There is an increasing interest on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral de... more There is an increasing interest on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, development of SNEDDS is often driven by empiric, pseudo-ternary diagrams and solubility of drugs, and it is lacking a systematic approach for evaluating impact of excipients on the performance of formulations as well as the fate of drug. The aim of this study was to rationalize the SNEDDS development procedure and to get a better understanding on the role of excipients on the SNEDDS. The formulations consist of soybean oil or rapeseed oil, Cremophor(®) RH40, Maisine™ 35-1 and ethanol. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the development of SNEDDS. Significant advantages of RSM were found in reducing the work load and determining the impact of excipients on formulation characteristics. The most significant factor in influencing droplet size was the co-surfactant Maisine™ 35-1, the droplet size increased with increasing concentration of Maisine™ 35-1. It suggests that Maisine™ 35-1 has double functions in the SNEDDS; it functions as co-surfactant to improve the emulsification of oil, meanwhile it also works as the oil phase and results in larger droplets. A significant reduction in droplet size was interestingly observed when fenofibrate was loaded in the vehicles, probably due to the surface activity of fenofibrate, promoting the self-emulsifying process. It was evident that drug precipitation during lipolysis was not affected by the level of co-solvent ethanol in the formulation, while it had pronounced impact on drug solubilization during the initial dispersion stage.
Objective: The global COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on individuals, physical and men... more Objective: The global COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on individuals, physical and mental health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and depression as a mental health problem among students of Jadara University. Methods: a cross-sectional study among Jadara University students by survey forms was conducted between 6 -12 of May 2020. The CES-D scale was used to assess depression. Result: Out of 200 participants, 45% were classified as high risk for depression and 55% as low risk for depression. Our resulting study revealed that the academic year and the professional status of the student had a significant relationship with depression. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic gives insight into the importance of universities and states natural resources to respond to mental health problems among the most vulnerable.
Annona muricata Linn (AM) and methotrexate (MTX)-loaded chitosan (Ch) as a natural cationic, bio-... more Annona muricata Linn (AM) and methotrexate (MTX)-loaded chitosan (Ch) as a natural cationic, bio-degradable and biocompatible polymer were investigated for their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in their normal and nano form. The AM-ChNP and MTX-ChNP were analyzed and characterized according to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size, Zeta potential, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and encapsulation efficiency. The chitosan concentration (3:1) was found to be an important parameter for optimizing the dispersion of AM-ChNPs and of MTX-ChNPs nanocomposites over long time. The efficiency was found to be 87.3% and size of 100–200 nm. The stabilty of the nanocomposites offers a good sign in cancer cell line treatment. Seven groups were prepared using the A549 lung cell line: control group, A. muricata leaf extract (AM), Methotrexate (MTX), AM-ChNPs, MTX-ChNPs, AM + MTX, and AM-ChNPs + MTX-ChNPs. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide ( M...
Despite significant advances in oral drug delivery technologies, many drugs are prone to limited ... more Despite significant advances in oral drug delivery technologies, many drugs are prone to limited oral bioavailability due to biological barriers that hinder drug absorption. Pro-nanolipospheres (PNL) are a form of delivery system that can potentiate the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs through a variety of processes, including increased drug solubility and protecting them from degradation by intestinal or hepatic first-pass metabolism. In this study, pro-nanolipospheres were employed as a delivery vehicle for improving the oral bioavailability of the lipophilic statin, atorvastatin (ATR). Various ATR-loaded PNL formulations, composed of various pharmaceutical ingredients, were prepared by the pre-concentrate method and characterized by determining particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. An optimized formula (ATR-PT PNL) showing the smallest particle size, highest zeta potential, and highest encapsulation efficiency was selected for further in vivo investigations. The in vivo pharmacodynamic experiments demonstrated that the optimized ATR-PT PNL formulation exerted a potent hypolipidemic effect in a Poloxamer® 407-induced hyper-lipidaemia rat model by restoring normal cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels along with alleviating serum levels of LDL while elevating serum HDL levels, compared to pure drug suspensions and marketed ATR (Lipitor®). Most importantly, oral administration of the optimized ATR-PT PNL formulation showed a dramatic increase in ATR oral bioavailability, as evinced by a 1.7- and 3.6-fold rise in systemic bioavailability when compared with oral commercial ATR suspensions (Lipitor®) and pure drug suspension, respectively. Collectively, pro-nanolipospheres might represent a promising delivery vehicle for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Objective: Statins are one of the most effective drugs for reducing cholesterol and triglyceride ... more Objective: Statins are one of the most effective drugs for reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which main activity includes inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase that is involved in cholesterol synthesis. However, statins are associated with several side effects; the most commonly reported ones are those related to the liver. This study was conducted to compare the impact of two formulas of Atorvastatin: Atorvastatin calcium (ATV), and Nanoparticles of Atorvastatin (NATV) on the liver. Methods: thirty Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; control group (n=10) (standard diet), Atorvastatin group (ATV) 40 mgkg group, and Nanoparticle Atorvastatin group (NATV) 40 mgkg. After 30 days, all rat groups were sacrificed. Results: In comparison with the control group, the ATV and NATV groups had a significant increase in the activities of liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) (p&l...
This study assessed the protective effect of Zizphus jujube (ZJ) extract on 5‑FU‑induced alterati... more This study assessed the protective effect of Zizphus jujube (ZJ) extract on 5‑FU‑induced alterations in renal function markers and kidney morphology in Dawley rats. Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups administrated orally with 0.9% normal saline as the control group, 5-FU (40 mg/kg daily for 5 days), ZJ (500 mg/ kg daily for 5 days), and 5-FU+ ZJ (for 6 days). further biochemical experiments carried out on blood collected from the heart. Kidney tissues were obtained for analysis of catalase (Cat), glutathione S-transfers (GST), and lipid peroxide levels as well as histology analysis. 5-FU significantly reduced the enzyme activity of Cat and GST and increased levels of lipid peroxidation and plasma creatinine levels (P < 0.005). Histopathological examination showed severe wide ischemia of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), missing in Bowman's space, and edema in the group treated with 5-FU. In addition, pretreatment with ZJ has significantly improved levels ...
There is an increasing interest on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral de... more There is an increasing interest on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, development of SNEDDS is often driven by empiric, pseudo-ternary diagrams and solubility of drugs, and it is lacking a systematic approach for evaluating impact of excipients on the performance of formulations as well as the fate of drug. The aim of this study was to rationalize the SNEDDS development procedure and to get a better understanding on the role of excipients on the SNEDDS. The formulations consist of soybean oil or rapeseed oil, Cremophor(®) RH40, Maisine™ 35-1 and ethanol. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the development of SNEDDS. Significant advantages of RSM were found in reducing the work load and determining the impact of excipients on formulation characteristics. The most significant factor in influencing droplet size was the co-surfactant Maisine™ 35-1, the droplet size increased with increasing concentration of Maisine™ 35-1. It suggests that Maisine™ 35-1 has double functions in the SNEDDS; it functions as co-surfactant to improve the emulsification of oil, meanwhile it also works as the oil phase and results in larger droplets. A significant reduction in droplet size was interestingly observed when fenofibrate was loaded in the vehicles, probably due to the surface activity of fenofibrate, promoting the self-emulsifying process. It was evident that drug precipitation during lipolysis was not affected by the level of co-solvent ethanol in the formulation, while it had pronounced impact on drug solubilization during the initial dispersion stage.
Objective: The global COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on individuals, physical and men... more Objective: The global COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on individuals, physical and mental health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and depression as a mental health problem among students of Jadara University. Methods: a cross-sectional study among Jadara University students by survey forms was conducted between 6 -12 of May 2020. The CES-D scale was used to assess depression. Result: Out of 200 participants, 45% were classified as high risk for depression and 55% as low risk for depression. Our resulting study revealed that the academic year and the professional status of the student had a significant relationship with depression. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic gives insight into the importance of universities and states natural resources to respond to mental health problems among the most vulnerable.
Annona muricata Linn (AM) and methotrexate (MTX)-loaded chitosan (Ch) as a natural cationic, bio-... more Annona muricata Linn (AM) and methotrexate (MTX)-loaded chitosan (Ch) as a natural cationic, bio-degradable and biocompatible polymer were investigated for their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in their normal and nano form. The AM-ChNP and MTX-ChNP were analyzed and characterized according to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size, Zeta potential, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and encapsulation efficiency. The chitosan concentration (3:1) was found to be an important parameter for optimizing the dispersion of AM-ChNPs and of MTX-ChNPs nanocomposites over long time. The efficiency was found to be 87.3% and size of 100–200 nm. The stabilty of the nanocomposites offers a good sign in cancer cell line treatment. Seven groups were prepared using the A549 lung cell line: control group, A. muricata leaf extract (AM), Methotrexate (MTX), AM-ChNPs, MTX-ChNPs, AM + MTX, and AM-ChNPs + MTX-ChNPs. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide ( M...
Despite significant advances in oral drug delivery technologies, many drugs are prone to limited ... more Despite significant advances in oral drug delivery technologies, many drugs are prone to limited oral bioavailability due to biological barriers that hinder drug absorption. Pro-nanolipospheres (PNL) are a form of delivery system that can potentiate the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs through a variety of processes, including increased drug solubility and protecting them from degradation by intestinal or hepatic first-pass metabolism. In this study, pro-nanolipospheres were employed as a delivery vehicle for improving the oral bioavailability of the lipophilic statin, atorvastatin (ATR). Various ATR-loaded PNL formulations, composed of various pharmaceutical ingredients, were prepared by the pre-concentrate method and characterized by determining particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. An optimized formula (ATR-PT PNL) showing the smallest particle size, highest zeta potential, and highest encapsulation efficiency was selected for further in vivo investigations. The in vivo pharmacodynamic experiments demonstrated that the optimized ATR-PT PNL formulation exerted a potent hypolipidemic effect in a Poloxamer® 407-induced hyper-lipidaemia rat model by restoring normal cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels along with alleviating serum levels of LDL while elevating serum HDL levels, compared to pure drug suspensions and marketed ATR (Lipitor®). Most importantly, oral administration of the optimized ATR-PT PNL formulation showed a dramatic increase in ATR oral bioavailability, as evinced by a 1.7- and 3.6-fold rise in systemic bioavailability when compared with oral commercial ATR suspensions (Lipitor®) and pure drug suspension, respectively. Collectively, pro-nanolipospheres might represent a promising delivery vehicle for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Objective: Statins are one of the most effective drugs for reducing cholesterol and triglyceride ... more Objective: Statins are one of the most effective drugs for reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which main activity includes inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase that is involved in cholesterol synthesis. However, statins are associated with several side effects; the most commonly reported ones are those related to the liver. This study was conducted to compare the impact of two formulas of Atorvastatin: Atorvastatin calcium (ATV), and Nanoparticles of Atorvastatin (NATV) on the liver. Methods: thirty Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; control group (n=10) (standard diet), Atorvastatin group (ATV) 40 mgkg group, and Nanoparticle Atorvastatin group (NATV) 40 mgkg. After 30 days, all rat groups were sacrificed. Results: In comparison with the control group, the ATV and NATV groups had a significant increase in the activities of liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) (p&l...
This study assessed the protective effect of Zizphus jujube (ZJ) extract on 5‑FU‑induced alterati... more This study assessed the protective effect of Zizphus jujube (ZJ) extract on 5‑FU‑induced alterations in renal function markers and kidney morphology in Dawley rats. Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups administrated orally with 0.9% normal saline as the control group, 5-FU (40 mg/kg daily for 5 days), ZJ (500 mg/ kg daily for 5 days), and 5-FU+ ZJ (for 6 days). further biochemical experiments carried out on blood collected from the heart. Kidney tissues were obtained for analysis of catalase (Cat), glutathione S-transfers (GST), and lipid peroxide levels as well as histology analysis. 5-FU significantly reduced the enzyme activity of Cat and GST and increased levels of lipid peroxidation and plasma creatinine levels (P < 0.005). Histopathological examination showed severe wide ischemia of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), missing in Bowman's space, and edema in the group treated with 5-FU. In addition, pretreatment with ZJ has significantly improved levels ...
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Papers by Ahmed Gardouh