Presence of Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water has become a major concern
worldwide because... more Presence of Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water has become a major concern worldwide because of their adverse health impacts. These THMs are formed due to reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter and other precursors found in water. This study aims at establishing the concentration range of THMs in drinking water supplies. The concentrations of THMs (274-511 μg/l) found to be much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards and WHO guidelines. The study also revealed that amongst various THMs, contribution of chloroform was highest (93.07-98.9%) followed by other THMs. Correlation study delineated that TOC, DOC and UV254 are the main organic precursors responsible for the formation of THMs in drinking water. Bromoform was not detected in the water which can be attributed to the absence of bromide in raw water. Pearson correlation matrix revealed that pH and temperature have also significant and definite correlation (r = 0.767 and 0.945, respectively) with the THMs.
The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, ... more The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from supply water of five WTPs were analysed. THMs concentration varied from plant to plant and was found to be in the range of 0.274–0.511 mg/l, which is much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards of 0.080 mg/l. Chloroform was the most dominant THM followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM). Cancer risk analysis through multi- pathways exposure reveals that residents had a higher cancer risk through oral ingestion than other two routes of exposure. The lifetime cancer risks of THMs from supply water were 100 times higher than prescribed USEPA guidelines. The higher cancer risk found for Indian context than those reported for other countries like USA, UK, Japan, Australia, is mainly due to the higher concentration level of THMs, water intake and average body weight. The study also revealed that amongst different THMs, chloroform is the major THMs causing cancer risk through both oral and dermal route of exposure whereas in case of inhalation it was mainly because of BDCM. Average lifetime cancer risk analysis indicated that females are more prone to cancer risk than males. Oral ingestion is a major route indicating the potential impact of non-cancer risk while it was insignificant through dermal exposure. Sensitivity analysis of THMs revealed that chloroform is the predominant parameter followed by body weight and exposure duration influencing cancer risk.
Presence of Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water has become a major concern
worldwide because... more Presence of Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water has become a major concern worldwide because of their adverse health impacts. These THMs are formed due to reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter and other precursors found in water. This study aims at establishing the concentration range of THMs in drinking water supplies. The concentrations of THMs (274-511 μg/l) found to be much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards and WHO guidelines. The study also revealed that amongst various THMs, contribution of chloroform was highest (93.07-98.9%) followed by other THMs. Correlation study delineated that TOC, DOC and UV254 are the main organic precursors responsible for the formation of THMs in drinking water. Bromoform was not detected in the water which can be attributed to the absence of bromide in raw water. Pearson correlation matrix revealed that pH and temperature have also significant and definite correlation (r = 0.767 and 0.945, respectively) with the THMs.
The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, ... more The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from supply water of five WTPs were analysed. THMs concentration varied from plant to plant and was found to be in the range of 0.274–0.511 mg/l, which is much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards of 0.080 mg/l. Chloroform was the most dominant THM followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM). Cancer risk analysis through multi- pathways exposure reveals that residents had a higher cancer risk through oral ingestion than other two routes of exposure. The lifetime cancer risks of THMs from supply water were 100 times higher than prescribed USEPA guidelines. The higher cancer risk found for Indian context than those reported for other countries like USA, UK, Japan, Australia, is mainly due to the higher concentration level of THMs, water intake and average body weight. The study also revealed that amongst different THMs, chloroform is the major THMs causing cancer risk through both oral and dermal route of exposure whereas in case of inhalation it was mainly because of BDCM. Average lifetime cancer risk analysis indicated that females are more prone to cancer risk than males. Oral ingestion is a major route indicating the potential impact of non-cancer risk while it was insignificant through dermal exposure. Sensitivity analysis of THMs revealed that chloroform is the predominant parameter followed by body weight and exposure duration influencing cancer risk.
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worldwide because of their adverse health impacts. These THMs are formed due to reaction of
chlorine with natural organic matter and other precursors found in water. This study aims at
establishing the concentration range of THMs in drinking water supplies. The concentrations of
THMs (274-511 μg/l) found to be much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards and WHO
guidelines. The study also revealed that amongst various THMs, contribution of chloroform was
highest (93.07-98.9%) followed by other THMs. Correlation study delineated that TOC, DOC
and UV254 are the main organic precursors responsible for the formation of THMs in drinking
water. Bromoform was not detected in the water which can be attributed to the absence of
bromide in raw water. Pearson correlation matrix revealed that pH and temperature have also
significant and definite correlation (r = 0.767 and 0.945, respectively) with the THMs.
absorption, and inhalation exposure from supply water of five WTPs were analysed. THMs concentration
varied from plant to plant and was found to be in the range of 0.274–0.511 mg/l, which is much higher than
the prescribed USEPA standards of 0.080 mg/l. Chloroform was the most dominant THM followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM). Cancer risk analysis through multi-
pathways exposure reveals that residents had a higher cancer risk through oral ingestion than other two
routes of exposure. The lifetime cancer risks of THMs from supply water were 100 times higher than
prescribed USEPA guidelines. The higher cancer risk found for Indian context than those reported for
other countries like USA, UK, Japan, Australia, is mainly due to the higher concentration level of THMs,
water intake and average body weight. The study also revealed that amongst different THMs, chloroform
is the major THMs causing cancer risk through both oral and dermal route of exposure whereas in case of
inhalation it was mainly because of BDCM. Average lifetime cancer risk analysis indicated that females
are more prone to cancer risk than males. Oral ingestion is a major route indicating the potential impact
of non-cancer risk while it was insignificant through dermal exposure. Sensitivity analysis of THMs revealed that chloroform is the predominant parameter followed by body weight and exposure duration influencing cancer risk.
worldwide because of their adverse health impacts. These THMs are formed due to reaction of
chlorine with natural organic matter and other precursors found in water. This study aims at
establishing the concentration range of THMs in drinking water supplies. The concentrations of
THMs (274-511 μg/l) found to be much higher than the prescribed USEPA standards and WHO
guidelines. The study also revealed that amongst various THMs, contribution of chloroform was
highest (93.07-98.9%) followed by other THMs. Correlation study delineated that TOC, DOC
and UV254 are the main organic precursors responsible for the formation of THMs in drinking
water. Bromoform was not detected in the water which can be attributed to the absence of
bromide in raw water. Pearson correlation matrix revealed that pH and temperature have also
significant and definite correlation (r = 0.767 and 0.945, respectively) with the THMs.
absorption, and inhalation exposure from supply water of five WTPs were analysed. THMs concentration
varied from plant to plant and was found to be in the range of 0.274–0.511 mg/l, which is much higher than
the prescribed USEPA standards of 0.080 mg/l. Chloroform was the most dominant THM followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM). Cancer risk analysis through multi-
pathways exposure reveals that residents had a higher cancer risk through oral ingestion than other two
routes of exposure. The lifetime cancer risks of THMs from supply water were 100 times higher than
prescribed USEPA guidelines. The higher cancer risk found for Indian context than those reported for
other countries like USA, UK, Japan, Australia, is mainly due to the higher concentration level of THMs,
water intake and average body weight. The study also revealed that amongst different THMs, chloroform
is the major THMs causing cancer risk through both oral and dermal route of exposure whereas in case of
inhalation it was mainly because of BDCM. Average lifetime cancer risk analysis indicated that females
are more prone to cancer risk than males. Oral ingestion is a major route indicating the potential impact
of non-cancer risk while it was insignificant through dermal exposure. Sensitivity analysis of THMs revealed that chloroform is the predominant parameter followed by body weight and exposure duration influencing cancer risk.