Ivan Varriale
I was born in Naples in 1974, I hold degrees in Conservation of Cultural Heritage from the University Suor Orsola Benincasa of Naples and in Classical Archaeology from the University of Basilicata.A specialist of Roman wall-painting, I was adjunct professor of "Classical Archaeology" at the University Suor Orsola Benincasa of Naples (2009-2010), Visiting Researcher at the University of Tokyo (from 2004 to 2009), German Archaeological Institute fellow (2011) and Fritz Thyssen Stiftung postdoctoral fellow (Förderung italienischer Nachwuchswissenschaftler an deutschen Institutionen in Italien, 2013). From 2004 to 2009 I was Technical Director (SOA OS25, OS2) of the restoration company Euris srl. I have been member or consultant in numerous international scientific projects and excavations since 1997, most recently serving as scientific director of excavation and restoration projects linked to the Grande Progetto Pompeii. I am currently the Technical Director (SOA OS25, OS2) of the restoration company Omnia Restauri srl. I’m member of the Venus Pompeiana Project (VPP). It is a collaboration between the University of Missouri-Columbia and Mount Allison University, under the auspices of the Pompeii Archaeological Park, to resume study of the Sanctuary of Venus at Pompeii. I’m Vice-president of the INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY (I.R.I.A.E.) I’m codirector of the archaeological excavation of the Tobiotsuka Kofun (Mound tomb) in Japan, the core activity of the Project BE-ARCHAEO Archaeology and Science from the excavation to the restoration of the archaeological find (European H2020 MSCA RISE 2018 ). It is an International Project financed by EU and Japan Foundation, that involves the Okayama University, Turin University, IRIAE, University of Lisboa. I'm member of Expeditions of Italian Ministry of Foreign Affair in the context of the cooperation between Italy and Japan since 2017 and Director of the expedition in Tokyo: “Study, reconstruction and conservation of the Historical Garden of the Italian Embassy in Tokyo” and “Edo Castle Mission”.
I am the founder of Archeologia a Napoli (Archaeology in Naples) born with the aim of financing independent scientific research in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage, and the editor of the series "Enolibro, pagine da bere" published by Valtrend.
I am the founder of Archeologia a Napoli (Archaeology in Naples) born with the aim of financing independent scientific research in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage, and the editor of the series "Enolibro, pagine da bere" published by Valtrend.
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Books by Ivan Varriale
Oltre all'aspetto culturale, il vino e la produzione vinicola hanno da sempre costituito una fonte di economia. La tradizione enologica della Campania durante il periodo romano si perfezionò grazie a sofisticate tecniche ancor oggi in uso e diffuse in tutta Europa; di esse già parlavano antichi trattatisti come Catone, Varrone, Columella e l'enciclopedista Plinio. Attraverso la lettura di alcuni passi scelti di autori che tanto hanno tessuto le lodi della Campania non proponiamo un manuale sulla viticoltura, ma un libro che invita alla conoscenza di questa terra straordinaria.
Papers by Ivan Varriale
As we will see, with the birth of the empire, the ideal boundary between the spheres of otium and negotium became vague and began to break down, because the emperor could not remain outside political life. Therefore social and political procedures, ceremonial events and imperial luxury began to be manifested both on the Palatine and in extra-urban residences, within architectural complexes enriched with innovative, singular elements that reflect this change and the new
concept of otium as an instrument of power.
Zeit. Die Ausgrabung der Cryptoporticus wurde von Prof. F. MARAZZI von der Suor Orsola Benincasa
und von Dr. E. ANGELO STANCO Caserta e Benevento durchgeführt. In den Siedlungsschichten der Cryptoporticus Anzahl von fragmentarisch erhaltener Wandmalerei. Die noch unvollendete Untersuchung der Malereifragmente
hat es bereits ermöglicht, die Gestaltung einiger Decken nachzuvollziehen. Insbesondere hat man die
gesamte Dekoration eines 4 x 4 m großen Raums rekonstruieren können. Es handelt sich um eine Decke, die
mit einem Quadrat dekoriert ist, das von Oktogonen umgeben wird, die wiederum in Hexagone unterteilt
Die kürzlich entdeckten Malereifragmente deuten auf die Präsenz einer luxuriösen domus hin, die möglicherweise
der Senatorenfamilie Aedii oder Granii gehörte.
Pompeii, supervised by Emmanuele Curti, of the “Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia di Matera”.
The analysis of the pictorial remains (in situ and from the excavation) has permitted partial reconstruction of two
decorative systems and to recognize at least one more. Such systems are related to the first monumental phase of the
sanctuary of Venus.
Toward the 130/120 B.C., the sacred area was redefined following the new models of ‘Hellenistic’ sanctuaries, in the
context of the renovation of the public areas of Pompeii. The complex is structured with an axial temple surrounded
by porticos and developed over two terraces. A peculiarity of the sanctuary is the presence, on the lower terrace and on
axis with the temple, of a platform (presumably with the altar), delimited on the western side by a court marked by
the presence of canals and, on the eastern side, by a space or room with a cistern. A few decades later this complex was
completely destroyed and obliterated (probably under the Sullan re-foundation).
The decorative schemes are partially restorable and there are unfortunately missing elements that can provide a full
evidence of the decorations, such as the treatment of the angles of the walls, useful to assign the decorations to one of
the ‘Laidlaw types’.
