of crops is crucial for the implementation of effective conservation and utilization strategies. Unlike Europe and North America, historical data of crops is less complete in other parts of the world, especially for regions where high diversity of crop genetic resources, such as Chile. In order to contribute to the understanding of Chilean genetic resources dynamics and their conservation, we present the case of tomato landraces, particularly the Limachino tomato. Through an extensive literature review, an overview is presented regarding the tomato origin and diversification, in situ conservation status, the role of the genetic resource’s units and the importance of the integration of the small-scale commercially-oriented tomato farmers in the modern Chile to advance towards a more effective and sustainable landraces con...
En este artículo se analiza la variabilidad fenotípica del maíz en el sitio ... more En este artículo se analiza la variabilidad fenotípica del maíz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparando siete caracteres entre ejemplares pertenecientes a dos períodos: Formativo e Intermedio Tardío (cal. 20-1.020 d.C.). Considerando la antigua relación entre esta especie y diversos grupos humanos en América (ca. 7.500 AP), así como la tendencia generalizada a la disminución de la variabilidad genética como resultado de los procesos de selección y domesticación, es que aquí ponemos a prueba la hipótesis de disminución de la variabilidad fenotípica desde el Formativo al Período IntermedioTardío como consecuencia del manejo antrópico. Los resultados aquí mostrados refutan la hipótesis anterior, describiendo un panorama inverso: de acuerdo al Análisis de Componentes Principales, la longitud es el atributo que presenta la transformaci&oacu...
E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):... more E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3): 353-368. The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modifi ed (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefi ts, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the situation of ties crops in Chile. Key words: Genetically modifi ed organisms, regulatory framework, intellectual property,...
Big-vein disease (BVD) is a widespread and economically damaging disease in lettuce (Lactuca sati... more Big-vein disease (BVD) is a widespread and economically damaging disease in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Typical symptoms are chlorotic clearing around leaf veins, leaf deformations, and impaired head development. In this research, we studied the relationship between symptom intensity and protein and viral RNA accumulation in infected plants. Naturally infected lettuce plants, from the field or greenhouse, were classified according to their symptomatology: mild, moderate, severe, and symptomless. Coat protein accumulation was evaluated by a double antibody sandwich/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), and RNA levels were studied by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR. Virus coat protein accumulation did not differ for the two viruses associated with this disease among lettuce plants showing different symptom severity. Similarly, abundance of Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV)-RNA3 or Lettuce big-vein asso...
La generación de organismos genéticamente modificados (OGMs) es, sin lugar a dudas, un nuevo hito... more La generación de organismos genéticamente modificados (OGMs) es, sin lugar a dudas, un nuevo hito científico cuyo impacto genera grandes discusiones dentro de nuestra sociedad. Como tal, el desarrollo de OGMs y su incorporación a diversos ámbitos del quehacer humano, constituyen actividades no exentas de polémica y debate, lo que alcanza a variadas áreas de la sociedad. El mundo de los OGM representa un conjunto de nuevos organismos que han sido obtenidos a través de la utilización de ingeniería genética; de esta forma, los OGMs poseen una modificación puntual de su genoma. Es posible encontrar OGMs en áreas tan diversas como la de los microorganismos, peces, plantas e incluso animales. Sin embargo, dadas las evidentes diferencias en sus características biológicas, resulta evidente que agruparlos, analizarlos, y evaluarlos de forma conjunta o general no es posible. De forma consecuente a ello, esta Guía Metodológica de Evaluación de Riesgo Ambiental está referida solo al sector de l...
E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):... more E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3): 353-368. The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modifi ed (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefi ts, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the situation of ties crops in Chile.
Since 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care... more Since 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care and all economic activities, including agriculture. No protection and/or planning actions ruled the country that achieved a high GDP (US$14 ,510/year, per capita) respect to other Latino American countries, but also a very unequal salary distribution (Gini coefficient=0.54). It also achieved a worst land property distribution (Gini coef.=0.95 in some regions). Small-scale landowners received limited financial aid, they sold lands mainly re-oriented to monocultures for exportation markets. Farmers became rather workers of a growing agro-industry. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa) a highly nutritive crop, cultivated since the last 7 thousand years in the Andes almost disappeared during the conquest but it was transmitted by ancient Incas to Chilean cultures, people living in very different agro-ecological contexts from 18oS (Altiplano) to 41oS (Chiloe Island). The crop was maintained in Chile ...
