Ibraheem Shayea is working (2019-2022) as an Assistant and Associate Researcher at Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Electronics
this paper comparing the the performance of different ITU-837 in predicting malaysias' rain a... more this paper comparing the the performance of different ITU-837 in predicting malaysias' rain attenuation CCDF.
Comparative study of the performance of different ITU model in predicting Malaysia tropical clima... more Comparative study of the performance of different ITU model in predicting Malaysia tropical climate properties.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region w... more In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region was studied and analyzed. Real measurement was collected, with a path length of 300 meters, for a (5G) radio linkage in Malaysia, installed at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru campus. The employed system entails an Ericsson MINI-Link 38 E-0.6 mm, with a horizontal polarization (HP) antenna at the top integrated with a rain gauge and a data logger. Daily registered samples with a single minute span, for a full study period of 1 month, were collected and evaluated. The obtained rain rate was found as 56 mm/hr with a specific rain attenuation of 18.4 dB/km for 0.01% of the time. In addition to that, a calculated average rain attenuation of 5.5 dB for the transmission path of 300 meters length, was calculated. Based on these findings, a recommendation to update the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification of the rain attenuation for Malaysia is proposed. Ba...
Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommun... more Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommunications industry has been debating whether 5G is an “evolution” or “revolution” from the previous legacy mobile networks, but now that 5G has been commercially available for the past few years, the research direction has recently shifted towards the upcoming generation of mobile communication system, known as the sixth generation (6G), which is expected to drastically provide significant and evolutionary, if not revolutionary, improvements in mobile networks. The promise of extremely high data rates (in terabits), artificial intelligence (AI), ultra-low latency, near-zero/low energy, and immense connected devices is expected to enhance the connectivity, sustainability, and trustworthiness and provide some new services, such as truly immersive “extended reality” (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and a new generation of entertainment. Sixth generation and its vision are still under res...
This paper analysis and investigate the performance of Mobile Broadband (MBB) cellular networks b... more This paper analysis and investigate the performance of Mobile Broadband (MBB) cellular networks based on the drive tests for suburban areas (at four states) in Malaysia. The data were collected from three main national Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) by using unbranded Samsung Galaxy S6 smartphone handsets, while the period of data collection was between January and February. Two MBB services were considered which are the video streaming and web browsing. For each MNO, the performance data of one MBB service was collected through one a dedicated smartphone. One smartphone was used to browse three different webpages, and One smartphone was employed to stream two YouTube videos with two different resolutions. The study considered four MBB Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), namely: latency, coverage, speed and satisfaction. As per the results, the performance of Fourth Generation (4G) is found superior than that of Third Generation (3G) networks. For instance, a vMOS score of above 3.3...
For dealing with traffic bottlenecks at airports, aircraft object detection is insufficient. Ever... more For dealing with traffic bottlenecks at airports, aircraft object detection is insufficient. Every airport generally has a variety of planes with various physical and technological requirements as well as diverse service requirements. Detecting the presence of new planes will not address all traffic congestion issues. Identifying the type of airplane, on the other hand, will entirely fix the problem because it will offer important information about the plane's technical specifications (i.e., the time it needs to be served and its appropriate place in the airport). Several studies have provided various contributions to address airport traffic jams; however, their ultimate goal was to determine the existence of airplane objects. This paper provides a practical approach to identify the type of airplane in airports depending on the results provided by the airplane detection process using mask region convolution neural network. The key feature employed to identify the type of airplan...
The relevance and impact of probability distributions on image processing are the subject of this... more The relevance and impact of probability distributions on image processing are the subject of this study.It may be characterized as a probability distribution function of brightness for a certain area, which might be a whole picture. To generate a histogram, the probability density function of the brightness is frequently calculated by counting how many times each brightness occurs in the picture region. The brightness average is defined as the sample mean of the brightness of pixels in a certain region. The frequency is shown by the histogram. The histogram has a wide range of uses in image processing. It could, for starters, be used for picture analysis. Second, the functions of an image's brightness and contrast, as well as the final two uses of equalizing and thresholding. Normalizing a histogram is one technique to convert the intensities of discrete distributions to the probability of discrete distribution functions. The technique to equalize the histogram is to control the...
