Post-treatment of bamboo-oriented strand board (BOSB) through thermal modification can be an alte... more Post-treatment of bamboo-oriented strand board (BOSB) through thermal modification can be an alternative to improve BOSB quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of post-thermal treatment duration on the physical and mechanical properties of BOSB. Three-layers BOSB with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 was made with the core layer perpendicular to the surface and bonded with 8% phenol-formaldehyde resin. The BOSB produced was then thermally-modified at 160°C for 1, 2, and 3 h. The physical and mechanical properties of BOSB were determined based on JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The results showed that the physical properties of the thermally-modified BOSB increased while the mechanical properties decreased compared to the untreated BOSB. The moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) of BOSB decreased with the increase in post-thermal treatment duration. The decrease in MC, WA, and TS of the thermally-modified BOSB reached 38.60%, 11.92%, and 33.26%, re...
Biochar (BCR) was obtained from the pyrolysis of a palm-oil-empty fruit bunch at 773 K for 2 h an... more Biochar (BCR) was obtained from the pyrolysis of a palm-oil-empty fruit bunch at 773 K for 2 h and used as a catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol (GUA) as a bio-oil model compound. Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area analysis, NH3 and CO2-temperature-programmed desorption, scanning electron microscope–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, CHN analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that macroporous and mesoporous structures were formed in BCR with a co-presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites and acid–base behavior. A combination of infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) was carried out to achieve a complete vibrational assignment of BCR. The CH–OH ratio in BCR is ~5, showing that the hydroxyl functional groups are a minority species. There was no evidence for any aromatic C–H stretch modes in the infrared, but they are clearly seen in the INS and are the majority species, with a ratio of sp3–CH:sp2–CH of 1:1.3. The hydrogen bound to sp2–...
Penggunaan rumput gajah menjadi alternatif baru pengganti fosil. Pembakaran rumput gajah akan men... more Penggunaan rumput gajah menjadi alternatif baru pengganti fosil. Pembakaran rumput gajah akan menghasilkan panas (thermal) yang mampu memanaskan oil sebagai pengganti steam dan berpotensi sebagai pembangkit listrik dengan siklus Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) pada pabrik industri kimia. Pembakaran sempurna rumput gajah membutuhkan 50% udara berlebih untuk menghasilkan gas dengan komposisi N2, CO2,O2, H2O, SO2, dan NO2. Penggunaan bahan baku 730 kg rumput gajah mampu memanaskan therminol 66 (hot oil) pada suhu 300 ºC dengan laju alir 38.400 kg/jam. Pada siklus Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) digunakan R245FA sebagai fluida kerja yang bertekanan dan bersuhu tinggi. Terjadi perubahan fase pada R245FA dari fasa cair pada suhu 51ºC menjadi fasa uap pada suhu 150ºC dengan tekanan 31 bar yang terjadi di evaporator. Kerja sebesar 427 kW dapat dihasilkan dengan menurunkan suhu dan tekanan menjadi 106ºC, 3 bar pada turbin dengan effisiensi kerja sebesar 27%. Penghematan dilakukan dengan cara mendau...
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 2021
Currently, the fuel oil for transportation and industry is produced mostly from fossil fuels. Bec... more Currently, the fuel oil for transportation and industry is produced mostly from fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are a limited resource, biomass could be an alternative resource. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is biomass waste from fresh fruit bunch processing in palm oil mills. EFB can be converted to bio-crude oil through pyrolysis at temperatures from 400 to 600 °C. The quality of bio-crude oil must be upgraded due to its high oxygen content. Esterification of bio-crude oil potentially improves the quality of bio-crude oil by using zeolite as catalyst. The purpose of this research was to investigate the properties of Bayah natural zeolites for upgrading the quality of bio-crude oil from EFB pyrolysis. Bayah natural zeolite was activated using various NaOH concentrations. Characterization of the natural zeolites was performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and nitrogen physisorption. The optimum ratio of Si/Al of the mo...
Agricultural activity relies on soil as their growth media. Besides agricultural activity, other ... more Agricultural activity relies on soil as their growth media. Besides agricultural activity, other living species also needs soil as their ecosystem. However, the biodiversity and environmental factor are often neglected in agricultural activity. Therefore, the investigation of environmental and biodiversity changes is important. In this study, the environmental parameter and biodiversity changes was investigated in area after land clearing activity. The pH was increased from in 3 times measurement. Besides, the soil temperature and air temperature was also increased in 3 times measurement between pre- and post-treatment. The soil temperature ranges from 26.2 oC to 33.2 oC in pre-treatment and 27.6 oC to 31.8 oC in post-treatment. The air temperature was observed ranges from 27.96 oC to 34.3 oC in pre-treatment and 28.36 oC to 34.56 oC in post-treatment. Measurement of RH was resulted ranges from 61.2% to 75.4% in pre-treatment and 61.4% to 74.8% in pre-treatment. The land is proposed...
Artikel ini memaparkan hasil yang diperoleh dari dinamika fluida komputasi (DFK) untuk mensimulas... more Artikel ini memaparkan hasil yang diperoleh dari dinamika fluida komputasi (DFK) untuk mensimulasi nyala turbulen tak pra-campur. Konfigurasi, diskretisasi dan kondisi batas nyala digambarkan menggunakan perangkat lunak pra-prosessor Gambit dan kalkulasi turbulensi dan pembakaran menggunakan perangkat lunak Fluent. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada kajian pengaruh berbagai kecepatan angin silang dan penambahan steam terhadap karakteristik nyala hidrokarbon dan pengaruhnya terhadap efisiensi pembakaran yang dihasilkan. Model turbulensi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah model k-e standard dan model pembakaran Eddy Dissipasi. Kajian dilakukan pada berbagai kecepatan angin silang yaitu 3,77 m/s, 7,5 m/s dan 10 m/s dan ratio steam terhadap bahan bakar 0,14, 0,25, dan 2,35 serta dilakukan pada kecepatan bahan bakar tetap 20 m/s. Hasil yang diperoleh ditampilkan dalam bentuk kontur temperatur dari berbagai kecepatan angin silang dan penambahan steam. Dari kontur tersebut terlihat ba...
Technology and products are developed based on innovation, through sequential stages from basic r... more Technology and products are developed based on innovation, through sequential stages from basic research tocommercialization. The concept of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) defines technology development into nine stages,from idea generation (TRL 1) to the development of technology and products for commercialization (TRL 9). Leaping fromone implementation stage to another in technology development may result in technological valley of death. The processindustry is a group of industries that involve chemical processes in converting raw materials into products via series ofunit processes. Technology development for the process industry can also be defined in stages of technology readinesslevels, by using adapted specific targets for each stage. This paper presents a concept for assessing the development oftechnology for the process industry. A case study on analyzing technology readiness level for the technology developmentfor the Fercaf industry is presented along with factors invol...
Miscanthus is a bioenergy crop that is very easy to cultivate. It has high volatile content with ... more Miscanthus is a bioenergy crop that is very easy to cultivate. It has high volatile content with an average energy value of about 18.8 MJ/kg on a dry basis. With the benefits mentioned above, Miscanthus is potential as a fuel for the suspended furnace. Therefore, the furnace design for the Miscanthus particle needs to be developed immediately. A relatively fast and low-cost technique to develop a burner furnace design is the modeling. This study aims to determine the intrinsic parameter values of dry Miscanthus particles needed in cold particle dynamic modeling. The various reasonable experimental techniques were used to obtain these parameter’s values. Then, a series of simulations and experiments of dry chopped Miscanthus dynamic in a special burner was conducted to assess the conformity of these values. The intrinsic parameters values of dry chopped Miscanthus obtained are as follows; shape factor (fs) 0.52, true particle density (ρp) 245 kg m-3, minimum, maximum, and mean partic...
A combustion flame can be generated by locating the air jet supply inside the fuel jet supply. Th... more A combustion flame can be generated by locating the air jet supply inside the fuel jet supply. This flame is referred as an inverse diffusion flame. The size and structure of inverse diffusion flame were studied experimentally. The experiment was conducted for LPG and Hydrogen fuels. The inlet fuel and air flow rates are supplied at high level of fuel excess for its combustion reaction. These two fuels generated the flame shape having two parts. At lower part, the flame is wider and serves as a base of the flame. The upper part is longer and acts as a flame tower. The base flame was a weak flame resulted by a rich fuel-air mixture. The tower flame is formed by mixing between the entrained fuel and the air. The flame length decreases with the increase on the momentum ration between fuel and air. The flame height correlates to the fuel and air Reynold number ratio, Refu/Rea. The development of the flame shapes from continues to strong base-tower flame shape is mapped by air and fuel i...
A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been ... more A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been studied, in particular the effects of temperature, circulation of the fermentation media, and chips size, on fermented cassava flour (fercaf) properties. Fermentation was shown to affect properties of cassava flour: reducing the cyanogenic content, swelling power, as well as solubility, whereas on the other hand increasing the amylose content and correspondingly the measured DE. Further, the properties of the produced flour were affected by the implemented fermentation operation conditions. Fermentation temperature was found to significantly affect amylose content. Media circulation was found to significantly affect the measured Dextrose Equivalent. On the other hand, the size of cassava chips significantly affected the cyanogenic content and solubility of the flour
A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been ... more A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been studied, in particular the effects of temperature, circulation of the retting media, and scale to the reduction of cyanogenic content and the structure of cassava. Although the effects of retting media circulation and an increase in the fermentation temperature on cyanogenic content reduction were not clearly seen, they led to more damaged cassava structure and thus improving the overall cassava flour production. On the other hand small scale fermentation led to both cyanogenic content reduction and morphological changes, giving better fermentation performance.
Post-treatment of bamboo-oriented strand board (BOSB) through thermal modification can be an alte... more Post-treatment of bamboo-oriented strand board (BOSB) through thermal modification can be an alternative to improve BOSB quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of post-thermal treatment duration on the physical and mechanical properties of BOSB. Three-layers BOSB with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 was made with the core layer perpendicular to the surface and bonded with 8% phenol-formaldehyde resin. The BOSB produced was then thermally-modified at 160°C for 1, 2, and 3 h. The physical and mechanical properties of BOSB were determined based on JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The results showed that the physical properties of the thermally-modified BOSB increased while the mechanical properties decreased compared to the untreated BOSB. The moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) of BOSB decreased with the increase in post-thermal treatment duration. The decrease in MC, WA, and TS of the thermally-modified BOSB reached 38.60%, 11.92%, and 33.26%, re...
Biochar (BCR) was obtained from the pyrolysis of a palm-oil-empty fruit bunch at 773 K for 2 h an... more Biochar (BCR) was obtained from the pyrolysis of a palm-oil-empty fruit bunch at 773 K for 2 h and used as a catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol (GUA) as a bio-oil model compound. Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area analysis, NH3 and CO2-temperature-programmed desorption, scanning electron microscope–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, CHN analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that macroporous and mesoporous structures were formed in BCR with a co-presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites and acid–base behavior. A combination of infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) was carried out to achieve a complete vibrational assignment of BCR. The CH–OH ratio in BCR is ~5, showing that the hydroxyl functional groups are a minority species. There was no evidence for any aromatic C–H stretch modes in the infrared, but they are clearly seen in the INS and are the majority species, with a ratio of sp3–CH:sp2–CH of 1:1.3. The hydrogen bound to sp2–...
Penggunaan rumput gajah menjadi alternatif baru pengganti fosil. Pembakaran rumput gajah akan men... more Penggunaan rumput gajah menjadi alternatif baru pengganti fosil. Pembakaran rumput gajah akan menghasilkan panas (thermal) yang mampu memanaskan oil sebagai pengganti steam dan berpotensi sebagai pembangkit listrik dengan siklus Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) pada pabrik industri kimia. Pembakaran sempurna rumput gajah membutuhkan 50% udara berlebih untuk menghasilkan gas dengan komposisi N2, CO2,O2, H2O, SO2, dan NO2. Penggunaan bahan baku 730 kg rumput gajah mampu memanaskan therminol 66 (hot oil) pada suhu 300 ºC dengan laju alir 38.400 kg/jam. Pada siklus Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) digunakan R245FA sebagai fluida kerja yang bertekanan dan bersuhu tinggi. Terjadi perubahan fase pada R245FA dari fasa cair pada suhu 51ºC menjadi fasa uap pada suhu 150ºC dengan tekanan 31 bar yang terjadi di evaporator. Kerja sebesar 427 kW dapat dihasilkan dengan menurunkan suhu dan tekanan menjadi 106ºC, 3 bar pada turbin dengan effisiensi kerja sebesar 27%. Penghematan dilakukan dengan cara mendau...
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 2021
Currently, the fuel oil for transportation and industry is produced mostly from fossil fuels. Bec... more Currently, the fuel oil for transportation and industry is produced mostly from fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are a limited resource, biomass could be an alternative resource. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is biomass waste from fresh fruit bunch processing in palm oil mills. EFB can be converted to bio-crude oil through pyrolysis at temperatures from 400 to 600 °C. The quality of bio-crude oil must be upgraded due to its high oxygen content. Esterification of bio-crude oil potentially improves the quality of bio-crude oil by using zeolite as catalyst. The purpose of this research was to investigate the properties of Bayah natural zeolites for upgrading the quality of bio-crude oil from EFB pyrolysis. Bayah natural zeolite was activated using various NaOH concentrations. Characterization of the natural zeolites was performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and nitrogen physisorption. The optimum ratio of Si/Al of the mo...
Agricultural activity relies on soil as their growth media. Besides agricultural activity, other ... more Agricultural activity relies on soil as their growth media. Besides agricultural activity, other living species also needs soil as their ecosystem. However, the biodiversity and environmental factor are often neglected in agricultural activity. Therefore, the investigation of environmental and biodiversity changes is important. In this study, the environmental parameter and biodiversity changes was investigated in area after land clearing activity. The pH was increased from in 3 times measurement. Besides, the soil temperature and air temperature was also increased in 3 times measurement between pre- and post-treatment. The soil temperature ranges from 26.2 oC to 33.2 oC in pre-treatment and 27.6 oC to 31.8 oC in post-treatment. The air temperature was observed ranges from 27.96 oC to 34.3 oC in pre-treatment and 28.36 oC to 34.56 oC in post-treatment. Measurement of RH was resulted ranges from 61.2% to 75.4% in pre-treatment and 61.4% to 74.8% in pre-treatment. The land is proposed...
Artikel ini memaparkan hasil yang diperoleh dari dinamika fluida komputasi (DFK) untuk mensimulas... more Artikel ini memaparkan hasil yang diperoleh dari dinamika fluida komputasi (DFK) untuk mensimulasi nyala turbulen tak pra-campur. Konfigurasi, diskretisasi dan kondisi batas nyala digambarkan menggunakan perangkat lunak pra-prosessor Gambit dan kalkulasi turbulensi dan pembakaran menggunakan perangkat lunak Fluent. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada kajian pengaruh berbagai kecepatan angin silang dan penambahan steam terhadap karakteristik nyala hidrokarbon dan pengaruhnya terhadap efisiensi pembakaran yang dihasilkan. Model turbulensi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah model k-e standard dan model pembakaran Eddy Dissipasi. Kajian dilakukan pada berbagai kecepatan angin silang yaitu 3,77 m/s, 7,5 m/s dan 10 m/s dan ratio steam terhadap bahan bakar 0,14, 0,25, dan 2,35 serta dilakukan pada kecepatan bahan bakar tetap 20 m/s. Hasil yang diperoleh ditampilkan dalam bentuk kontur temperatur dari berbagai kecepatan angin silang dan penambahan steam. Dari kontur tersebut terlihat ba...
Technology and products are developed based on innovation, through sequential stages from basic r... more Technology and products are developed based on innovation, through sequential stages from basic research tocommercialization. The concept of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) defines technology development into nine stages,from idea generation (TRL 1) to the development of technology and products for commercialization (TRL 9). Leaping fromone implementation stage to another in technology development may result in technological valley of death. The processindustry is a group of industries that involve chemical processes in converting raw materials into products via series ofunit processes. Technology development for the process industry can also be defined in stages of technology readinesslevels, by using adapted specific targets for each stage. This paper presents a concept for assessing the development oftechnology for the process industry. A case study on analyzing technology readiness level for the technology developmentfor the Fercaf industry is presented along with factors invol...
Miscanthus is a bioenergy crop that is very easy to cultivate. It has high volatile content with ... more Miscanthus is a bioenergy crop that is very easy to cultivate. It has high volatile content with an average energy value of about 18.8 MJ/kg on a dry basis. With the benefits mentioned above, Miscanthus is potential as a fuel for the suspended furnace. Therefore, the furnace design for the Miscanthus particle needs to be developed immediately. A relatively fast and low-cost technique to develop a burner furnace design is the modeling. This study aims to determine the intrinsic parameter values of dry Miscanthus particles needed in cold particle dynamic modeling. The various reasonable experimental techniques were used to obtain these parameter’s values. Then, a series of simulations and experiments of dry chopped Miscanthus dynamic in a special burner was conducted to assess the conformity of these values. The intrinsic parameters values of dry chopped Miscanthus obtained are as follows; shape factor (fs) 0.52, true particle density (ρp) 245 kg m-3, minimum, maximum, and mean partic...
A combustion flame can be generated by locating the air jet supply inside the fuel jet supply. Th... more A combustion flame can be generated by locating the air jet supply inside the fuel jet supply. This flame is referred as an inverse diffusion flame. The size and structure of inverse diffusion flame were studied experimentally. The experiment was conducted for LPG and Hydrogen fuels. The inlet fuel and air flow rates are supplied at high level of fuel excess for its combustion reaction. These two fuels generated the flame shape having two parts. At lower part, the flame is wider and serves as a base of the flame. The upper part is longer and acts as a flame tower. The base flame was a weak flame resulted by a rich fuel-air mixture. The tower flame is formed by mixing between the entrained fuel and the air. The flame length decreases with the increase on the momentum ration between fuel and air. The flame height correlates to the fuel and air Reynold number ratio, Refu/Rea. The development of the flame shapes from continues to strong base-tower flame shape is mapped by air and fuel i...
A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been ... more A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been studied, in particular the effects of temperature, circulation of the fermentation media, and chips size, on fermented cassava flour (fercaf) properties. Fermentation was shown to affect properties of cassava flour: reducing the cyanogenic content, swelling power, as well as solubility, whereas on the other hand increasing the amylose content and correspondingly the measured DE. Further, the properties of the produced flour were affected by the implemented fermentation operation conditions. Fermentation temperature was found to significantly affect amylose content. Media circulation was found to significantly affect the measured Dextrose Equivalent. On the other hand, the size of cassava chips significantly affected the cyanogenic content and solubility of the flour
A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been ... more A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been studied, in particular the effects of temperature, circulation of the retting media, and scale to the reduction of cyanogenic content and the structure of cassava. Although the effects of retting media circulation and an increase in the fermentation temperature on cyanogenic content reduction were not clearly seen, they led to more damaged cassava structure and thus improving the overall cassava flour production. On the other hand small scale fermentation led to both cyanogenic content reduction and morphological changes, giving better fermentation performance.
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