En este articulo se analiza la variabilidad fenotipica del maiz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparan... more En este articulo se analiza la variabilidad fenotipica del maiz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparando siete caracteres entre ejemplares pertenecientes a dos periodos: Formativo e Intermedio Tardio (cal. 20-1.020 d.C.). Considerando la antigua relacion entre esta especie y diversos grupos humanos en America (ca. 7.500 AP), asi como la tendencia generalizada a la disminucion de la variabilidad genetica como resultado de los procesos de seleccion y domesticacion, es que aqui ponemos a prueba la hipotesis de disminucion de la variabilidad fenotipica desde el Formativo al Periodo IntermedioTardio como consecuencia del manejo antropico. Los resultados aqui mostrados refutan la hipotesis anterior, describiendo un panorama inverso: de acuerdo al Analisis de Componentes Principales, la longitud es el atributo que presenta la transformacion mas intensa entre estos dos periodos, ampliando considerablemente su rango superior e incrementando la variabilidad alcanzada en el Formativo. Estos resulta...
Germplasm collection and characterization is essential for plant breeding. Chile holds a collecti... more Germplasm collection and characterization is essential for plant breeding. Chile holds a collection of 347 Vitis accessions at Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Platina, that have been successfully used to develop new table grape cultivars such as Maylen®. Located in the central valley of Chile, a section of the Vitis collection was characterized for two consecutive seasons for phenology as well as fruit quality parameters at harvest. In terms of phenology, the collections can be grouped in four main clusters, with a higher representation of individuals at the middle and late timing. Fruit phenotyping showed significant differences among wine and table grapes for cluster and berry weight, seed number and fresh seed weight, polar and equatorial diameters, as well as the ratio among these parameters. Interestingly, rachis weight, a novel parameter associated with fruit storage capacity, did not show differences among groups. Other novel traits, such as the combination of ...
Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections ... more Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections have been recognized as a novel source for yield increments. The use of the diversity in Latin America for novel improved varieties is limited by the knowledge gap regarding field-grown tomatoes. As yield has complex, unresolved trade-offs, agromorphological traits become useful for further improvement. In this study, the development of successive clusters was studied in twenty-four Chilean tomato landraces to elucidate the relationships among agromorphological traits of flowers, inflorescences, and fruits. Plants yielded an average of 3297 g m−2, with a variation coefficient of 0.44. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between yield components and plant phenology. Findings suggested a two-level compensation between average fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits, one on a plant basis and the second on a cluster basis. All traits evaluated had significan...
Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections ... more Nowadays, increments in tomato yield seem to have reached a plateau. Tomato genebank collections have been recognized as a novel source for yield increments. The use of the diversity in Latin America for novel improved varieties is limited by the knowledge gap regarding field-grown tomatoes. As yield has complex, unresolved trade-offs, agromorphological traits become useful for further improvement. In this study, the development of successive clusters was studied in twentyfour Chilean tomato landraces to elucidate the relationships among agromorphological traits of flowers, inflorescences, and fruits. Plants yielded an average of 3297 g m −2 , with a variation coefficient of 0.44. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between yield components and plant phenology. Findings suggested a two-level compensation between average fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits, one on a plant basis and the second on a cluster basis. All traits evaluated had significant phenotypic correlations with yield traits. Growing degree days for a cluster to develop had a low negative phenotypic correlation with yield (−0.33***) and a high genetic correlation with the number of clusters (−0.90***). The number of set flowers, as opposed to the number of flowers, was significantly correlated with average fresh fruit weight (−0.17***), supporting the initiation of the trade-off after the fruit set. This study provides new insight into the plant agromorphology of indeterminate plants. In a global climate change context, further study of trade-off relationships is important for identifying genotypes able to sustain their productivity.
Landraces play an important role in agricultural sustainability, food security and the future cro... more Landraces play an important role in agricultural sustainability, food security and the future crop improvement. Systematic information about agricultural evolution of crops is crucial for the implementation of effective conservation and utilization strategies. Unlike Europe and North America, historical data of crops is less complete in other parts of the world, especially for regions where high diversity of crop genetic resources, such as Chile. In order to contribute to the understanding of Chilean genetic resources dynamics and their conservation, we present the case of tomato landraces, particularly the Limachino tomato. Through an extensive literature review, an overview is presented regarding the tomato origin and diversification, in situ conservation status, the role of the genetic resource’s units and the importance of the integration of the small-scale commercially-oriented tomato farmers in the modern Chile to advance towards a more effective and sustainable landraces con...
En este artículo se analiza la variabilidad fenotípica del maíz en el sitio ... more En este artículo se analiza la variabilidad fenotípica del maíz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparando siete caracteres entre ejemplares pertenecientes a dos períodos: Formativo e Intermedio Tardío (cal. 20-1.020 d.C.). Considerando la antigua relación entre esta especie y diversos grupos humanos en América (ca. 7.500 AP), así como la tendencia generalizada a la disminución de la variabilidad genética como resultado de los procesos de selección y domesticación, es que aquí ponemos a prueba la hipótesis de disminución de la variabilidad fenotípica desde el Formativo al Período IntermedioTardío como consecuencia del manejo antrópico. Los resultados aquí mostrados refutan la hipótesis anterior, describiendo un panorama inverso: de acuerdo al Análisis de Componentes Principales, la longitud es el atributo que presenta la transformaci&oacu...
E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):... more E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3): 353-368. The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modifi ed (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefi ts, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the situation of ties crops in Chile. Key words: Genetically modifi ed organisms, regulatory framework, intellectual property,...
Big-vein disease (BVD) is a widespread and economically damaging disease in lettuce (Lactuca sati... more Big-vein disease (BVD) is a widespread and economically damaging disease in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Typical symptoms are chlorotic clearing around leaf veins, leaf deformations, and impaired head development. In this research, we studied the relationship between symptom intensity and protein and viral RNA accumulation in infected plants. Naturally infected lettuce plants, from the field or greenhouse, were classified according to their symptomatology: mild, moderate, severe, and symptomless. Coat protein accumulation was evaluated by a double antibody sandwich/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), and RNA levels were studied by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR. Virus coat protein accumulation did not differ for the two viruses associated with this disease among lettuce plants showing different symptom severity. Similarly, abundance of Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV)-RNA3 or Lettuce big-vein asso...
La generación de organismos genéticamente modificados (OGMs) es, sin lugar a dudas, un nuevo hito... more La generación de organismos genéticamente modificados (OGMs) es, sin lugar a dudas, un nuevo hito científico cuyo impacto genera grandes discusiones dentro de nuestra sociedad. Como tal, el desarrollo de OGMs y su incorporación a diversos ámbitos del quehacer humano, constituyen actividades no exentas de polémica y debate, lo que alcanza a variadas áreas de la sociedad. El mundo de los OGM representa un conjunto de nuevos organismos que han sido obtenidos a través de la utilización de ingeniería genética; de esta forma, los OGMs poseen una modificación puntual de su genoma. Es posible encontrar OGMs en áreas tan diversas como la de los microorganismos, peces, plantas e incluso animales. Sin embargo, dadas las evidentes diferencias en sus características biológicas, resulta evidente que agruparlos, analizarlos, y evaluarlos de forma conjunta o general no es posible. De forma consecuente a ello, esta Guía Metodológica de Evaluación de Riesgo Ambiental está referida solo al sector de l...
E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3):... more E. Salazar, and G. Montenegro. 2009. Genetically modifi ed crops in Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(3): 353-368. The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modifi ed (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefi ts, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the situation of ties crops in Chile.
Since 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care... more Since 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care and all economic activities, including agriculture. No protection and/or planning actions ruled the country that achieved a high GDP (US$14 ,510/year, per capita) respect to other Latino American countries, but also a very unequal salary distribution (Gini coefficient=0.54). It also achieved a worst land property distribution (Gini coef.=0.95 in some regions). Small-scale landowners received limited financial aid, they sold lands mainly re-oriented to monocultures for exportation markets. Farmers became rather workers of a growing agro-industry. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa) a highly nutritive crop, cultivated since the last 7 thousand years in the Andes almost disappeared during the conquest but it was transmitted by ancient Incas to Chilean cultures, people living in very different agro-ecological contexts from 18oS (Altiplano) to 41oS (Chiloe Island). The crop was maintained in Chile ...
En este articulo se analiza la variabilidad fenotipica del maiz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparan... more En este articulo se analiza la variabilidad fenotipica del maiz en el sitio Caserones-1, comparando siete caracteres entre ejemplares pertenecientes a dos periodos: Formativo e Intermedio Tardio (cal. 20-1.020 d.C.). Considerando la antigua relacion entre esta especie y diversos grupos humanos en America (ca. 7.500 AP), asi como la tendencia generalizada a la disminucion de la variabilidad genetica como resultado de los procesos de seleccion y domesticacion, es que aqui ponemos a prueba la hipotesis de disminucion de la variabilidad fenotipica desde el Formativo al Periodo IntermedioTardio como consecuencia del manejo antropico. Los resultados aqui mostrados refutan la hipotesis anterior, describiendo un panorama inverso: de acuerdo al Analisis de Componentes Principales, la longitud es el atributo que presenta la transformacion mas intensa entre estos dos periodos, ampliando considerablemente su rango superior e incrementando la variabilidad alcanzada en el Formativo. Estos resulta...
Germplasm collection and characterization is essential for plant breeding. Chile holds a collecti... more Germplasm collection and characterization is essential for plant breeding. Chile holds a collection of 347 Vitis accessions at Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Platina, that have been successfully used to develop new table grape cultivars such as Maylen®. Located in the central valley of Chile, a section of the Vitis collection was characterized for two consecutive seasons for phenology as well as fruit quality parameters at harvest. In terms of phenology, the collections can be grouped in four main clusters, with a higher representation of individuals at the middle and late timing. Fruit phenotyping showed significant differences among wine and table grapes for cluster and berry weight, seed number and fresh seed weight, polar and equatorial diameters, as well as the ratio among these parameters. Interestingly, rachis weight, a novel parameter associated with fruit storage capacity, did not show differences among groups. Other novel traits, such as the combination of ...
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