Addressing airport traffic jams is one of the most crucial and challenging tasks in the remote se... more Addressing airport traffic jams is one of the most crucial and challenging tasks in the remote sensing field, especially for the busiest airports. Several solutions have been employed to address this problem depending on the airplane detection process. The most effective solutions are through the use of satellite images with deep learning techniques. Such solutions, however, are significantly costly and require satellites and modern complicated technology which may not be available in most countries worldwide. This paper provides a universal, low cost and fast solution for airplane detection in airports. This paper recommends the use of drones instead of satellites to feed the system with drone images using a proposed deep learning model. Drone images are employed as the dataset to train and evaluate a mask region convolution neural network (RCNN) model. The Mask RCNN model applies faster RCNN as its base configuration with critical modifications on its head neural network construct...
In this paper, an efficient spectrum forecasting model is developed to estimate the required spec... more In this paper, an efficient spectrum forecasting model is developed to estimate the required spectrum and calculate the spectrum gap in future. This developed model is essentially based on five main metrics and one constant. The five main metrics are the currently available spectrum, sites number growth, data traffic growth, average network utilization, and spectrum efficiency growth. The constant metric is considered to give a space for our model to be used in another country or when a new technology is coming. This developed model is then used to forecast the required spectrum and spectrum gap for Malaysia in 2020. The estimation is performed based on the input market data of four main mobile telecommunication operators in Malaysia: Maxis, Celcom, Digi, and U-Mobile. The input data for this model are collected from various sources, such as the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, OpenSignal, Analysys Mason, GSMA, and HUAWEI. The results indicate that by 2020, Malays...
Journal of theoretical and applied information technology, 2014
Although LTE-Advanced system is targeted at enhancing the users’ throughput and increasing connec... more Although LTE-Advanced system is targeted at enhancing the users’ throughput and increasing connection reliability, however user’s mobility tends to degrade the efficiency of the services and applications in terms of throughput degradation and outage probability reduction. Particularly this is during the handover from the source to the target eNBs. Therefore, the Carrier Aggregation (CA) technique is based on different numbers of Components Carrier (CCs) utilizing AMC scheme is implemented in this paper in order to further enhance the system performance. A simple mathematical formulation for user’s throughput and outage probability evaluation are derived and then used in the simulation for random mobility. It has shown that, the integration of CA and AMC (CA-AMC) on the downlink significantly outperforms systems either by employing CA with common Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) or that by implementing NonCA technique with MCSs or AMC scheme in terms of throughput and outage prob...
2019 15th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL), 2019
The future fifth generation (5G) wireless communications support the ultra-dense networks where d... more The future fifth generation (5G) wireless communications support the ultra-dense networks where deployments of a large number of small cells coexist with current 4G networks. However, the dense small cell deployment is facing a technical challenge in mobility management due to the increased number of handovers (HOs), especially in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The increasing probability of HOs may cause HO failure (HOF) or HO ping-pong (HOPP) which degrades the system performance. To solve this problem, we propose a weighted fuzzy self-optimization (WFSO) approach for the optimization of the handover control parameters (HCPs). In this approach, the HO decision relies on three considered attributes: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, traffic load of serving and target base station, and user equipment’s velocity. The self-optimized HCPs, namely the HO margin and time-to-trigger are adjusted according to the current status of these attributes to improve the HO performance. Si...
2018 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO)
Deploying ultra-dense small-cell base stations in the next-generation mobile networks is one of t... more Deploying ultra-dense small-cell base stations in the next-generation mobile networks is one of the most expected approaches to overcome the uncertainty of millimeter wave (mm- wave) communications. Mobility management is a critical issue that requires much concern to achieve seamless and highly reliable connection through user mobility. Handover in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has gained attention, especially when 5G ultradense small cells coexist with the current 4G networks. Handover failure is one of the main issues in mobility, and it can be avoided by adjusting handover control parameters (HCPs): time-to-trigger (TTT) and handover margin (HOM). In this paper, we proposed dynamic HCPs in HetNets (LTE-A and mm-wave networks) with dense small cells. The proposed algorithm was compared with different settings of HCPs for different user mobile speed scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the probability of ping pong handovers and radio link failure, thus improving network performance.