Nevertheless, the single elements of two systems are very similar to decorations found in other Italian and, above all,
Pompeian contexts. The proximity to some Pompeian walls and the ‘attitude of verticality’, typical of the Italic decorations,
allows us to date the decorations of the temple of Venus in the phase in which the so-called Pompeian First
Style has completed its evolution.
In this context we have to insert the exceptional discovery of the ceiling, which reproduces wooden ceiling; it does not
have any parallel in the Pompeian First Style decorative system.
Oltre all'aspetto culturale, il vino e la produzione vinicola hanno da sempre costituito una fonte di economia. La tradizione enologica della Campania durante il periodo romano si perfezionò grazie a sofisticate tecniche ancor oggi in uso e diffuse in tutta Europa; di esse già parlavano antichi trattatisti come Catone, Varrone, Columella e l'enciclopedista Plinio. Attraverso la lettura di alcuni passi scelti di autori che tanto hanno tessuto le lodi della Campania non proponiamo un manuale sulla viticoltura, ma un libro che invita alla conoscenza di questa terra straordinaria.
As we will see, with the birth of the empire, the ideal boundary between the spheres of otium and negotium became vague and began to break down, because the emperor could not remain outside political life. Therefore social and political procedures, ceremonial events and imperial luxury began to be manifested both on the Palatine and in extra-urban residences, within architectural complexes enriched with innovative, singular elements that reflect this change and the new
concept of otium as an instrument of power.
Zeit. Die Ausgrabung der Cryptoporticus wurde von Prof. F. MARAZZI von der Suor Orsola Benincasa
und von Dr. E. ANGELO STANCO Caserta e Benevento durchgeführt. In den Siedlungsschichten der Cryptoporticus Anzahl von fragmentarisch erhaltener Wandmalerei. Die noch unvollendete Untersuchung der Malereifragmente
hat es bereits ermöglicht, die Gestaltung einiger Decken nachzuvollziehen. Insbesondere hat man die
gesamte Dekoration eines 4 x 4 m großen Raums rekonstruieren können. Es handelt sich um eine Decke, die
mit einem Quadrat dekoriert ist, das von Oktogonen umgeben wird, die wiederum in Hexagone unterteilt
Die kürzlich entdeckten Malereifragmente deuten auf die Präsenz einer luxuriösen domus hin, die möglicherweise
der Senatorenfamilie Aedii oder Granii gehörte.
Pompeii, supervised by Emmanuele Curti, of the “Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia di Matera”.
The analysis of the pictorial remains (in situ and from the excavation) has permitted partial reconstruction of two
decorative systems and to recognize at least one more. Such systems are related to the first monumental phase of the
sanctuary of Venus.
Toward the 130/120 B.C., the sacred area was redefined following the new models of ‘Hellenistic’ sanctuaries, in the
context of the renovation of the public areas of Pompeii. The complex is structured with an axial temple surrounded
by porticos and developed over two terraces. A peculiarity of the sanctuary is the presence, on the lower terrace and on
axis with the temple, of a platform (presumably with the altar), delimited on the western side by a court marked by
the presence of canals and, on the eastern side, by a space or room with a cistern. A few decades later this complex was
completely destroyed and obliterated (probably under the Sullan re-foundation).
The decorative schemes are partially restorable and there are unfortunately missing elements that can provide a full
evidence of the decorations, such as the treatment of the angles of the walls, useful to assign the decorations to one of
the ‘Laidlaw types’.
Nevertheless, the single elements of two systems are very similar to decorations found in other Italian and, above all,
Pompeian contexts. The proximity to some Pompeian walls and the ‘attitude of verticality’, typical of the Italic decorations,
allows us to date the decorations of the temple of Venus in the phase in which the so-called Pompeian First
Style has completed its evolution.
In this context we have to insert the exceptional discovery of the ceiling, which reproduces wooden ceiling; it does not
have any parallel in the Pompeian First Style decorative system.
After a pilot season in 2017, a full-scale excavation was launched in 2018 thanks to generous funding provided by the AIA Cotsen Excavation Grant. Our research design called for the reopening of old trenches previously excavated in the temple court (Trenches IIS and IIN), which had already revealed a sample of the complete sequence of occupation of the open area east of the podium, including direct stratigraphic relationship between its various floors and the foundations of the east colonnade of the sanctuary, and for which part of the original archival data was also available. We resurveyed standing features and exposed stratigraphic sections employing both traditional total station and rich data capture in the form of photogrammetric (image based) modeling, while reanalyzing the existing descriptive record of each unit. Furthermore, we continued the investigations below the levels reached by the previous excavators. The relevant ceramic materials and coins were retrieved from the Soprintendenza storage in order to be restudied, thus complementing the old data with the new finds. In addition, new trenches (Trenches A and B), were opened under the east portico to better define the layout
and clarify the function of architectural features that had been exposed below the monumental phase. The construction sequence of the podium and ancillary structures was also documented, laying the groundwork for future conservation work.
The initial results contribute significantly to the broader debate about the urban development of the so-called Altstadt of Pompeii and the Samnite-to-Roman transition at the site. Most notably, we identified a N–S street running across the entire extent of the east court. The street, which most likely branched off from Via Marina, was certainly in use through the second century B.C.E., separating two distinct city blocks occupied by structures. This layout was completely obliterated in order to make room for the triporticus and temple, for which we confirm the post-80 B.C.E. date, thus demonstrating the impact of the Roman conquest on the religious landscape of Pompeii.