Abstrakt: Plužina, historický pojem a v přeneseném slova smyslu výrazný krajinný prvek nejen v Če... more Abstrakt: Plužina, historický pojem a v přeneseném slova smyslu výrazný krajinný prvek nejen v České republice, ale i v celé střední Evropě, byla do nedávna z pohledu archeologie opomíjenou součástí historické kulturní krajiny. Zájem archeologů se upínal především na intravilán zaniklých vsí. Až díky pronikání metod environmentální archeologie do terénního výzkumu sledujeme v posledním desetiletí soustředění na hos-podářské zázemí vesnic reprezentované plužinou. Jde nejen o soudobé metody dálkového průzkumu Země, ale především o kombinované metody datování dosud opomíjených polních systémů. Dalším novým prvkem je detailní rekonstrukce přírodního prostředí středověké a novověké vsi pomocí archeobotanických metod. Projekt "Identifikace a ochrana dochovaných pozůstatků historických plužin" si tak klade za cíl poskytnout informace a vyvinout nástroje směřující k jejich ochraně. Výsledky poskytují podklad pro kvalifikovanou ochranu historických polních systémů, ale i jejich pochopení v kontextu vývoje historické krajiny. Text je přehledem problematiky v rámci současných znalostí o plužině a agrárních terasách a je zaměřen především na poznatky krajinné archeologie a krajinné ekologie. Klíčová slova: terasové pole-plužina-environmentální archeologie-krajinná archeologie-krajinná ekologie. Archaeological research into field systems and agrarian terraces as the phenomena of the historical landscape in the Czech Republic Abstract: Field systems, a historical term as well as distinct landscape elements both in the Czech Republic and the whole central Europe, have until recently been a somewhat neglected part of the historical cultural landscape in terms of archaeology. The interest of archaeologists centred, in particular, on the inner areas of deserted villages. Thanks to the introduction of the methods of environmental archaeology into field survey, the last decade has seen the concentration on the economic hinterland of villages represented by field systems. These methods involve not only the modern ones of long-distance land survey but especially the combined methods of dating the hitherto marginalized field systems. Another new element is the detail reconstruction of the natural environment of medieval and modern-age villages by means of archaeobotani-cal methods. A project entitled "Identification and preservation of the historic field patterns" seeks to bring information and to develop tools aimed at their protection. The results provide groundwork for the specialist protection of historical field systems, as well as for their understanding in the context of the development of historical landscape. The article offers an overview of these issues within the framework of the current state of knowledge about field systems and agrarian terraces, and predominantly involves information supplied by landscape archaeology and landscape ecology.
The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape... more The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape complexes in the Czech Republic. Archaeological excavation of a former agricultural terrace (now a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe.
Abstrakt: Plužina, historický pojem a v přeneseném slova smyslu výrazný krajinný prvek nejen v Če... more Abstrakt: Plužina, historický pojem a v přeneseném slova smyslu výrazný krajinný prvek nejen v České republice, ale i v celé střední Evropě, byla do nedávna z pohledu archeologie opomíjenou součástí historické kulturní krajiny. Zájem archeologů se upínal především na intravilán zaniklých vsí. Až díky pronikání metod environmentální archeologie do terénního výzkumu sledujeme v posledním desetiletí soustředění na hos-podářské zázemí vesnic reprezentované plužinou. Jde nejen o soudobé metody dálkového průzkumu Země, ale především o kombinované metody datování dosud opomíjených polních systémů. Dalším novým prvkem je detailní rekonstrukce přírodního prostředí středověké a novověké vsi pomocí archeobotanických metod. Projekt "Identifikace a ochrana dochovaných pozůstatků historických plužin" si tak klade za cíl poskytnout informace a vyvinout nástroje směřující k jejich ochraně. Výsledky poskytují podklad pro kvalifikovanou ochranu historických polních systémů, ale i jejich pochopení v kontextu vývoje historické krajiny. Text je přehledem problematiky v rámci současných znalostí o plužině a agrárních terasách a je zaměřen především na poznatky krajinné archeologie a krajinné ekologie. Klíčová slova: terasové pole-plužina-environmentální archeologie-krajinná archeologie-krajinná ekologie. Archaeological research into field systems and agrarian terraces as the phenomena of the historical landscape in the Czech Republic Abstract: Field systems, a historical term as well as distinct landscape elements both in the Czech Republic and the whole central Europe, have until recently been a somewhat neglected part of the historical cultural landscape in terms of archaeology. The interest of archaeologists centred, in particular, on the inner areas of deserted villages. Thanks to the introduction of the methods of environmental archaeology into field survey, the last decade has seen the concentration on the economic hinterland of villages represented by field systems. These methods involve not only the modern ones of long-distance land survey but especially the combined methods of dating the hitherto marginalized field systems. Another new element is the detail reconstruction of the natural environment of medieval and modern-age villages by means of archaeobotani-cal methods. A project entitled "Identification and preservation of the historic field patterns" seeks to bring information and to develop tools aimed at their protection. The results provide groundwork for the specialist protection of historical field systems, as well as for their understanding in the context of the development of historical landscape. The article offers an overview of these issues within the framework of the current state of knowledge about field systems and agrarian terraces, and predominantly involves information supplied by landscape archaeology and landscape ecology.
The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape... more The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape complexes in the Czech Republic. Archaeological excavation of a former agricultural terrace (now a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe.
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Papers by Ivana Šitnerová
a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an
example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe.
a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an
example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe.