3D digital models have a variety of applications such as the realization of 3D catalogues and vir... more 3D digital models have a variety of applications such as the realization of 3D catalogues and virtual museum, fast prototyping, restoration and architectural supporting and monitoring. This paper reports the preliminary results of a project regarding the development and the use of new technologies in the Cultural Heritage (CH) field. 3D graphics starts with the modeling stage, that is the realization of a digital representation of the object of interest. Classic 3D modeling tools are often inadequate to model the shapes ...
L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geoma... more L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geomatica applicata allo studio dei Beni Culturali. Il rilievo di una facciata, operazione tradizionale in architettura, si caratterizza infatti come campo di applicazione per nuove tecnologie e strumenti e come possibilità di verifica delle metodologie già consolidate. Dopo alcuni anni dal rilievo delle facciate monumentali delle chiese palladiane a Venezia, il Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria si è impegnato nel rilievo della facciata del Codussi con lo ...
The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact ... more The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact that crosses the lagoon city. Moreover it was important as the seat of trade for Venice. For these reasons there a lot of studies about the Grand Canal and its architectural heritage, but there are some difficulties connected with buildings that “grow on the water”. The University Iuav, in collaboration with Riegl and Microgeo, has designed to scan all the facades of the palaces by an acquisition system (laser scanners, photogrammetry and GPS inertial) mounted on a boat, thus obtaining a point of view totally new and particularly suited to the survey of important buildings. The acquisition was made with the scanning system Riegl VMX-250, consisting of the rotary scanner VQ250, an INS inertial system and a system recovery using images of cameras or camcorders. The system has a measuring frequency of 300,000 pts/sec obtained with a scanner rotating at 360 degrees for complete coverage. Mor...
The Laboratory of Photogrammetry of the University of Architecture in Venice is involved in a res... more The Laboratory of Photogrammetry of the University of Architecture in Venice is involved in a research program aimed to quantitative measurement with respect to reliable and precise informations. The walled city of Cittadella (one mile of medieval walls with four gates and thirty-two towers) will shortly go under a restoration program financed by the Italian Governement, the Veneto Region and the municipality of Cittadella. The question in point is to find the most suitable system to respond to a series of problems that different disciplines will raise which can be here only briefly summarized: 1 - archeological analysis will be concerned in determining the various periods of construction of the different "layers" of the wall; 2 - statical analysis and geodetical surveys will try to determine the quality of the intervention of restoration; 3 - chemical and physical measurements will ascertain the effect of erosion and deterioration of materials testing the most convenient procedures for future protection. For all these purposes a specific field of experiment has been recently set up where photogrammetry will be tested to combine "classical" expertise with the "new" approach of computer vision, 3D models and cost-benefit analysis.
This paper considers an analysis of the perspective view of Milan engraved by Antonio Lafrèry and... more This paper considers an analysis of the perspective view of Milan engraved by Antonio Lafrèry and published in 1573. The study focuses on the perspective view in order to define its cartographic content and to establish if it was constructed by a rigorous methodology. In this way we can set the real value of this map: as an artistic or symbolic document or a cartographic document, made by a known projective genesis, which can give us also metrical data. The study is based on the analysis of the differences between the Lafrery’s view and a well-known cartographic product. First of all we georeferenced the maps in a single well-defined reference system with the known plane transformations using the ones with the best results considering the qualitative and quantitative aspects. The georeferencing process has been made using homologous point picked out on a contemporary map and in the perspective view. The urban development of Milan from the XVI century made it impossible for us to dis...
In last years laser scanning have increased its application in different fields: from geological ... more In last years laser scanning have increased its application in different fields: from geological to architectural and archaeological survey, from real time monitoring to rapid prototyping. Respect to architecture and archaeology, but more generally to Cultural Heritage, laser scanning technology is becoming more popular as can be proved in the latest works: big amount of data, accuracy, operability are some of its main characteristics that are fundamental in digital (numerical) models representations. If advantages are clear, it’s possible to attend to a continuous and increasing demand for better performances that correspond to the necessity to update and to implement continuously instruments respect to growing applications. In this paper authors want to point out some technical considerations on these new instruments, on their improved and improvable performances respect to their application fields. As was asserted in many experiences, laser scanner specifications, given by L.S. p...
In recent years, St. Mark's Square and the surrounding buildings have been the subject of sur... more In recent years, St. Mark's Square and the surrounding buildings have been the subject of surveying campaigns that have gradually used more modern techniques and instruments for both the survey and representation phases. St. Mark's Square represents a field of application of survey of a complex monument (in that it comprises a group of parts). As a whole, we refer to the composite as "the square" but it can be divided into different objects that are traditionally handled by different sectors of geomatics, topography, close range photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial and aerial laser-scanning, among others. Each of these techniques has been used in surveying the square and has contributed to the geometric definition of the monument in its entirety. Clearly, the general reference system must be unique; this leads to problems connected to geo-referencing instrumental systems with diverse characteristics of precision that allow for survey at different n...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2003
The orthophoto is a powerful instrument of representation which combines radiometric and geometri... more The orthophoto is a powerful instrument of representation which combines radiometric and geometric properties. In architectural applications the orthophoto production cannot be performed by using the traditional orthophoto approach. True digital orthophoto is a new technique which uses several images and a complete DEM of the object in order to produce an orthogonal projection of complex objects. All the radiometric information hidden by central perspective in one image must be recovered by other images and the orthophoto production must choose, the best image to be used, one by one. Complete shape description can be easily achieved by using modern terrestrial laser scanner devices. The paper shows the true digital orthophoto production of the central door of the San Marco Basilica in Venice: the result obtained is a complete radiometric and geometric description of the studied object under examination.
Attualmente le attività di ricerca svolte dal laboratorio di fotogrammetria del Circe si propongo... more Attualmente le attività di ricerca svolte dal laboratorio di fotogrammetria del Circe si propongono due obiettivi generali: il primo è di verificare metodi e strumenti per il rilievo di oggetti di dimensione contenuta, come modelli lignei, globi terrestri e particolari architettonici (come ad esempio i capitelli di uno stesso ordine che nel corso dei secoli si realizzarono in diverse varianti) dei quali si intende analizzare l’impianto geometrico di base confrontandolo rispettivamente con le realizzazioni architettoniche (nel caso dei modelli lignei), la cartografia coeva (nel caso dei globi) e le varianti (nel caso dei capitelli). Le strumentazioni che si intendono mettere a confronto sono: i sistemi di scansione 3D ottici (triangolatori, conoscopia, luce strutturata, ecc.) e i sistemi fotogrammetrici digitali, monoscopici, stereoscopici e automatici. Il confronto riguarderà gli aspetti metrici (precisione e ripetibilità) e quelli applicativi (caratteristiche e praticità d’uso) in ...
The wooden structure that supports the roof of Palazzo Ducale is very complex becouse of continuo... more The wooden structure that supports the roof of Palazzo Ducale is very complex becouse of continuous works of maintainance and restoration occurred during centuries. The photogrammetric laboratory of CIRCE – IUAV is employed in the survey and representation of the overstanding structure of Major Council Hall that, by one side, supports the covering and , by the other, upholds the box ceiling of the hall. The truss structure is trampleble and visitable only throught a thin catwalk standing on the middle of the orizontal tie beam. A traditional topographical survey appears hard just becouse of the unavoidable movement of the structure that is very elastic. Photogrammtery is unproposeble just for the strict space and for the its complexity. It was decided to realise some laser scans setting up the instruments having care to not urge the wooden flooring to avoid any movements. Nine scans have been done surveying 10 milions points. Clouds were alligned using targerts to obtain one unique ...
Summary This paper deals with the various aspects of the Gorizia old downtown (Italy) 3D virtual ... more Summary This paper deals with the various aspects of the Gorizia old downtown (Italy) 3D virtual model production obtained by a suitable integration of laser and imaging data, both acquired either by means of a helicopter and a terrestrial surveying. The virtual reconstruction can be compare with different perspective maps of the city to underline its transformation. An aerial high-density (15 points/m 2 ) laser surveying was achieved with an Optech ALTM 3033 system for an area of almost one square kilometre. Highresolution Rollei DB44 digital images were also acquired for the same area. The filtering, classification and 3D building modelling have been successfully carried out by the well-known TerraScan software (Terrasolid); moreover, the highresolution true orthophoto (0,2 m/pixel) has been accomplished by means of TerraPhoto (Terrasolid). To fulfil a photo-realistic 3D city model, the aerial orthophoto has been mapped onto the DTM and the building roofs. Nevertheless, to truthfu...
Novice users currently use Digital Photogrammetric Applications increasingly in order to record c... more Novice users currently use Digital Photogrammetric Applications increasingly in order to record close range objects of great cultural value or for the monitoring of sensitive objects or procedures (industrial and medical applications). Monoscopic procedures (digital rectification) have been embedded recently, in many popular commercial applications. Also, CAD and CAM applications are gaining even more their use by people of low knowledge background in Photogrammetry, namely Archaeologists, Medical Doctors, Mechanical Engineers, etc. 3D photogrammetric applications are very important and could be part of the every day activity by the above-mentioned professionals. Since the real world is 3D and the demand for accurate recording and representation is increasing even more with the development of new high tech computing systems and reproduction devices, the development of easy to use 3D photogrammtric software applications is more than ever a necessity. Ground Control Points (GCP) measu...
The facades of numerous Gothic-era buildings in Venice, especially those that overlook the Grand ... more The facades of numerous Gothic-era buildings in Venice, especially those that overlook the Grand Canal, display the tendency to demonstrate a substantial degree of “entropiombo”. In other words, the structure is not quite a vertical plane but rather tends toward a slightly sloped surface. Presently, this phenomenon is the subject of analysis and study by historians and restorers which have found the slope to be a "design" choice and are attempting to identify the construction traditions of the times, rather than the "rules" of construction. The slope of the facade (assumed to be a design decision) might have been necessary to the special systems of connection between the vertical and horizontal elements, the arrangement of the floor slabs or the type of foundation. This theorized warping “by design” is accentuated by other warping due to subsidence and settling, localized or general, of the buildings which are always displayed in Venetian structures. The result i...
Historical maps often suffer significant deformations of their supporting material of any type. T... more Historical maps often suffer significant deformations of their supporting material of any type. These deformations make it difficult to make an accurate reading of maps in its geometric and semantic context. As invaluable materials of cultural heritage, historical maps, in very many cases (rolled parchments, maps in old books and atlases etc.) cannot be put through a scanning process requiring a plane positioning of the map supporting surface, which is usually undulated. Digital photography is then an alternative if certain technical details are fulfilled. In order to capture the undulated map surfaces due to the curvilinear deformation of their supporting material, the research group proposed use of three dimensional (3D) laser scanning. With this new digital technology, capturing such map surfaces gives a cloud of points with an uncertainty of about 0.1 mm, which forms the initial 3D model of the surface. From the point cloud we can pass to deformation analyses using processing ba...
3D digital models have a variety of applications such as the realization of 3D catalogues and vir... more 3D digital models have a variety of applications such as the realization of 3D catalogues and virtual museum, fast prototyping, restoration and architectural supporting and monitoring. This paper reports the preliminary results of a project regarding the development and the use of new technologies in the Cultural Heritage (CH) field. 3D graphics starts with the modeling stage, that is the realization of a digital representation of the object of interest. Classic 3D modeling tools are often inadequate to model the shapes ...
L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geoma... more L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geomatica applicata allo studio dei Beni Culturali. Il rilievo di una facciata, operazione tradizionale in architettura, si caratterizza infatti come campo di applicazione per nuove tecnologie e strumenti e come possibilità di verifica delle metodologie già consolidate. Dopo alcuni anni dal rilievo delle facciate monumentali delle chiese palladiane a Venezia, il Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria si è impegnato nel rilievo della facciata del Codussi con lo ...
The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact ... more The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact that crosses the lagoon city. Moreover it was important as the seat of trade for Venice. For these reasons there a lot of studies about the Grand Canal and its architectural heritage, but there are some difficulties connected with buildings that “grow on the water”. The University Iuav, in collaboration with Riegl and Microgeo, has designed to scan all the facades of the palaces by an acquisition system (laser scanners, photogrammetry and GPS inertial) mounted on a boat, thus obtaining a point of view totally new and particularly suited to the survey of important buildings. The acquisition was made with the scanning system Riegl VMX-250, consisting of the rotary scanner VQ250, an INS inertial system and a system recovery using images of cameras or camcorders. The system has a measuring frequency of 300,000 pts/sec obtained with a scanner rotating at 360 degrees for complete coverage. Mor...
The Laboratory of Photogrammetry of the University of Architecture in Venice is involved in a res... more The Laboratory of Photogrammetry of the University of Architecture in Venice is involved in a research program aimed to quantitative measurement with respect to reliable and precise informations. The walled city of Cittadella (one mile of medieval walls with four gates and thirty-two towers) will shortly go under a restoration program financed by the Italian Governement, the Veneto Region and the municipality of Cittadella. The question in point is to find the most suitable system to respond to a series of problems that different disciplines will raise which can be here only briefly summarized: 1 - archeological analysis will be concerned in determining the various periods of construction of the different "layers" of the wall; 2 - statical analysis and geodetical surveys will try to determine the quality of the intervention of restoration; 3 - chemical and physical measurements will ascertain the effect of erosion and deterioration of materials testing the most convenient procedures for future protection. For all these purposes a specific field of experiment has been recently set up where photogrammetry will be tested to combine "classical" expertise with the "new" approach of computer vision, 3D models and cost-benefit analysis.
This paper considers an analysis of the perspective view of Milan engraved by Antonio Lafrèry and... more This paper considers an analysis of the perspective view of Milan engraved by Antonio Lafrèry and published in 1573. The study focuses on the perspective view in order to define its cartographic content and to establish if it was constructed by a rigorous methodology. In this way we can set the real value of this map: as an artistic or symbolic document or a cartographic document, made by a known projective genesis, which can give us also metrical data. The study is based on the analysis of the differences between the Lafrery’s view and a well-known cartographic product. First of all we georeferenced the maps in a single well-defined reference system with the known plane transformations using the ones with the best results considering the qualitative and quantitative aspects. The georeferencing process has been made using homologous point picked out on a contemporary map and in the perspective view. The urban development of Milan from the XVI century made it impossible for us to dis...
In last years laser scanning have increased its application in different fields: from geological ... more In last years laser scanning have increased its application in different fields: from geological to architectural and archaeological survey, from real time monitoring to rapid prototyping. Respect to architecture and archaeology, but more generally to Cultural Heritage, laser scanning technology is becoming more popular as can be proved in the latest works: big amount of data, accuracy, operability are some of its main characteristics that are fundamental in digital (numerical) models representations. If advantages are clear, it’s possible to attend to a continuous and increasing demand for better performances that correspond to the necessity to update and to implement continuously instruments respect to growing applications. In this paper authors want to point out some technical considerations on these new instruments, on their improved and improvable performances respect to their application fields. As was asserted in many experiences, laser scanner specifications, given by L.S. p...
In recent years, St. Mark's Square and the surrounding buildings have been the subject of sur... more In recent years, St. Mark's Square and the surrounding buildings have been the subject of surveying campaigns that have gradually used more modern techniques and instruments for both the survey and representation phases. St. Mark's Square represents a field of application of survey of a complex monument (in that it comprises a group of parts). As a whole, we refer to the composite as "the square" but it can be divided into different objects that are traditionally handled by different sectors of geomatics, topography, close range photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial and aerial laser-scanning, among others. Each of these techniques has been used in surveying the square and has contributed to the geometric definition of the monument in its entirety. Clearly, the general reference system must be unique; this leads to problems connected to geo-referencing instrumental systems with diverse characteristics of precision that allow for survey at different n...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2003
The orthophoto is a powerful instrument of representation which combines radiometric and geometri... more The orthophoto is a powerful instrument of representation which combines radiometric and geometric properties. In architectural applications the orthophoto production cannot be performed by using the traditional orthophoto approach. True digital orthophoto is a new technique which uses several images and a complete DEM of the object in order to produce an orthogonal projection of complex objects. All the radiometric information hidden by central perspective in one image must be recovered by other images and the orthophoto production must choose, the best image to be used, one by one. Complete shape description can be easily achieved by using modern terrestrial laser scanner devices. The paper shows the true digital orthophoto production of the central door of the San Marco Basilica in Venice: the result obtained is a complete radiometric and geometric description of the studied object under examination.
Attualmente le attività di ricerca svolte dal laboratorio di fotogrammetria del Circe si propongo... more Attualmente le attività di ricerca svolte dal laboratorio di fotogrammetria del Circe si propongono due obiettivi generali: il primo è di verificare metodi e strumenti per il rilievo di oggetti di dimensione contenuta, come modelli lignei, globi terrestri e particolari architettonici (come ad esempio i capitelli di uno stesso ordine che nel corso dei secoli si realizzarono in diverse varianti) dei quali si intende analizzare l’impianto geometrico di base confrontandolo rispettivamente con le realizzazioni architettoniche (nel caso dei modelli lignei), la cartografia coeva (nel caso dei globi) e le varianti (nel caso dei capitelli). Le strumentazioni che si intendono mettere a confronto sono: i sistemi di scansione 3D ottici (triangolatori, conoscopia, luce strutturata, ecc.) e i sistemi fotogrammetrici digitali, monoscopici, stereoscopici e automatici. Il confronto riguarderà gli aspetti metrici (precisione e ripetibilità) e quelli applicativi (caratteristiche e praticità d’uso) in ...
The wooden structure that supports the roof of Palazzo Ducale is very complex becouse of continuo... more The wooden structure that supports the roof of Palazzo Ducale is very complex becouse of continuous works of maintainance and restoration occurred during centuries. The photogrammetric laboratory of CIRCE – IUAV is employed in the survey and representation of the overstanding structure of Major Council Hall that, by one side, supports the covering and , by the other, upholds the box ceiling of the hall. The truss structure is trampleble and visitable only throught a thin catwalk standing on the middle of the orizontal tie beam. A traditional topographical survey appears hard just becouse of the unavoidable movement of the structure that is very elastic. Photogrammtery is unproposeble just for the strict space and for the its complexity. It was decided to realise some laser scans setting up the instruments having care to not urge the wooden flooring to avoid any movements. Nine scans have been done surveying 10 milions points. Clouds were alligned using targerts to obtain one unique ...
Summary This paper deals with the various aspects of the Gorizia old downtown (Italy) 3D virtual ... more Summary This paper deals with the various aspects of the Gorizia old downtown (Italy) 3D virtual model production obtained by a suitable integration of laser and imaging data, both acquired either by means of a helicopter and a terrestrial surveying. The virtual reconstruction can be compare with different perspective maps of the city to underline its transformation. An aerial high-density (15 points/m 2 ) laser surveying was achieved with an Optech ALTM 3033 system for an area of almost one square kilometre. Highresolution Rollei DB44 digital images were also acquired for the same area. The filtering, classification and 3D building modelling have been successfully carried out by the well-known TerraScan software (Terrasolid); moreover, the highresolution true orthophoto (0,2 m/pixel) has been accomplished by means of TerraPhoto (Terrasolid). To fulfil a photo-realistic 3D city model, the aerial orthophoto has been mapped onto the DTM and the building roofs. Nevertheless, to truthfu...
Novice users currently use Digital Photogrammetric Applications increasingly in order to record c... more Novice users currently use Digital Photogrammetric Applications increasingly in order to record close range objects of great cultural value or for the monitoring of sensitive objects or procedures (industrial and medical applications). Monoscopic procedures (digital rectification) have been embedded recently, in many popular commercial applications. Also, CAD and CAM applications are gaining even more their use by people of low knowledge background in Photogrammetry, namely Archaeologists, Medical Doctors, Mechanical Engineers, etc. 3D photogrammetric applications are very important and could be part of the every day activity by the above-mentioned professionals. Since the real world is 3D and the demand for accurate recording and representation is increasing even more with the development of new high tech computing systems and reproduction devices, the development of easy to use 3D photogrammtric software applications is more than ever a necessity. Ground Control Points (GCP) measu...
The facades of numerous Gothic-era buildings in Venice, especially those that overlook the Grand ... more The facades of numerous Gothic-era buildings in Venice, especially those that overlook the Grand Canal, display the tendency to demonstrate a substantial degree of “entropiombo”. In other words, the structure is not quite a vertical plane but rather tends toward a slightly sloped surface. Presently, this phenomenon is the subject of analysis and study by historians and restorers which have found the slope to be a "design" choice and are attempting to identify the construction traditions of the times, rather than the "rules" of construction. The slope of the facade (assumed to be a design decision) might have been necessary to the special systems of connection between the vertical and horizontal elements, the arrangement of the floor slabs or the type of foundation. This theorized warping “by design” is accentuated by other warping due to subsidence and settling, localized or general, of the buildings which are always displayed in Venetian structures. The result i...
Historical maps often suffer significant deformations of their supporting material of any type. T... more Historical maps often suffer significant deformations of their supporting material of any type. These deformations make it difficult to make an accurate reading of maps in its geometric and semantic context. As invaluable materials of cultural heritage, historical maps, in very many cases (rolled parchments, maps in old books and atlases etc.) cannot be put through a scanning process requiring a plane positioning of the map supporting surface, which is usually undulated. Digital photography is then an alternative if certain technical details are fulfilled. In order to capture the undulated map surfaces due to the curvilinear deformation of their supporting material, the research group proposed use of three dimensional (3D) laser scanning. With this new digital technology, capturing such map surfaces gives a cloud of points with an uncertainty of about 0.1 mm, which forms the initial 3D model of the surface. From the point cloud we can pass to deformation analyses using processing ba...
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