The internet of things (IoT) refers to a framework of interrelated, web associated objects that c... more The internet of things (IoT) refers to a framework of interrelated, web associated objects that can gather and move information over a remote network without human interference. With a quick development in the arrangement of IoT gadgets and expanding want to make medical care more financially savvy, customized, and proactive, IoT is ready to assume a solid function in all perspectives of the healthcare industry. In this context, IoTbased healthcare provides several benefits such as instant and reliable treatment, cost reduction, improved communication, etc. by using different new technologies. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) technologies can enhance the quality of data gathering and data transferring in smart systems. Machine Learning(ML) are put to use at every level of smart healthcare systems. Fog computing reduces communication cost and provides low latency. SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies provide less complex and more f...
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2021
A vital technology in the next-generation cellular network is device-to-device (D2D) communicatio... more A vital technology in the next-generation cellular network is device-to-device (D2D) communication. Cellular user enabled with D2D communication provides high spectral efficiency and further increases the coverage area of the cell, especially for the end-cell users and blind spot areas. However, the implementation of D2D communication increases interference among the cellular and D2D users. In this paper, we proposed a radio resource allocation (RRA) algorithm to manage the interference using fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme and Hungarian algorithm. The proposed algorithm is divided into three parts. First, the FFR scheme allocates different frequency bands among the cell (inner and outer region) for both the cellular and the D2D users to reduce the interference. Second, the Hungarian weighted bipartite matching algorithm is used to allocate the resources to D2D users with the minimum total system interference, while maintaining the total system sum rate. The cellular users s...
The problem of joint power and admission control (JPAC) is a critical issue encountered in underl... more The problem of joint power and admission control (JPAC) is a critical issue encountered in underlay cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Moving forward towards the realization of Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond, where optimization is envisioned to take place in multiple performance dimensions, it is crucially desirable to achieve high sum throughput with low power consumption. In this work, a multi-objective JPAC optimization problem that jointly maximizes the sum throughput and minimizes power consumption in underlay CRNs is formulated. An enhanced swarm intelligence algorithm has been developed by hybridizing two new enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) variants, namely two-phase PSO (TPPSO) and diversity global position binary PSO (DGP-BPSO) variants employed to optimize the multi-objective JPAC problem. The performance of the enhanced swarm intelligence algorithm in terms of convergence speed and stability, while optimizing both the sum throughput and power consumption, is in...
The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fift... more The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evalua...
this paper comparing the the performance of different ITU-837 in predicting malaysias' rain a... more this paper comparing the the performance of different ITU-837 in predicting malaysias' rain attenuation CCDF.
Comparative study of the performance of different ITU model in predicting Malaysia tropical clima... more Comparative study of the performance of different ITU model in predicting Malaysia tropical climate properties.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region w... more In this paper, the effect of heavy rainfall on the propagation of a 38-GHz in a tropical region was studied and analyzed. Real measurement was collected, with a path length of 300 meters, for a (5G) radio linkage in Malaysia, installed at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor Bahru campus. The employed system entails an Ericsson MINI-Link 38 E-0.6 mm, with a horizontal polarization (HP) antenna at the top integrated with a rain gauge and a data logger. Daily registered samples with a single minute span, for a full study period of 1 month, were collected and evaluated. The obtained rain rate was found as 56 mm/hr with a specific rain attenuation of 18.4 dB/km for 0.01% of the time. In addition to that, a calculated average rain attenuation of 5.5 dB for the transmission path of 300 meters length, was calculated. Based on these findings, a recommendation to update the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specification of the rain attenuation for Malaysia is proposed. Ba...
Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommun... more Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommunications industry has been debating whether 5G is an “evolution” or “revolution” from the previous legacy mobile networks, but now that 5G has been commercially available for the past few years, the research direction has recently shifted towards the upcoming generation of mobile communication system, known as the sixth generation (6G), which is expected to drastically provide significant and evolutionary, if not revolutionary, improvements in mobile networks. The promise of extremely high data rates (in terabits), artificial intelligence (AI), ultra-low latency, near-zero/low energy, and immense connected devices is expected to enhance the connectivity, sustainability, and trustworthiness and provide some new services, such as truly immersive “extended reality” (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and a new generation of entertainment. Sixth generation and its vision are still under res...
This paper analysis and investigate the performance of Mobile Broadband (MBB) cellular networks b... more This paper analysis and investigate the performance of Mobile Broadband (MBB) cellular networks based on the drive tests for suburban areas (at four states) in Malaysia. The data were collected from three main national Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) by using unbranded Samsung Galaxy S6 smartphone handsets, while the period of data collection was between January and February. Two MBB services were considered which are the video streaming and web browsing. For each MNO, the performance data of one MBB service was collected through one a dedicated smartphone. One smartphone was used to browse three different webpages, and One smartphone was employed to stream two YouTube videos with two different resolutions. The study considered four MBB Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), namely: latency, coverage, speed and satisfaction. As per the results, the performance of Fourth Generation (4G) is found superior than that of Third Generation (3G) networks. For instance, a vMOS score of above 3.3...
For dealing with traffic bottlenecks at airports, aircraft object detection is insufficient. Ever... more For dealing with traffic bottlenecks at airports, aircraft object detection is insufficient. Every airport generally has a variety of planes with various physical and technological requirements as well as diverse service requirements. Detecting the presence of new planes will not address all traffic congestion issues. Identifying the type of airplane, on the other hand, will entirely fix the problem because it will offer important information about the plane's technical specifications (i.e., the time it needs to be served and its appropriate place in the airport). Several studies have provided various contributions to address airport traffic jams; however, their ultimate goal was to determine the existence of airplane objects. This paper provides a practical approach to identify the type of airplane in airports depending on the results provided by the airplane detection process using mask region convolution neural network. The key feature employed to identify the type of airplan...
The relevance and impact of probability distributions on image processing are the subject of this... more The relevance and impact of probability distributions on image processing are the subject of this study.It may be characterized as a probability distribution function of brightness for a certain area, which might be a whole picture. To generate a histogram, the probability density function of the brightness is frequently calculated by counting how many times each brightness occurs in the picture region. The brightness average is defined as the sample mean of the brightness of pixels in a certain region. The frequency is shown by the histogram. The histogram has a wide range of uses in image processing. It could, for starters, be used for picture analysis. Second, the functions of an image's brightness and contrast, as well as the final two uses of equalizing and thresholding. Normalizing a histogram is one technique to convert the intensities of discrete distributions to the probability of discrete distribution functions. The technique to equalize the histogram is to control the...
Addressing airport traffic jams is one of the most crucial and challenging tasks in the remote se... more Addressing airport traffic jams is one of the most crucial and challenging tasks in the remote sensing field, especially for the busiest airports. Several solutions have been employed to address this problem depending on the airplane detection process. The most effective solutions are through the use of satellite images with deep learning techniques. Such solutions, however, are significantly costly and require satellites and modern complicated technology which may not be available in most countries worldwide. This paper provides a universal, low cost and fast solution for airplane detection in airports. This paper recommends the use of drones instead of satellites to feed the system with drone images using a proposed deep learning model. Drone images are employed as the dataset to train and evaluate a mask region convolution neural network (RCNN) model. The Mask RCNN model applies faster RCNN as its base configuration with critical modifications on its head neural network construct...
In this paper, an efficient spectrum forecasting model is developed to estimate the required spec... more In this paper, an efficient spectrum forecasting model is developed to estimate the required spectrum and calculate the spectrum gap in future. This developed model is essentially based on five main metrics and one constant. The five main metrics are the currently available spectrum, sites number growth, data traffic growth, average network utilization, and spectrum efficiency growth. The constant metric is considered to give a space for our model to be used in another country or when a new technology is coming. This developed model is then used to forecast the required spectrum and spectrum gap for Malaysia in 2020. The estimation is performed based on the input market data of four main mobile telecommunication operators in Malaysia: Maxis, Celcom, Digi, and U-Mobile. The input data for this model are collected from various sources, such as the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, OpenSignal, Analysys Mason, GSMA, and HUAWEI. The results indicate that by 2020, Malays...
Journal of theoretical and applied information technology, 2014
Although LTE-Advanced system is targeted at enhancing the users’ throughput and increasing connec... more Although LTE-Advanced system is targeted at enhancing the users’ throughput and increasing connection reliability, however user’s mobility tends to degrade the efficiency of the services and applications in terms of throughput degradation and outage probability reduction. Particularly this is during the handover from the source to the target eNBs. Therefore, the Carrier Aggregation (CA) technique is based on different numbers of Components Carrier (CCs) utilizing AMC scheme is implemented in this paper in order to further enhance the system performance. A simple mathematical formulation for user’s throughput and outage probability evaluation are derived and then used in the simulation for random mobility. It has shown that, the integration of CA and AMC (CA-AMC) on the downlink significantly outperforms systems either by employing CA with common Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) or that by implementing NonCA technique with MCSs or AMC scheme in terms of throughput and outage prob...
2019 15th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL), 2019
The future fifth generation (5G) wireless communications support the ultra-dense networks where d... more The future fifth generation (5G) wireless communications support the ultra-dense networks where deployments of a large number of small cells coexist with current 4G networks. However, the dense small cell deployment is facing a technical challenge in mobility management due to the increased number of handovers (HOs), especially in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The increasing probability of HOs may cause HO failure (HOF) or HO ping-pong (HOPP) which degrades the system performance. To solve this problem, we propose a weighted fuzzy self-optimization (WFSO) approach for the optimization of the handover control parameters (HCPs). In this approach, the HO decision relies on three considered attributes: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, traffic load of serving and target base station, and user equipment’s velocity. The self-optimized HCPs, namely the HO margin and time-to-trigger are adjusted according to the current status of these attributes to improve the HO performance. Si...
2018 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO)
Deploying ultra-dense small-cell base stations in the next-generation mobile networks is one of t... more Deploying ultra-dense small-cell base stations in the next-generation mobile networks is one of the most expected approaches to overcome the uncertainty of millimeter wave (mm- wave) communications. Mobility management is a critical issue that requires much concern to achieve seamless and highly reliable connection through user mobility. Handover in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has gained attention, especially when 5G ultradense small cells coexist with the current 4G networks. Handover failure is one of the main issues in mobility, and it can be avoided by adjusting handover control parameters (HCPs): time-to-trigger (TTT) and handover margin (HOM). In this paper, we proposed dynamic HCPs in HetNets (LTE-A and mm-wave networks) with dense small cells. The proposed algorithm was compared with different settings of HCPs for different user mobile speed scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the probability of ping pong handovers and radio link failure, thus improving network performance.
The internet of things (IoT) refers to a framework of interrelated, web associated objects that c... more The internet of things (IoT) refers to a framework of interrelated, web associated objects that can gather and move information over a remote network without human interference. With a quick development in the arrangement of IoT gadgets and expanding want to make medical care more financially savvy, customized, and proactive, IoT is ready to assume a solid function in all perspectives of the healthcare industry. In this context, IoTbased healthcare provides several benefits such as instant and reliable treatment, cost reduction, improved communication, etc. by using different new technologies. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) technologies can enhance the quality of data gathering and data transferring in smart systems. Machine Learning(ML) are put to use at every level of smart healthcare systems. Fog computing reduces communication cost and provides low latency. SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies provide less complex and more f...
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2021
A vital technology in the next-generation cellular network is device-to-device (D2D) communicatio... more A vital technology in the next-generation cellular network is device-to-device (D2D) communication. Cellular user enabled with D2D communication provides high spectral efficiency and further increases the coverage area of the cell, especially for the end-cell users and blind spot areas. However, the implementation of D2D communication increases interference among the cellular and D2D users. In this paper, we proposed a radio resource allocation (RRA) algorithm to manage the interference using fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme and Hungarian algorithm. The proposed algorithm is divided into three parts. First, the FFR scheme allocates different frequency bands among the cell (inner and outer region) for both the cellular and the D2D users to reduce the interference. Second, the Hungarian weighted bipartite matching algorithm is used to allocate the resources to D2D users with the minimum total system interference, while maintaining the total system sum rate. The cellular users s...
The problem of joint power and admission control (JPAC) is a critical issue encountered in underl... more The problem of joint power and admission control (JPAC) is a critical issue encountered in underlay cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Moving forward towards the realization of Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond, where optimization is envisioned to take place in multiple performance dimensions, it is crucially desirable to achieve high sum throughput with low power consumption. In this work, a multi-objective JPAC optimization problem that jointly maximizes the sum throughput and minimizes power consumption in underlay CRNs is formulated. An enhanced swarm intelligence algorithm has been developed by hybridizing two new enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) variants, namely two-phase PSO (TPPSO) and diversity global position binary PSO (DGP-BPSO) variants employed to optimize the multi-objective JPAC problem. The performance of the enhanced swarm intelligence algorithm in terms of convergence speed and stability, while optimizing both the sum throughput and power consumption, is in...
The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fift... more The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evalua...
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